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<div class="logo"><a href="/v5/"><div class="image"></div><div class="name">ethers</div><div class="version">v5.0-beta</div></a></div>
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<div class="link title"><a href="/v5/">Documentation</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/v5/getting-started/">Getting Started</a></div><div class="base show link depth-1"><a href="/v5/concepts/">Ethereum Basics</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/v5/concepts/events/">Events</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/v5/concepts/gas/">Gas</a></div><div class="hide link depth-2"><a href="/v5/concepts/security/">Security</a></div><div class="base myself ancestor ancestor show link depth-1"><a href="/v5/api/">Application Programming Interface</a></div><div class="child show link depth-2"><a href="/v5/api/contract/">Contract Interaction</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/">Contract</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract-factory/">ContractFactory</a></div><div class="hide link depth-3"><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/">Example: ERC-20 Contract</a></div><div class="child show 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<div class="breadcrumbs"><a href="/v5/">Documentation</a> » <span class="current">Application Programming Interface</span></div>
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<a name="api"></a><a name="api"></a><h1 class="show-anchors"><div>Application Programming Interface<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/#api"></a></div></div></h1><p>An Application Programming Interface (API) is the formal specification of the library.</p>
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<div class="toc"><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/">Contract Interaction</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/">Contract</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/#contract--creating">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/#contrct--properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/#Contract--methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/#Contract--events">Events</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract/#contract--metaclass">Meta-Class</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract-factory/">ContractFactory</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract-factory/#ContractFactory--creating">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract-factory/#ContractFactory--properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/contract-factory/#ContractFactory--methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/">Example: ERC-20 Contract</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#example-erc-20-contract--connecting-to-a-contract">Connecting to a Contract</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#example-erc-20-contract--properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#example-erc-20-contract--methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#erc20-events">Events</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#example-erc-20-contract--meta-class-methods">Meta-Class Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/contract/example/#example-erc-20-contract--meta-class-filters">Meta-Class Filters</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/signer/">Signers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/signer/#Signer">Signer</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/signer/#Wallet">Wallet</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/signer/#VoidSigner">VoidSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/signer/#ExternallyOwnedAccount">ExternallyOwnedAccount</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/">Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/">Provider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--account-methods">Accounts Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--block-methods">Blocks Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--ethereum-naming-service-ens-methods">Ethereum Naming Service (ENS) Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--log-methods">Logs Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--network-methods">Network Status Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--transaction-methods">Transactions Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--event-methods">Event Emitter Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/provider/#Provider--inspection-methods">Inspection Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/">JsonRpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#JsonRpcSigner">JsonRpcSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#UncheckedJsonRpcSigner">JsonRpcUncheckedSigner</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/jsonrpc-provider/#JsonRpcProvider--other">Node-Specific Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/api-providers/">API Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/api-providers/#EtherscanProvider">EtherscanProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/api-providers/#api-providers--infuraprovider">InfuraProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/api-providers/#api-providers--alchemyprovider">AlchemyProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/api-providers/#api-providers--cloudflareprovider">CloudflareProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/other/">Other Providers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/other/#FallbackProvider">FallbackProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/other/#IpcProvider">IpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/other/#UrlJsonRpcProvider">UrlJsonRpcProvider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/other/#Web3Provider">Web3Provider</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/#providers-BlockTag">BlockTag</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/#providers-Network">Network</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/#providers-Block">Block</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/#types--events-and-logs">Events and Logs</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/providers/types/#types--transactions">Transactions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 0px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/">Utilities</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/">Application Binary Interface</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/">Interface</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--formatting">Formatting</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--fragment-access">Fragment Access</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--signature-and-topic-hashes">Signature and Topic Hashes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--encoding-data">Encoding Data</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--decoding-data">Decoding Data</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--parsing">Parsing</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/interface/#Interface--specifying-fragments">Specifying Fragments</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/">Fragments</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#fragments--formats">Formats</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#Fragment">Fragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#ConstructorFragment">ConstructorFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#EventFragment">EventFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#FunctionFragment">FunctionFragment</a></div><div style="padding-left: 84px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/abi/fragments/#ParamType">ParamType</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/address/">Addresses</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/address/#address-formats">Address Formats</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/address/#utils--address">Converting and Verifying</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/address/#utils--address-derivation">Derivation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/address/#utils--contract-addresses">Contracts Addresses</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/">BigNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/#BigNumber--types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/#BigNumber--creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/#BigNumber--methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/#BigNumber--notes">Notes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/">Byte Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--inspection">Inspection</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings">Converting between Arrays and Hexstrings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--array-manipulation">Array Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--hexstring-manipulation">Hexstring Manipulation</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--signature-conversion">Signature Conversion</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--random-bytes">Random Bytes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/constants/">Constants</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/constants/#constants--bytes">Bytes</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/constants/#constants--strings">Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/constants/#constants--bignumber">BigNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/display-logic/">Display Logic and Input</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/display-logic/#display-logic-and-input--units">Units</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/display-logic/#display-logic-and-input--functions">Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/encoding/">Encoding Utilities</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/encoding/#Bse58">Base58</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/encoding/#Base64">Base64</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/encoding/#rlp--methods">Recursive-Length Prefix</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/fixednumber/">FixedNumber</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/fixednumber/#FixedNumber--creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/fixednumber/#FixedNumber--properties">Properties</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/fixednumber/#FixedNumber--methods">Methods</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/fixednumber/#FixedFormat">FixedFormat</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hashing/">Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hashing/#cryptographic-hash-functions">Cryptographic Hash Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hashing/#utils--hmac">HMAC</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hashing/#hashing-algorithms--hashing-helpers">Hashing Helpers</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hashing/#hashing-algorithms--solidity-hashing-algorithms">Solidity Hashing Algorithms</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hdnode/">HD Wallet</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hdnode/#hdnodes--types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hdnode/#HDNode">HDNode</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/hdnode/#HDNode--utilities">Other Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/logger/">Logging</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/logger/#Logger">Logger</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/logger/#errors">Errors</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/logger/#Logger-levels">Log Levels</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/properties/">Property Utilities</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/signing-key/">Signing Key</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/signing-key/#SigningKey--other-functions">Other Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/strings/">Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/strings/#Bytes32String">Bytes32String</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/strings/#strings-utf8">UTF-8 Strings</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/strings/#strings--unicode-normalization-form">UnicodeNormalizationForm</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/strings/#strings--error-handling">Custom UTF-8 Error Handling</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/transactions/">Transactions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/transactions/#transactions--types">Types</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/transactions/#transactions--functions">Functions</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/web/">Web Utilities</a></div><div style="padding-left: 28px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a href="/v5/api/utils/wordlists/">Wordlists</a></div><div style="padding-left: 56px"><span class="bullet">•</span><a 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