Explain about BigNumber here...
// CommonJS:
// From the Umbrella ethers package...
const { BigNumber } = require("ethers");
// From the bignumber pacakge...
const { BigNumber } = require("@ethersproject/bignumber");
/////
// ES6 and TypeScript:
// From the Umbrella ethers package...
import { BigNumber } from "ethers";
// From the bignumber pacakge...
import { BigNumber } from "@ethersproject/bignumber";
Many functions and methods in this library take in values which can be non-ambiguously and safely converted to a BigNumber. These values can be sepcified as:
A hexstring or a decimal string, either of which may be negative.
A BytesLike Object, such as an Array or Uint8Array.
An existing BigNumber instance.
A number that is within the safe range for JavaScript numbers.
A JavaScript BigInt object, on environments that support BigInt.
The constructor of BigNumber cannot be called directly. Instead, Use the static BigNumber.from.
Returns an instance of a BigNumber for aBigNumberish.
The BigNumber class is immutable, so no operations can change the value it represents.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber + otherValue.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber – otherValue.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber × otherValue.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber ÷ divisor.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of the remainder of bignumber ÷ divisor.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber to the power of exponent.
Returns a BigNumber with the absolute value of bignumber.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber with bits beyond the bitcount least significant bits set to zero.
Two's Complicment is an elegant method used to encode and decode fixed-width signed values while efficiently preserving mathematic operations. Most users will not need to interact with these.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber converted from twos-compliment with bitwidth.
Returns a BigNumber with the value of bignumber converted to twos-compliment with bitwidth.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber is equal to otherValue.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber < otherValue.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber ≤ otherValue.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber > otherValue.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber ≥ otherValue.
Returns true if and only if the value of bignumber is zero.
Returns the value of bignumber as a JavaScript value.
This will throw an error if the value is greater than or equal to Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER or less than or equal to Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER.
Returns the value of bignumber as a base-10 string.
Returns the value of bignumber as a base-16, `0x`-prefixed hexstring.
Returns true if and only if the object is a BigNumber object.
A few short notes on numbers...
The first problem many encounter when dealing with Ethereum is the concept of numbers. Most common currencies are broken down with very little granularity. For example, there are only 100 cents in a single dollar. However, there are 1018 wei in a single ether.
JavaScript uses IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating point numbers to represent numeric values. As a result, there are holes in the integer set after 9,007,199,254,740,991; which is problematic for Ethereum// because that is only around 0.009 ether (in wei), which means any value over that will begin to experience rounding errors.
To demonstrate how this may be an issue in your code, consider:
To remedy this, all numbers (which can be large) are stored and manipulated as Big Numbers.
The functions parseEther( etherString ) and formatEther( wei ) can be used to convert between string representations, which are displayed to or entered by the user and Big Number representations which can have mathematical operations handled safely.