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<html><head><title>Flatworm Docs</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/style.css"></head><body><div class="sidebar"><div class="header"><div class="logo"><a href="/"><div class="image"></div><div class="name">ethers</div><div class="version">v5.0-beta</div></a></div></div><div class="toc"><div><div class="link title"><a href="/">Documentation</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/getting-started/">Getting Started</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/getting-started/#installing">Installing</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/getting-started/#importing">Importing</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/concepts/">Concepts</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/concepts/events/">Events</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/concepts/gas/">Gas</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/concepts/gas/#gas-price">Gas Price</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/concepts/gas/#gas-limit">Gas Limit</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/api/">Application Programming Interface</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/api/contract/">Contracts</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/contract/#buckets">Buckets</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/api/signer/">Signers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#signer">Signer</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#wallet-inherits-signer">Wallet inherits Signer</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/api/providers/">Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/provider/">Provider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#accounts-methods">Accounts Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#blocks-methods">Blocks Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#ethereum-naming-service-(ens)-methods">Ethereum Naming Service (ENS) Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#logs-methods">Logs Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#network-status-methods">Network Status Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#transactions-methods">Transactions Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#event-emitter-methods">Event Emitter Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#inspection-methods">Inspection Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/">JSON-RPC Provider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcprovider">JsonRpcProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcsigner">JsonRpcSigner</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcuncheckedsigner">JsonRpcUncheckedSigner</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/">API Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#etherscanprovider">EtherscanProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#infuraprovider">InfuraProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#nodesmithprovider">NodesmithProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#alchemyprovider">AlchemyProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/other/">Other Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#fallbackprovider">FallbackProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#ipcprovider">IpcProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/types/">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#blocks">Blocks</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#events-and-logs">Events and Logs</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#transactions">Transactions</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/api/utils/">Utilities</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/address/">Addresses</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/">BigNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#notes">Notes</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/">Byte Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#inspection">Inspection</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings">Converting between Arrays and Hexstrings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#array-manipulation">Array Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#hexstring-manipulation">Hexstring Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#signature-conversion">Signature Conversion</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/constants/">Constants</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bytes">Bytes</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#strings">Strings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bignumber">BigNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/">Display Logic and Input</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#units">Units</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#functions">Functions</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/">FixedNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#properties">Properties</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/">Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#cryptographic-hashing">Cryptographic Hashing</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#common-hashing-helpers">Common Hashing Helpers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#solidity-hashing-algorithms">Solidity Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/strings/">Strings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#bytes32string">Bytes32String</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#utf-8-strings">UTF-8 Strings</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/cookbook/">Cookbook</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/migration/">Migration Guide</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/migration/#from-web3">From Web3</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/migration/#from-ethers-v4">From ethers v4</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/testing/">Testing</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/contributing/">Contributing and Hacking</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/contributing/#building">Building</a></div><div class="base myself ancestor ancestor show link depth-1"><a href="/documentation/">Flatworm Docs</a></div><div class="child link depth-2"><a href="/documentation/#fragments">Fragments</a></div><div class="child link depth-2"><a href="/documentation/#markdown">Markdown</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/license/">License and Copyright</a></div></div></div></div><div class="content"><div class="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Documentation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="current">Flatworm Docs</span></div>
<a name="flatworm-docs"></a><h1>Flatworm Docs</h1>
<p>The <i>Flatworm Docs</i> rendering script is designed to be <b>very</b> simple, but provide enough formatting necessary for documenting JavaScript libraries.</p><p>A lot of its inspiration came from <a href="https://github.com/readthedocs/sphinx_rtd_theme">Read the Docs</a> and the <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> project.</p>
<a name="fragments"></a><h2>Fragments</h2>
<p>Flatworm Docs are made up of fragments. A fragment is either a lone body of <a href="/documentation/#flatworm-markdown">markdown</a> text, or a <a href="/documentation/#flatworm-directive">directive</a> for specialized formatting, which may itself have body.</p>
<a name="directive-format"></a><h3>Directive Format</h3>
<div class="code">_DIRECTIVE:&nbsp;VALUE&nbsp;@&lt;LINK&gt;<br>BODY<br><br>DIRECTIVE:&nbsp;The&nbsp;directive&nbsp;name<br>VALUE:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Optional;&nbsp;the&nbsp;value&nbsp;to&nbsp;pass&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;directive<br>LINK:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Optional;&nbsp;a&nbsp;name&nbsp;for&nbsp;internal&nbsp;linking<br>BODY:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Optional;&nbsp;the&nbsp;directive&nbsp;body&nbsp;(certain&nbsp;directives&nbsp;only)</div>
<a name="flatworm-directive"></a><a name="flatworm-directives"></a><h3>Flatworm Directives</h3>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_section:</b> <i>TITLE</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>section</i> has its <b>TITLE</b> in an H1 font. Sections are linked to in <i>Table of Contents</i> and have a dividing line drawn above them. If an option is specified, it is avaialble as a name for intern linking. There should only be one <code class="inline">_section:</code> per page.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_subsection:</b> <i>TITLE</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>subsection</i> has its <b>TITLE</b> in an H2 font. Subsections are linked to in <i>Table of Contents</i> and have a dividing line drawn above them. If an option is specified, it is avaialble as a name for internal linking.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_heading:</b> <i>TITLE</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>heading</i> has its <b>TITLE</b> in an H3 font. If an option is specified, it is available as a name for internal linking.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_definition:</b> <i>TERM</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>definition</i> has its <b>TERM</b> bolded and the markdown body is indented.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_property:</b> <i>SIGNATURE</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>property</i> has its JavaScript <b>SIGNATURE</b> formatted and the markdown body is indented.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_code:</b> <i>FILENAME</i></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>code</i> reads the <b>FILENAME</b> and depending on the extension adjusts it.</p><p>For JavaScript files, the file is executed, with <code class="inline">//!</code> replaced with the result of the last statement and <code class="inline">//!error</code> is replaced with the throw error. If the error state does not agree, rendering fails.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_toc:</b></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>toc</i> injects a Table of Contents, loading each line of the body as a filename and recursively loads the <i>toc</i> if present, otherwise all the <i>sections</i> and <i>subsections</i>.</p></div></div>
<div class="definition"><div class="term"><b>_null:</b></div><div class="body"><p>A <i>null</i> is used to terminated a directive. For example, after a <i>definition</i>, the bodies are indented, so a <i>null</i> can be used to reset the indentation.</p></div></div>
<a name="examples"></a><h3>Examples</h3>
<div class="code">_section:&nbsp;Hello&nbsp;World&nbsp;@&lt;link-to-this-section&gt;<br><br>_subsection:&nbsp;Some&nbsp;Example&nbsp;@&lt;link-to-this-subsection&gt;<br><br>_heading:&nbsp;Large&nbsp;Bold&nbsp;Text&nbsp;@&lt;link-to-this-heading&gt;<br><br>_definition:&nbsp;Flatworm<br>A&nbsp;phylum&nbsp;of&nbsp;relatively&nbsp;**simple**&nbsp;bilaterian,&nbsp;unsegmented,<br>soft-bodied&nbsp;invertebrates.<br><br>_property:&nbsp;String.fromCharCode(code)&nbsp;=&gt;&nbsp;string<br>Returns&nbsp;a&nbsp;string&nbsp;created&nbsp;from&nbsp;//code//,&nbsp;a&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;of<br>UTF-16&nbsp;code&nbsp;units.<br><br>_code:&nbsp;filename.js<br><br>_toc:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some-file<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some-directory<br><br>_null:<br>This&nbsp;breaks&nbsp;out&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;directive.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;to&nbsp;end&nbsp;a<br>_definition&nbsp;and&nbsp;reset&nbsp;the&nbsp;indentation.</div>
<a name="flatworm-markdown"></a><a name="markdown"></a><h2>Markdown</h2>
<p>The markdown is simple and does not have the flexibility of other dialects, but allows for <b>bold</b>, <i>italic</i>, <u>underlined</u>, <code class="inline">monospaced</code>, <sup>super-scripted</sup> text, supporting <a href="/documentation/#flatworm-markdown">links</a> and lists.</p>
<div class="code">**bold&nbsp;text**<br><br>//italic&nbsp;text//<br><br>__underlined&nbsp;text__<br><br>``monospace&nbsp;code``<br><br>^^superscript&nbsp;text^^<br><br>-&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;list<br>-&nbsp;With&nbsp;bullet&nbsp;points<br>-&nbsp;With&nbsp;a&nbsp;total&nbsp;of&nbsp;three&nbsp;items<br><br>This&nbsp;is&nbsp;separated&nbsp;by&nbsp;--&nbsp;an&nbsp;en-dash.<br><br>This&nbsp;is&nbsp;separated&nbsp;by&nbsp;---&nbsp;an&nbsp;em-dash.<br><br>This&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;[Link&nbsp;to&nbsp;Ethereum](https://ethereum.org)&nbsp;and&nbsp;this<br>is&nbsp;an&nbsp;[Internal&nbsp;Link](some-link).<br><br>This&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;self-titled&nbsp;link&nbsp;[[https://ethereumorg]]&nbsp;and&nbsp;this<br>[[some-link]]&nbsp;will&nbsp;use&nbsp;the&nbsp;title&nbsp;from&nbsp;its&nbsp;directives&nbsp;value.</div>
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