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<div class="breadcrumbs"><a href="/v5/">Documentation</a> » <a href="/v5/api/">API</a> » <a href="/v5/api/utils/">Utilities</a> » <span class="current">Byte Manipulation</span></div>
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<a name="byte-manipulation"></a><h1 class="show-anchors"><div>Byte Manipulation<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation"></a></div></div></h1><p>Tra la la...</p>
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<a name="byte-manipulation--types"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Types<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--types"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="Bytes"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--Bytes"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>Bytes<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Bytes"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>Bytes</b> is any object which is an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array">Array</a> or <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray">TypedArray</a> with each value in the valid byte range (i.e. between 0 and 255 inclusive), or is an Object with a <code class="inline">length</code> property where each indexed property is in the valid byte range.</p>
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<a name="BytesLike"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--BytesLike"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>BytesLike<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#BytesLike"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>BytesLike</b> can be either a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Bytes">Bytes</a> or a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a>.</p>
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<a name="DataHexString"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--DataHexString"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>DataHexString<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>DataHexstring</b> is identical to a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString">HexString</a> except that it has an even number of nibbles, and therefore is a valid representation of binary data as a string.</p>
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<a name="HexString"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--HexString"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>HexString<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>Hexstring</b> is a string which has a <code class="inline">0x</code> prefix followed by any number of nibbles (i.e. case-insensitive hexidecumal characters, <code class="inline">0-9</code> and <code class="inline">a-f</code>).</p>
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<a name="Signature"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--Signature"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>Signature<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Signature"></a></div></div></h3><p><ul><li><b>r</b> and <b>s</b> --- The x co-ordinate of <b>r</b> and the <b>s</b> value of the signature </li><li><b>v</b> --- The parity of the y co-ordinate of <b>r</b> </li><li><b>_vs</b> --- The <a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098">compact representation</a> of the <b>s</b> and <b>v</b> </li><li><b>recoveryParam</b> --- The normalized (i.e. 0 or 1) value of <b>v</b> </li></ul></p>
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<a name="signature-raw"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--signature-raw"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>Raw Signature<span class="inherits"> inherits string<<a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a><65>></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#signature-raw"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>Raw Signature</b> is a common Signature format where the r, s and v are concanenated into a 65 byte (130 nibble) <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a>.</p>
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<a name="SignatureLike"></a><a name="byte-manipulation--types--SignatureLike"></a><h3 class="show-anchors"><div>SignatureLike<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#SignatureLike"></a></div></div></h3><p>A <b>SignatureLike</b> is similar to a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Signature">Signature</a>, except redundant properties may be omitted or it may be a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#signature-raw">Raw Signature</a>.</p>
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<p>For example, if <b>_vs</b> is specified, <b>s</b> and <b>v</b> may be omitted. Likewise, if <b>recoveryParam</b> is provided, <b>v</b> may be omitted (as in these cases the missing values can be computed).</p>
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<a name="byte-manipulation--inspection"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Inspection<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--inspection"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-isBytes"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">isBytes</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">object</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">boolean</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-isBytes"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L73">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns true if and only if <i>object</i> is a valid <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Bytes">Bytes</a>.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-isBytesLike"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">isBytesLike</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">object</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">boolean</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-isBytesLike"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L69">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns true if and only if <i>object</i> is a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Bytes">Bytes</a> or <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a>.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-isHexString"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">isHexString</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">object</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="symbol">[</span> <span class="param">length</span> <span class="symbol">]</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">boolean</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-isHexString"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L184">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns true if and only if <i>object</i> is a valid hex string. If <i>length</i> is specified and <i>object</i> is not a valid <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> of <i>length</i> bytes, an InvalidArgument error is thrown.</p>
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</div></div><a name="byte-manipulation--converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Converting between Arrays and Hexstrings<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--converting-between-arrays-and-hexstrings"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-arrayify"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">arrayify</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">DataHexStringOrArrayish</span> <span class="symbol">[</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="param">options</span> <span class="symbol">]</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Uint8Array</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-arrayify"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L91">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Converts <i>DataHexStringOrArrayish</i> to a Uint8Array.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexlify"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexlify</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">hexstringOrArrayish</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexlify"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L194">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Converts <i>hexstringOrArrayish</i> to a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a>.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexValue"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexValue</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBigNumberish</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString">HexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexValue"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L287">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Converts <i>aBigNumberish</i> to a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString">HexString</a>, with no <u>unnecessary</u> leading zeros.</p>
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</div></div><div class="code-title"><div>Examples</div></div><div class="code"><span class="comment">// Convert a hexstring to a Uint8Array
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</span>arrayify("0x1234")
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<span class="result ok">// Uint8Array [ 18, 52 ]
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// Convert an Array to a hexstring
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</span>hexlify([1, 2, 3, 4])
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<span class="result ok">// '0x01020304'
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// Convert an Object to a hexstring
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</span>hexlify({ length: 2, "0": 1, "1": 2 })
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<span class="result ok">// '0x0102'
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// Convert an Array to a hexstring
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</span>hexlify([ 1 ])
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<span class="result ok">// '0x01'
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// Convert a number to a stripped hex value
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</span>hexValue(1)
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<span class="result ok">// '0x1'
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// Convert an Array to a stripped hex value
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</span>hexValue([ 1, 2 ])
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<span class="result ok">// '0x102'
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</span></div><a name="byte-manipulation--array-manipulation"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Array Manipulation<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--array-manipulation"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-concat"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">concat</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">arrayOfBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Uint8Array</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-concat"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L140">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Concatenates all the <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#BytesLike">BytesLike</a> in <i>arrayOfBytesLike</i> into a single Uint8Array.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-stripZeros"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">stripZeros</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Uint8Array</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-stripZeros"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L154">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns a Uint8Array with all leading <code class="inline">0</code> bytes of <i>aBtyesLike</i> removed.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-zeroPad"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">zeroPad</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="param">length</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Uint8Array</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-zeroPad"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L171">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Retutns a Uint8Array of the data in <i>aBytesLike</i> with <code class="inline">0</code> bytes prepended to <i>length</i> bytes long.</p>
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<p>If <i>aBytesLike</i> is already longer than <i>length</i> bytes long, an InvalidArgument error will be thrown.</p>
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</div></div><a name="byte-manipulation--hexstring-manipulation"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Hexstring Manipulation<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--hexstring-manipulation"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-hexConcat"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexConcat</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">arrayOfBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexConcat"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L279">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Concatenates all the <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#BytesLike">BytesLike</a> in <i>arrayOfBytesLike</i> into a single <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a></p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexDataLength"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexDataLength</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexDataLength"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L253">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns the length (in bytes) of <i>aBytesLike</i>.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexDataSlice"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexDataSlice</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="param">offset</span> <span class="symbol">[</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="param">endOffset</span> <span class="symbol">]</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexDataSlice"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L263">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> representation of a slice of <i>aBytesLike</i>, from <i>offset</i> (in bytes) to <i>endOffset</i> (in bytes). If <i>endOffset</i> is omitted, the length of <i>aBytesLike</i> is used.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexStripZeros"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexStripZeros</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString">HexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexStripZeros"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L293">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#HexString">HexString</a> representation of <i>aBytesLike</i> with all leading zeros removed.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-hexZeroPad"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">hexZeroPad</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">,</span> <span class="param">length</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-hexZeroPad"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L305">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Returns a <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a> representation of <i>aBytesLike</i> padded to <i>length</i> bytes.</p>
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<p>If <i>aBytesLike</i> is already longer than <i>length</i> bytes long, an InvalidArgument error will be thrown.</p>
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</div></div><a name="byte-manipulation--signature-conversion"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Signature Conversion<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--signature-conversion"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-joinSignature"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">joinSignature</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aSignatureLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">string< <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#signature-raw">RawSignature</a> ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-joinSignature"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L442">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Return the raw-format of <i>aSignaturelike</i>, which is 65 bytes (130 nibbles) long, concatenating the <b>r</b>, <b>s</b> and (normalized) <b>v</b> of a Signature.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-splitSignature"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">splitSignature</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">aSignatureLikeOrBytesLike</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns"><a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#Signature">Signature</a></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-splitSignature"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L323">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Return the full expanded-format of <i>aSignaturelike</i> or a raw-format <a href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#DataHexString">DataHexString</a>. Any missing properties will be computed.</p>
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</div></div><a name="byte-manipulation--random-bytes"></a><h2 class="show-anchors"><div>Random Bytes<div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#byte-manipulation--random-bytes"></a></div></div></h2>
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<a name="utils-randomBytes"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">randomBytes</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">length</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Uint8Array</span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-randomBytes"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/random/src.ts/index.ts#L9">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Return a new Uint8Array of <i>length</i> random bytes.</p>
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</div></div><a name="utils-shuffled"></a><div class="property show-anchors"><div class="signature"><span class="path">ethers</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="path">utils</span><span class="symbol">.</span><span class="method">shuffled</span><span class="symbol">(</span> <span class="param">array</span> <span class="symbol">)</span> <span class="arrow">⇒</span> <span class="returns">Array< any ></span><div class="anchors"><a class="self" href="/v5/api/utils/bytes/#utils-shuffled"></a><a class="source" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/master/packages/random/src.ts/shuffle.ts#L3">source</a></div></div><div class="body"><p>Return a copy of <i>array</i> shuffled using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle">Fisher-Yates Shuffle</a>.</p>
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</div></div><div class="code-title"><div>Examples</div></div><div class="code">utils.randomBytes(8)
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<span class="result ok">// Uint8Array [ 98, 93, 74, 126, 111, 146, 146, 3 ]
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</span>
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const data = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
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<span class="comment">// Returns a new Array
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</span>utils.shuffled(data);
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<span class="result ok">// [
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</span><span class="result ok">// 5,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 2,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 6,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 1,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 4,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 7,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 3
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</span><span class="result ok">// ]
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</span>
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<span class="comment">// The Original is unscathed...
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</span>data
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<span class="result ok">// [
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</span><span class="result ok">// 1,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 2,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 3,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 4,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 5,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 6,
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</span><span class="result ok">// 7
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</span><span class="result ok">// ]
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</span></div>
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<div class="nav previous"><a href="/v5/api/utils/bignumber/"><span class="arrow">←</span>BigNumber</a></div>
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