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<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Wallets and Signers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#wallet">Wallet</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-instances">Creating Instances</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="wallets-and-signers">
<span id="api-wallet"></span><h1>Wallets and Signers<a class="headerlink" href="#wallets-and-signers" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>A <strong>Wallet</strong> manages a private/public key pair which is used to cryptographically sign
transactions and prove ownership on the Ethereum network.</p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="wallet">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Wallet<a class="headerlink" href="#wallet" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <strong>Wallet</strong> implements the <a class="reference internal" href="#signer"><span class="std std-ref">Signer API</span></a> and can be used anywhere a <em>Signer</em>
is expected and has all the required properties.</p>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-instances">
<h3>Creating Instances<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-instances" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>new <sup>Wallet</sup> ( privateKey [ , provider ] )</dt>
<dd>Creates a new instance from <em>privateKey</em> and optionally connect a provider</dd>
<dt><sup>Wallet</sup> . createRandom ( [ options ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Wallet</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Creates a new random wallet. Ensure this wallet is stored somewhere safe, if
lost there is <strong>NO way to recover it</strong>.</p>
<p>Options may have the properties:</p>
<blockquote class="last">
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><strong>extraEntropy</strong> — additional entropy to stir into the random source</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="fromencryptedjson">
<dt><sup>Wallet</sup> . fromEncryptedJson ( json, password [ , progressCallback ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Wallet</sup></dt>
<dd>Decrypt an encrypted Secret Storage <a class="reference external" href="https://medium.com/&#64;julien.maffre/what-is-an-ethereum-keystore-file-86c8c5917b97">JSON Wallet</a> (from Geth, parity, Crowdsale
tools, or that was created using <em>prototype.encrypt</em> )</dd>
<dt><sup>Wallet</sup> . fromMnemonic ( mnemonic [ , path <sup>= “m/44’/60’/0’/0/0”</sup> [ , wordlist ] ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Wallet</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Generate a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki">BIP-039</a> + <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0044.mediawiki">BIP-044</a> wallet from <em>mnemonic</em> deriving <em>path</em> using
the <em>wordlist</em>. The default language is English (en).</p>
<p>In the browserified <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/ethers.min.js</span></code> only the English wordlist is
available. Each additional wordlist may be included by adding a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;script&gt;</span></code>
for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-*.js</span></code></p>
<p>The current supported wordlists are:</p>
<table border="1" class="last docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="30%" />
<col width="38%" />
<col width="32%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Language</th>
<th class="head">node.js</th>
<th class="head">Browser</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>English (US)</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.en</span></code></td>
<td><em>included</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Italian</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.it</span></code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-it.js</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Japanese</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.ja</span></code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-ja.js</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Korean</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.ko</span></code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-ko.js</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Chinese (simplified)</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.zh_cn</span></code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-zh.js</span></code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Chinese (traditional)</td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ethers.wordlists.zh_tw</span></code></td>
<td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/wordlist-zh.js</span></code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="wallet-connect">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . connect ( provider ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Wallet</sup></dt>
<dd>Creates a new Wallet instance from an existing instance, connected to a new <em>provider</em>.</dd>
</dl>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id2">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>load a private key</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Connect a wallet to mainnet</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">provider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getDefaultProvider</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">walletWithProvider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">provider</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id3">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>create a new random account</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">randomWallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createRandom</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id4">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>load a JSON wallet</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;fb1280c0-d646-4e40-9550-7026b1be504a&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">address</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;88a5c2d9919e46f883eb62f7b8dd9d0cc45bc290&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">Crypto</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">kdfparams</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">dklen</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">salt</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;bbfa53547e3e3bfcc9786a2cbef8504a5031d82734ecef02153e29daeed658fd&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">r</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">n</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">262144</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="nx">kdf</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;scrypt&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">ciphertext</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;10adcc8bcaf49474c6710460e0dc974331f71ee4c7baa7314b4a23d25fd6c406&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">mac</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;1cf53b5ae8d75f8c037b453e7c3c61b010225d916768a6b145adf5cf9cb3a703&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">cipher</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;aes-128-ctr&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">cipherparams</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">iv</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;1dcdf13e49cea706994ed38804f6d171&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;version&quot;</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">json</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">stringify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fromEncryptedJson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">password</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Address: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">address</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;Address: 0x88a5C2d9919e46F883EB62F7b8Dd9d0CC45bc290&quot;</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id5">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>load a mnemonic phrase</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">mnemonic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;radar blur cabbage chef fix engine embark joy scheme fiction master release&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">mnemonicWallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fromMnemonic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mnemonic</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Load the second account from a mnemonic</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;m/44&#39;/60&#39;/1&#39;/0/0&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">secondMnemonicWallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fromMnemonic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mnemonic</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">path</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Load using a non-english locale wordlist (the path &quot;null&quot; will use the default)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">secondMnemonicWallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fromMnemonic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mnemonic</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">wordlists</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ko</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="prototype">
<h3>Prototype<a class="headerlink" href="#prototype" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . address</dt>
<dd>The public address of a wallet</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . privateKey</dt>
<dd>The private key of a wallet; keep this secret</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . provider</dt>
<dd><p class="first">A connected <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#provider"><span class="std std-ref">Provider</span></a> which allows the wallet to
connect to the Ethereum network to query its state and send transactions,
or null if no provider is connected.</p>
<p class="last">To change the provider, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#wallet-connect"><span class="std std-ref">connect</span></a> method, which will return
a <strong>new instance</strong> of the Wallet connected to the provider.</p>
</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . mnemonic</dt>
<dd>The mnemonic phrase for this wallet, or null if the mnemonic is unknown.</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . path</dt>
<dd>The mnemonic path for this wallet, or null if the mnemonic is unknown.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="signing">
<h3>Signing<a class="headerlink" href="#signing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . sign ( transaction ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;string&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Signs <em>transaction</em> and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to
the signed transaction as a <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#hexstring"><span class="std std-ref">hex string</span></a>.</p>
<p>In general, the <a class="reference internal" href="#sendtransaction">sendTransaction</a> method is preferred to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sign</span></code>, as it can automatically
populate values asynchronously.</p>
<p>The properties for transaction are all optional and include:</p>
<blockquote class="last">
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><strong>to</strong></li>
<li><strong>gasLimit</strong></li>
<li><strong>gasPrice</strong></li>
<li><strong>nonce</strong></li>
<li><strong>data</strong></li>
<li><strong>value</strong></li>
<li><strong>chainId</strong></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . signMessage ( message ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;string&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Signs <em>message</em> and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to
the <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#signature"><span class="std std-ref">flat-format</span></a> signature.</p>
<p class="last">If <em>message</em> is a string, it is converted to UTF-8 bytes, otherwise it is
preserved as a binary representation of the <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#arrayish"><span class="std std-ref">Arrayish</span></a> data.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id6">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>signing transactions</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592&quot;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">address</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;0x7357589f8e367c2C31F51242fB77B350A11830F3&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// All properties are optional</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">transaction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">nonce</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">gasLimit</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">gasPrice</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">bigNumberify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;20000000000&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x88a5C2d9919e46F883EB62F7b8Dd9d0CC45bc290&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="c1">// ... or supports ENS names</span>
<span class="c1">// to: &quot;ricmoo.firefly.eth&quot;,</span>
<span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parseEther</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;1.0&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="nx">data</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="c1">// This ensures the transaction cannot be replayed on different networks</span>
<span class="nx">chainId</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getNetwork</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;homestead&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">chainId</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">signPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">sign</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">transaction</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nx">signPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">signedTransaction</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signedTransaction</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;0xf86c808504a817c8008252089488a5c2d9919e46f883eb62f7b8dd9d0cc45bc2</span>
<span class="c1">// 90880de0b6b3a76400008025a05e766fa4bbb395108dc250ec66c2f88355d240</span>
<span class="c1">// acdc47ab5dfaad46bcf63f2a34a05b2cb6290fd8ff801d07f6767df63c1c3da7</span>
<span class="c1">// a7b83b53cd6cea3d3075ef9597d5&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// This can now be sent to the Ethereum network</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">provider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getDefaultProvider</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nx">provider</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">sendTransaction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signedTransaction</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">tx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">tx</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// {</span>
<span class="c1">// // These will match the above values (excluded properties are zero)</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;nonce&quot;, &quot;gasLimit&quot;, &quot;gasPrice&quot;, &quot;to&quot;, &quot;value&quot;, &quot;data&quot;, &quot;chainId&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">//</span>
<span class="c1">// // These will now be present</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;from&quot;, &quot;hash&quot;, &quot;r&quot;, &quot;s&quot;, &quot;v&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// }</span>
<span class="c1">// Hash:</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id7">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>signing text messages</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592&quot;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Sign a text message</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">signPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">signMessage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello World!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nx">signPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">signature</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// Flat-format</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signature</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;0xea09d6e94e52b48489bd66754c9c02a772f029d4a2f136bba9917ab3042a0474</span>
<span class="c1">// 301198d8c2afb71351753436b7e5a420745fed77b6c3089bbcca64113575ec3c</span>
<span class="c1">// 1c&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// Expanded-format</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">splitSignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signature</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="c1">// {</span>
<span class="c1">// r: &quot;0xea09d6e94e52b48489bd66754c9c02a772f029d4a2f136bba9917ab3042a0474&quot;,</span>
<span class="c1">// s: &quot;0x301198d8c2afb71351753436b7e5a420745fed77b6c3089bbcca64113575ec3c&quot;,</span>
<span class="c1">// v: 28,</span>
<span class="c1">// recoveryParam: 1</span>
<span class="c1">// }</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id8">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>signing binary messages</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592&quot;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// The 66 character hex string MUST be converted to a 32-byte array first!</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3ea2f1d0abf3fc66cf29eebb70cbd4e7fe762ef8a09bcc06c8edf641230afec0&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">binaryData</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">arrayify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">hash</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">signPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">signMessage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">binaryData</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nx">signPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">signature</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signature</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;0x5e9b7a7bd77ac21372939d386342ae58081a33bf53479152c87c1e787c27d06b</span>
<span class="c1">// 118d3eccff0ace49891e192049e16b5210047068384772ba1fdb33bbcba58039</span>
<span class="c1">// 1c&quot;</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="blockchain-operations">
<h3>Blockchain Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#blockchain-operations" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>These operations require the wallet have a provider attached to it.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . getBalance ( [ blockTag <sup>= “latest”</sup> ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;BigNumber&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to the balance of the wallet
(as a <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#bignumber"><span class="std std-ref">BigNumber</span></a>, in <strong>wei</strong>) at the <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#blocktag"><span class="std std-ref">blockTag</span></a>.</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . getTransactionCount ( [ blockTag <sup>= “latest”</sup> ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;number&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resovles to the number of transactions
this account has ever sent (also called the <em>nonce</em>) at the <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#blocktag"><span class="std std-ref">blockTag</span></a>.</dd>
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . estimateGas ( transaction ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;BigNumber&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> with the estimated cost for <em>transaction</em> (as a
<a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#bignumber"><span class="std std-ref">BigNumber</span></a>, in <strong>gas</strong>)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="sendtransaction">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . sendTransaction ( transaction ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;TransactionResponse&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Sends the <em>transaction</em> (see <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#transaction-request"><span class="std std-ref">Transaction Requests</span></a>) to
the network and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to a
<a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#transaction-response"><span class="std std-ref">Transaction Response</span></a>. Any properties that are not
provided will be populated from the network.</dd>
</dl>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id9">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>query the network</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id9" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// We require a provider to query the network</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">provider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getDefaultProvider</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592&quot;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">provider</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">balancePromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getBalance</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nx">balancePromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">balance</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">balance</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">transactionCountPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getTransactionCount</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="nx">transactionCountPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">transactionCount</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">transactionCount</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id10">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>transfer ether</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id10" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// We require a provider to send transactions</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">provider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getDefaultProvider</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">privateKey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592&quot;</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Wallet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">privateKey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">provider</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parseEther</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;1.0&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">tx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0x88a5c2d9919e46f883eb62f7b8dd9d0cc45bc290&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="c1">// ... or supports ENS names</span>
<span class="c1">// to: &quot;ricmoo.firefly.eth&quot;,</span>
<span class="c1">// We must pass in the amount as wei (1 ether = 1e18 wei), so we</span>
<span class="c1">// use this convenience function to convert ether to wei.</span>
<span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nx">ethers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">utils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parseEther</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;1.0&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">sendPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">sendTransaction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">tx</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">sendPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">tx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">tx</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// {</span>
<span class="c1">// // All transaction fields will be present</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;nonce&quot;, &quot;gasLimit&quot;, &quot;pasPrice&quot;, &quot;to&quot;, &quot;value&quot;, &quot;data&quot;,</span>
<span class="c1">// &quot;from&quot;, &quot;hash&quot;, &quot;r&quot;, &quot;s&quot;, &quot;v&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// }</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="encrypted-json-wallets">
<h3>Encrypted JSON Wallets<a class="headerlink" href="#encrypted-json-wallets" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Many systems store private keys as encrypted JSON wallets, in various formats. There are several
formats and algorithms that are used, all of which are supported to be read.
Only the secure scrypt variation can be generated.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#fromencryptedjson"><span class="std std-ref">Wallet.fromEncryptedJson</span></a> for creating a
Wallet instance from a JSON wallet.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><sup>prototype</sup> . encrypt ( password [ , options [ , progressCallback ] ] ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;string&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Encrypts the wallet as an encrypted JSON wallet, with the <em>password</em>.</p>
<p>All options are optional. The valid options are:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><strong>salt</strong> — the salt to use for scrypt</li>
<li><strong>iv</strong> — the initialization vecotr to use for aes-ctr-128</li>
<li><strong>uuid</strong> — the UUID to use for the wallet</li>
<li><strong>scrypt</strong> — the scrypt parameters to use (N, r and p)</li>
<li><strong>entropy</strong> — the mnemonic entropy of this wallet; generally you should <strong>not</strong> specify this</li>
<li><strong>mnemonic</strong> — the mnemonic phrase of this wallet; generally you should <strong>not</strong> specify this</li>
<li><strong>path</strong> — the mnemonic path of this wallet; generally you should <strong>not</strong> specify this</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p class="last">If the <em>progressCallback</em> is specified, it will be called periodically during
encryption with a value between 0 and 1, inclusive indicating the progress.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id11">
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><em>encrypt a wallet as an encrypted JSON wallet</em></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id11" title="Permalink to this code"></a></div>
<div class="highlight-javascript notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;password123&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">callback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">progress</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Encrypting: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">parseInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">progress</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot;% complete&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nx">encryptPromise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">wallet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">password</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">callback</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nx">encryptPromise</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="signer-api">
<span id="signer"></span><h2>Signer API<a class="headerlink" href="#signer-api" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The Signer API is an abstract class which makes it easy to extend and add new signers,
that can be used by this library and extension libraries. The <a class="reference internal" href="#wallet"><span class="std std-ref">Wallet</span></a>
extends the Signer API, as do the <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#signer-jsonrpc"><span class="std std-ref">JsonRpcSigner</span></a> and the
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers-ledger">Ledger Hardware Wallet Signer</a>.</p>
<p>To implement a Signer, inherit the abstract class <em>ethers.types.Signer</em> and implement
the following properties:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><sup>object</sup> . provider</dt>
<dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#api-provider"><span class="std std-ref">Provider</span></a> that is connected to the network. This is optional, however,
without a <em>provider</em>, <strong>only</strong> <em>write-only</em> operations should be expected to work.</dd>
<dt><sup>object</sup> . getAddress ( ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;Address&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to the account address.</dd>
<dt><sup>object</sup> . signMessage ( message ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;hex&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to the <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#signature"><span class="std std-ref">Flat-Format Signature</span></a>
for the <em>message</em>.</p>
<p class="last">If <em>message</em> is a string, it is converted to UTF-8 bytes, otherwise it is
preserved as a binary representation of the <a class="reference internal" href="api-utils.html#arrayish"><span class="std std-ref">Arrayish</span></a> data.</p>
</dd>
<dt><sup>object</sup> . sendTransaction ( transaction ) &nbsp; <sup>=&gt;</sup> &nbsp; <sup>Promise&lt;TransactionResponse&gt;</sup></dt>
<dd>Sends the <em>transaction</em> (see <a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#transaction-request"><span class="std std-ref">Transaction Requests</span></a>) to
the network and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="notes.html#promise"><span class="std std-ref">Promise</span></a> that resolves to a
<a class="reference internal" href="api-providers.html#transaction-response"><span class="std std-ref">Transaction Response</span></a>. Any properties that are not
provided will be populated from the network.</dd>
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