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<html><head><title>Application Programming Interface</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/style.css"></head><body><div class="sidebar"><div class="header"><div class="logo"><a href="/"><div class="image"></div><div class="name">ethers</div><div class="version">v5.0-beta</div></a></div></div><div class="toc"><div><div class="link title"><a href="/">Documentation</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/getting-started/">Getting Started</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/getting-started/#installing">Installing</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/getting-started/#importing">Importing</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/concepts/">Concepts</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/concepts/events/">Events</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/concepts/events/#solidity-topics">Solidity Topics</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/concepts/gas/">Gas</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/concepts/gas/#gas-price">Gas Price</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/concepts/gas/#gas-limit">Gas Limit</a></div><div class="base myself ancestor ancestor show link depth-1"><a href="/api/">Application Programming Interface</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/api/contract/">Contracts</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/contract/#buckets">Buckets</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/api/signer/">Signers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#signer">Signer</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#wallet">Wallet</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#voidsigner">VoidSigner</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/signer/#externallyownedaccount">ExternallyOwnedAccount</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/api/providers/">Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/provider/">Provider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#accounts-methods">Accounts Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#blocks-methods">Blocks Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#ethereum-naming-service-(ens)-methods">Ethereum Naming Service (ENS) Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#logs-methods">Logs Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#network-status-methods">Network Status Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#transactions-methods">Transactions Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#event-emitter-methods">Event Emitter Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/provider/#inspection-methods">Inspection Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/">JsonRpcProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcsigner">JsonRpcSigner</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcuncheckedsigner">JsonRpcUncheckedSigner</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/">API Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#etherscanprovider">EtherscanProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#infuraprovider">InfuraProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#alchemyprovider">AlchemyProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#cloudfrontprovider">CloudfrontProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/other/">Other Providers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#fallbackprovider">FallbackProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#ipcprovider">IpcProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#urljsonrpcprovider">UrlJsonRpcProvider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/other/#web3provider">Web3Provider</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/providers/types/">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#network">Network</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#block">Block</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#events-and-logs">Events and Logs</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/providers/types/#transactions">Transactions</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/api/utils/">Utilities</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/address/">Addresses</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/address/#address-formats">Address Formats</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/address/#functions">Functions</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/abi/">Application Binary Interface</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#formats">Formats</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#fragment">Fragment</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#constructorfragment">ConstructorFragment</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#eventfragment">EventFragment</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#functionfragment">FunctionFragment</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/abi/#paramtype">ParamType</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/">BigNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#notes">Notes</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/">Byte Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#inspection">Inspection</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings">Converting between Arrays and Hexstrings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#array-manipulation">Array Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#hexstring-manipulation">Hexstring Manipulation</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#signature-conversion">Signature Conversion</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/constants/">Constants</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bytes">Bytes</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#strings">Strings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bignumber">BigNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/">Display Logic and Input</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#units">Units</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#functions">Functions</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/">FixedNumber</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#fixedformat">FixedFormat</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#properties">Properties</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/">Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#cryptographic-hashing">Cryptographic Hashing</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#common-hashing-helpers">Common Hashing Helpers</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#solidity-hashing-algorithms">Solidity Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/strings/">Strings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#bytes32string">Bytes32String</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#utf-8-strings">UTF-8 Strings</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#unicodenormalizationform">UnicodeNormalizationForm</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/strings/#custom-utf-8-error-handling">Custom UTF-8 Error Handling</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/utils/transactions/">Transactions</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/transactions/#types">Types</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/utils/transactions/#functions">Functions</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/api/other/">Other Libraries</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/api/other/hardware/">Hardware Wallets</a></div><div class="hide link depth-4"><a href="/api/other/hardware/#ledgersigner">LedgerSigner</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/cli/">Command Line Interfaces</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/cli/ethers/">Sandbox Utility</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/cli/ethers/#help">Help</a></div><div 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<a name="application-programming-interface-(api)"></a><h1 class="show-anchors"><div>Application Programming Interface (API)<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="#application-programming-interface-(api)"></a></div></div></h1>
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<p>Here...</p>
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<div class="toc"><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/contract/">Contracts</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/contract/#buckets">Buckets</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/signer/">Signers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/signer/#signer">Signer</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/signer/#wallet">Wallet</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/signer/#voidsigner">VoidSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/signer/#externallyownedaccount">ExternallyOwnedAccount</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/">Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a 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href="/api/providers/provider/#event-emitter-methods">Event Emitter Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/provider/#inspection-methods">Inspection Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/">JsonRpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcsigner">JsonRpcSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#jsonrpcuncheckedsigner">JsonRpcUncheckedSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/">API Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#etherscanprovider">EtherscanProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#infuraprovider">InfuraProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#alchemyprovider">AlchemyProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/api-providers/#cloudfrontprovider">CloudfrontProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/other/">Other Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/other/#fallbackprovider">FallbackProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/other/#ipcprovider">IpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/other/#urljsonrpcprovider">UrlJsonRpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/other/#web3provider">Web3Provider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/types/">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/types/#network">Network</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/types/#block">Block</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/types/#events-and-logs">Events and Logs</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/providers/types/#transactions">Transactions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/">Utilities</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/address/">Addresses</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/address/#address-formats">Address Formats</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/address/#functions">Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/">Application Binary Interface</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#formats">Formats</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#fragment">Fragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#constructorfragment">ConstructorFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#eventfragment">EventFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#functionfragment">FunctionFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/abi/#paramtype">ParamType</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/">BigNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bignumber/#notes">Notes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/">Byte Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#inspection">Inspection</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings">Converting between Arrays and Hexstrings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#array-manipulation">Array Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#hexstring-manipulation">Hexstring Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/bytes/#signature-conversion">Signature Conversion</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/constants/">Constants</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bytes">Bytes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/constants/#strings">Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/constants/#bignumber">BigNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/">Display Logic and Input</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#units">Units</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/display-logic/#functions">Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/">FixedNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#fixedformat">FixedFormat</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/fixednumber/#methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/hashing/">Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#cryptographic-hashing">Cryptographic Hashing</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#common-hashing-helpers">Common Hashing Helpers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/hashing/#solidity-hashing-algorithms">Solidity Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/strings/">Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/strings/#bytes32string">Bytes32String</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/strings/#utf-8-strings">UTF-8 Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/strings/#unicodenormalizationform">UnicodeNormalizationForm</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/strings/#custom-utf-8-error-handling">Custom UTF-8 Error Handling</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/transactions/">Transactions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/transactions/#types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/utils/transactions/#functions">Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/other/">Other Libraries</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/api/other/hardware/">Hardware Wallets</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a 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