noble-curves

Audited & minimal JS implementation of elliptic curve cryptography.

• 🔒 Audited by an independent security firm
• 🔻 Tree-shaking-friendly: use only what's necessary, other code won't be included
• 🏎 Ultra-fast, hand-optimized for caveats of JS engines
• 🔍 Unique tests ensure correctness: property-based, cross-library and Wycheproof vectors, fuzzing
• ➰ Short Weierstrass, Edwards, Montgomery curves
• ✍️ ECDSA, EdDSA, Schnorr, BLS signature schemes, ECDH key agreement
• #️⃣ Hash-to-curve for encoding or hashing an arbitrary string to an elliptic curve point
• 🧜‍♂️ Poseidon ZK-friendly hash

Check out Upgrading if you've previously used single-feature noble packages. See Resources for articles and real-world software that uses curves.

This library belongs to noble crypto

noble-crypto — high-security, easily auditable set of contained cryptographic libraries and tools.

• No dependencies, protection against supply chain attacks
• Auditable TypeScript / JS code
• Supported in all major browsers and stable node.js versions
• All releases are signed with PGP keys
• Check out homepage & all libraries: curves (4kb versions secp256k1, ed25519), hashes

Usage

Browser, deno and node.js are supported:

npm install @noble/curves

For Deno, use it with npm specifier. In browser, you could also include the single file from GitHub's releases page.

The library is tree-shaking-friendly and does NOT expose root entry point as import c from '@noble/curves'. Instead, you need to import specific primitives. This is done to ensure small size of your apps.

Package consists of two parts:

1. Implementations, utilizing one dependency noble-hashes, providing ready-to-use:
   • NIST curves secp256r1 / p256, secp384r1 / p384, secp521r1 / p521
   • SECG curve secp256k1
   • ed25519 / curve25519 / x25519 / ristretto255, edwards448 / curve448 / x448 implementing RFC7748 / RFC8032 / FIPS 186-5 / ZIP215 standards
   • pairing-friendly curves bls12-381, bn254
   • pasta curves
2. Abstract, zero-dependency EC algorithms

Implementations

Each curve can be used in the following way:

import { secp256k1 } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1'; // ESM and Common.js
// import { secp256k1 } from 'npm:@noble/curves@1.2.0/secp256k1'; // Deno
const priv = secp256k1.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const pub = secp256k1.getPublicKey(priv);
const msg = new Uint8Array(32).fill(1);
const sig = secp256k1.sign(msg, priv);
const isValid = secp256k1.verify(sig, msg, pub) === true;

// hex strings are also supported besides Uint8Arrays:
const privHex = '46c930bc7bb4db7f55da20798697421b98c4175a52c630294d75a84b9c126236';
const pub2 = secp256k1.getPublicKey(privHex);

All curves:

import { secp256k1, schnorr } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1';
import { ed25519, ed25519ph, ed25519ctx, x25519, RistrettoPoint } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';
import { ed448, ed448ph, ed448ctx, x448 } from '@noble/curves/ed448';
import { p256 } from '@noble/curves/p256';
import { p384 } from '@noble/curves/p384';
import { p521 } from '@noble/curves/p521';
import { pallas, vesta } from '@noble/curves/pasta';
import { bls12_381 } from '@noble/curves/bls12-381';
import { bn254 } from '@noble/curves/bn254';
import { jubjub } from '@noble/curves/jubjub';

Recovering public keys from weierstrass ECDSA signatures; using ECDH:

// extraEntropy https://moderncrypto.org/mail-archive/curves/2017/000925.html
const sigImprovedSecurity = secp256k1.sign(msg, priv, { extraEntropy: true });
sig.recoverPublicKey(msg) === pub; // public key recovery
const someonesPub = secp256k1.getPublicKey(secp256k1.utils.randomPrivateKey());
const shared = secp256k1.getSharedSecret(priv, someonesPub); // ECDH

Schnorr signatures over secp256k1 following BIP340:

import { schnorr } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1';
const priv = schnorr.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const pub = schnorr.getPublicKey(priv);
const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('hello');
const sig = schnorr.sign(msg, priv);
const isValid = schnorr.verify(sig, msg, pub);

ed25519 module has ed25519ctx / ed25519ph variants, x25519 ECDH and ristretto255.

Default verify behavior follows ZIP215 and can be used in consensus-critical applications. zip215: false option switches verification criteria to RFC8032 / FIPS 186-5.

import { ed25519 } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';
const priv = ed25519.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const pub = ed25519.getPublicKey(priv);
const msg = new TextEncoder().encode('hello');
const sig = ed25519.sign(msg, priv);
ed25519.verify(sig, msg, pub); // Default mode: follows ZIP215
ed25519.verify(sig, msg, pub, { zip215: false }); // RFC8032 / FIPS 186-5

// Variants from RFC8032: with context, prehashed
import { ed25519ctx, ed25519ph } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';

// ECDH using curve25519 aka x25519
import { x25519 } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';
const priv = 'a546e36bf0527c9d3b16154b82465edd62144c0ac1fc5a18506a2244ba449ac4';
const pub = 'e6db6867583030db3594c1a424b15f7c726624ec26b3353b10a903a6d0ab1c4c';
x25519.getSharedSecret(priv, pub) === x25519.scalarMult(priv, pub); // aliases
x25519.getPublicKey(priv) === x25519.scalarMultBase(priv);

// hash-to-curve
import { hashToCurve, encodeToCurve } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';

import { RistrettoPoint } from '@noble/curves/ed25519';
const rp = RistrettoPoint.fromHex(
  '6a493210f7499cd17fecb510ae0cea23a110e8d5b901f8acadd3095c73a3b919'
);
RistrettoPoint.hashToCurve('Ristretto is traditionally a short shot of espresso coffee');
// also has add(), equals(), multiply(), toRawBytes() methods

ed448 is similar:

import { ed448, ed448ph, ed448ctx, x448 } from '@noble/curves/ed448';
import { hashToCurve, encodeToCurve } from '@noble/curves/ed448';
ed448.getPublicKey(ed448.utils.randomPrivateKey());

Every curve has CURVE object that contains its parameters, field, and others:

import { secp256k1 } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1'; // ESM and Common.js
console.log(secp256k1.CURVE.p, secp256k1.CURVE.n, secp256k1.CURVE.a, secp256k1.CURVE.b);

Abstract API

Abstract API allows to define custom curves. All arithmetics is done with JS bigints over finite fields, which is defined from modular sub-module. For scalar multiplication, we use precomputed tables with w-ary non-adjacent form (wNAF). Precomputes are enabled for weierstrass and edwards BASE points of a curve. You could precompute any other point (e.g. for ECDH) using utils.precompute() method: check out examples.

There are following zero-dependency algorithms:

• abstract/weierstrass: Short Weierstrass curve
• abstract/edwards: Twisted Edwards curve
• abstract/montgomery: Montgomery curve
• abstract/bls: Barreto-Lynn-Scott curves
• abstract/hash-to-curve: Hashing strings to curve points
• abstract/poseidon: Poseidon hash
• abstract/modular: Modular arithmetics utilities
• abstract/utils: General utilities

abstract/weierstrass: Short Weierstrass curve

import { weierstrass } from '@noble/curves/abstract/weierstrass';
import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular'; // finite field for mod arithmetics
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256'; // 3rd-party sha256() of type utils.CHash
import { hmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac'; // 3rd-party hmac() that will accept sha256()
import { concatBytes, randomBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils'; // 3rd-party utilities
const secq256k1 = weierstrass({
  // secq256k1: cycle of secp256k1 with Fp/N flipped.
  // https://personaelabs.org/posts/spartan-ecdsa
  // https://zcash.github.io/halo2/background/curves.html#cycles-of-curves
  a: 0n,
  b: 7n,
  Fp: Field(2n ** 256n - 432420386565659656852420866394968145599n),
  n: 2n ** 256n - 2n ** 32n - 2n ** 9n - 2n ** 8n - 2n ** 7n - 2n ** 6n - 2n ** 4n - 1n,
  Gx: 55066263022277343669578718895168534326250603453777594175500187360389116729240n,
  Gy: 32670510020758816978083085130507043184471273380659243275938904335757337482424n,
  hash: sha256,
  hmac: (key: Uint8Array, ...msgs: Uint8Array[]) => hmac(sha256, key, concatBytes(...msgs)),
  randomBytes,
});

// Replace weierstrass with weierstrassPoints if you don't need ECDSA, hash, hmac, randomBytes

Short Weierstrass curve's formula is y² = x³ + ax + b. weierstrass expects arguments a, b, field Fp, curve order n, cofactor h and coordinates Gx, Gy of generator point.

k generation is done deterministically, following RFC6979. For this you will need hmac & hash, which in our implementations is provided by noble-hashes. If you're using different hashing library, make sure to wrap it in the following interface:

type CHash = {
  (message: Uint8Array): Uint8Array;
  blockLen: number;
  outputLen: number;
  create(): any;
};

Weierstrass points:

1. Exported as ProjectivePoint
2. Represented in projective (homogeneous) coordinates: (x, y, z) ∋ (x=x/z, y=y/z)
3. Use complete exception-free formulas for addition and doubling
4. Can be decoded/encoded from/to Uint8Array / hex strings using ProjectivePoint.fromHex and ProjectivePoint#toRawBytes()
5. Have assertValidity() which checks for being on-curve
6. Have toAffine() and x / y getters which convert to 2d xy affine coordinates

// `weierstrassPoints()` returns `CURVE` and `ProjectivePoint`
// `weierstrass()` returns `CurveFn`
type SignOpts = { lowS?: boolean; prehash?: boolean; extraEntropy: boolean | Uint8Array };
type CurveFn = {
  CURVE: ReturnType<typeof validateOpts>;
  getPublicKey: (privateKey: PrivKey, isCompressed?: boolean) => Uint8Array;
  getSharedSecret: (privateA: PrivKey, publicB: Hex, isCompressed?: boolean) => Uint8Array;
  sign: (msgHash: Hex, privKey: PrivKey, opts?: SignOpts) => SignatureType;
  verify: (
    signature: Hex | SignatureType,
    msgHash: Hex,
    publicKey: Hex,
    opts?: { lowS?: boolean; prehash?: boolean }
  ) => boolean;
  ProjectivePoint: ProjectivePointConstructor;
  Signature: SignatureConstructor;
  utils: {
    normPrivateKeyToScalar: (key: PrivKey) => bigint;
    isValidPrivateKey(key: PrivKey): boolean;
    randomPrivateKey: () => Uint8Array;
    precompute: (windowSize?: number, point?: ProjPointType<bigint>) => ProjPointType<bigint>;
  };
};

// T is usually bigint, but can be something else like complex numbers in BLS curves
interface ProjPointType<T> extends Group<ProjPointType<T>> {
  readonly px: T;
  readonly py: T;
  readonly pz: T;
  get x(): bigint;
  get y(): bigint;
  multiply(scalar: bigint): ProjPointType<T>;
  multiplyUnsafe(scalar: bigint): ProjPointType<T>;
  multiplyAndAddUnsafe(Q: ProjPointType<T>, a: bigint, b: bigint): ProjPointType<T> | undefined;
  toAffine(iz?: T): AffinePoint<T>;
  isTorsionFree(): boolean;
  clearCofactor(): ProjPointType<T>;
  assertValidity(): void;
  hasEvenY(): boolean;
  toRawBytes(isCompressed?: boolean): Uint8Array;
  toHex(isCompressed?: boolean): string;
}
// Static methods for 3d XYZ points
interface ProjConstructor<T> extends GroupConstructor<ProjPointType<T>> {
  new (x: T, y: T, z: T): ProjPointType<T>;
  fromAffine(p: AffinePoint<T>): ProjPointType<T>;
  fromHex(hex: Hex): ProjPointType<T>;
  fromPrivateKey(privateKey: PrivKey): ProjPointType<T>;
}

ECDSA signatures are represented by Signature instances and can be described by the interface:

interface SignatureType {
  readonly r: bigint;
  readonly s: bigint;
  readonly recovery?: number;
  assertValidity(): void;
  addRecoveryBit(recovery: number): SignatureType;
  hasHighS(): boolean;
  normalizeS(): SignatureType;
  recoverPublicKey(msgHash: Hex): ProjPointType<bigint>;
  toCompactRawBytes(): Uint8Array;
  toCompactHex(): string;
  // DER-encoded
  toDERRawBytes(): Uint8Array;
  toDERHex(): string;
}
type SignatureConstructor = {
  new (r: bigint, s: bigint): SignatureType;
  fromCompact(hex: Hex): SignatureType;
  fromDER(hex: Hex): SignatureType;
};

More examples:

// All curves expose same generic interface.
const priv = secq256k1.utils.randomPrivateKey();
secq256k1.getPublicKey(priv); // Convert private key to public.
const sig = secq256k1.sign(msg, priv); // Sign msg with private key.
secq256k1.verify(sig, msg, priv); // Verify if sig is correct.

const Point = secq256k1.ProjectivePoint;
const point = Point.BASE; // Elliptic curve Point class and BASE point static var.
point.add(point).equals(point.double()); // add(), equals(), double() methods
point.subtract(point).equals(Point.ZERO); // subtract() method, ZERO static var
point.negate(); // Flips point over x/y coordinate.
point.multiply(31415n); // Multiplication of Point by scalar.

point.assertValidity(); // Checks for being on-curve
point.toAffine(); // Converts to 2d affine xy coordinates

secq256k1.CURVE.n;
secq256k1.CURVE.p;
secq256k1.CURVE.Fp.mod();
secq256k1.CURVE.hash();

// precomputes
const fast = secq256k1.utils.precompute(8, Point.fromHex(someonesPubKey));
fast.multiply(privKey); // much faster ECDH now

abstract/edwards: Twisted Edwards curve

import { twistedEdwards } from '@noble/curves/abstract/edwards';
import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular';
import { sha512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha512';
import { randomBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils';

const Fp = Field(2n ** 255n - 19n);
const ed25519 = twistedEdwards({
  a: Fp.create(-1n),
  d: Fp.div(-121665n, 121666n), // -121665n/121666n mod p
  Fp: Fp,
  n: 2n ** 252n + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493n,
  h: 8n,
  Gx: 15112221349535400772501151409588531511454012693041857206046113283949847762202n,
  Gy: 46316835694926478169428394003475163141307993866256225615783033603165251855960n,
  hash: sha512,
  randomBytes,
  adjustScalarBytes(bytes) {
    // optional; but mandatory in ed25519
    bytes[0] &= 248;
    bytes[31] &= 127;
    bytes[31] |= 64;
    return bytes;
  },
} as const);

Twisted Edwards curve's formula is ax² + y² = 1 + dx²y². You must specify a, d, field Fp, order n, cofactor h and coordinates Gx, Gy of generator point.

For EdDSA signatures, hash param required. adjustScalarBytes which instructs how to change private scalars could be specified.

Edwards points:

1. Exported as ExtendedPoint
2. Represented in extended coordinates: (x, y, z, t) ∋ (x=x/z, y=y/z)
3. Use complete exception-free formulas for addition and doubling
4. Can be decoded/encoded from/to Uint8Array / hex strings using ExtendedPoint.fromHex and ExtendedPoint#toRawBytes()
5. Have assertValidity() which checks for being on-curve
6. Have toAffine() and x / y getters which convert to 2d xy affine coordinates
7. Have isTorsionFree(), clearCofactor() and isSmallOrder() utilities to handle torsions

// `twistedEdwards()` returns `CurveFn` of following type:
type CurveFn = {
  CURVE: ReturnType<typeof validateOpts>;
  getPublicKey: (privateKey: Hex) => Uint8Array;
  sign: (message: Hex, privateKey: Hex, context?: Hex) => Uint8Array;
  verify: (sig: SigType, message: Hex, publicKey: Hex, context?: Hex) => boolean;
  ExtendedPoint: ExtPointConstructor;
  utils: {
    randomPrivateKey: () => Uint8Array;
    getExtendedPublicKey: (key: PrivKey) => {
      head: Uint8Array;
      prefix: Uint8Array;
      scalar: bigint;
      point: PointType;
      pointBytes: Uint8Array;
    };
  };
};

interface ExtPointType extends Group<ExtPointType> {
  readonly ex: bigint;
  readonly ey: bigint;
  readonly ez: bigint;
  readonly et: bigint;
  get x(): bigint;
  get y(): bigint;
  assertValidity(): void;
  multiply(scalar: bigint): ExtPointType;
  multiplyUnsafe(scalar: bigint): ExtPointType;
  isSmallOrder(): boolean;
  isTorsionFree(): boolean;
  clearCofactor(): ExtPointType;
  toAffine(iz?: bigint): AffinePoint<bigint>;
  toRawBytes(isCompressed?: boolean): Uint8Array;
  toHex(isCompressed?: boolean): string;
}
// Static methods of Extended Point with coordinates in X, Y, Z, T
interface ExtPointConstructor extends GroupConstructor<ExtPointType> {
  new (x: bigint, y: bigint, z: bigint, t: bigint): ExtPointType;
  fromAffine(p: AffinePoint<bigint>): ExtPointType;
  fromHex(hex: Hex): ExtPointType;
  fromPrivateKey(privateKey: Hex): ExtPointType;
}

abstract/montgomery: Montgomery curve

import { montgomery } from '@noble/curves/abstract/montgomery';
import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular';

const x25519 = montgomery({
  a: 486662n,
  Gu: 9n,
  Fp: Field(2n ** 255n - 19n),
  montgomeryBits: 255,
  nByteLength: 32,
  // Optional param
  adjustScalarBytes(bytes) {
    bytes[0] &= 248;
    bytes[31] &= 127;
    bytes[31] |= 64;
    return bytes;
  },
});

The module contains methods for x-only ECDH on Curve25519 / Curve448 from RFC7748. Proper Elliptic Curve Points are not implemented yet.

You must specify curve params Fp, a, Gu coordinate of u, montgomeryBits and nByteLength.

abstract/bls: Barreto-Lynn-Scott curves

The module abstracts BLS (Barreto-Lynn-Scott) pairing-friendly elliptic curve construction. They allow to construct zk-SNARKs and use aggregated, batch-verifiable threshold signatures, using Boneh-Lynn-Shacham signature scheme.

Main methods and properties are:

• getPublicKey(privateKey)
• sign(message, privateKey)
• verify(signature, message, publicKey)
• aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys)
• aggregateSignatures(signatures)
• G1 and G2 curves containing CURVE and ProjectivePoint
• Signature property with fromHex, toHex methods
• fields containing Fp, Fp2, Fp6, Fp12, Fr

Right now we only implement BLS12-381 (compatible with ETH and others), but in theory defining BLS12-377, BLS24 should be straightforward. An example:

import { bls12_381 as bls } from '@noble/curves/bls12-381';
const privateKey = '67d53f170b908cabb9eb326c3c337762d59289a8fec79f7bc9254b584b73265c';
const message = '64726e3da8';
const publicKey = bls.getPublicKey(privateKey);
const signature = bls.sign(message, privateKey);
const isValid = bls.verify(signature, message, publicKey);
console.log({ publicKey, signature, isValid });

// Sign 1 msg with 3 keys
const privateKeys = [
  '18f020b98eb798752a50ed0563b079c125b0db5dd0b1060d1c1b47d4a193e1e4',
  'ed69a8c50cf8c9836be3b67c7eeff416612d45ba39a5c099d48fa668bf558c9c',
  '16ae669f3be7a2121e17d0c68c05a8f3d6bef21ec0f2315f1d7aec12484e4cf5',
];
const messages = ['d2', '0d98', '05caf3'];
const publicKeys = privateKeys.map(bls.getPublicKey);
const signatures2 = privateKeys.map((p) => bls.sign(message, p));
const aggPubKey2 = bls.aggregatePublicKeys(publicKeys);
const aggSignature2 = bls.aggregateSignatures(signatures2);
const isValid2 = bls.verify(aggSignature2, message, aggPubKey2);
console.log({ signatures2, aggSignature2, isValid2 });

// Sign 3 msgs with 3 keys
const signatures3 = privateKeys.map((p, i) => bls.sign(messages[i], p));
const aggSignature3 = bls.aggregateSignatures(signatures3);
const isValid3 = bls.verifyBatch(aggSignature3, messages, publicKeys);
console.log({ publicKeys, signatures3, aggSignature3, isValid3 });

// bls.pairing(PointG1, PointG2) // pairings
// bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.BASE, bls.G2.ProjectivePoint.BASE
// bls.fields.Fp, bls.fields.Fp2, bls.fields.Fp12, bls.fields.Fr

// hash-to-curve examples can be seen below

Full types:

getPublicKey: (privateKey: PrivKey) => Uint8Array;
sign: {
  (message: Hex, privateKey: PrivKey): Uint8Array;
  (message: ProjPointType<Fp2>, privateKey: PrivKey): ProjPointType<Fp2>;
};
verify: (
  signature: Hex | ProjPointType<Fp2>,
  message: Hex | ProjPointType<Fp2>,
  publicKey: Hex | ProjPointType<Fp>
) => boolean;
verifyBatch: (
  signature: Hex | ProjPointType<Fp2>,
  messages: (Hex | ProjPointType<Fp2>)[],
  publicKeys: (Hex | ProjPointType<Fp>)[]
) => boolean;
aggregatePublicKeys: {
  (publicKeys: Hex[]): Uint8Array;
  (publicKeys: ProjPointType<Fp>[]): ProjPointType<Fp>;
};
aggregateSignatures: {
  (signatures: Hex[]): Uint8Array;
  (signatures: ProjPointType<Fp2>[]): ProjPointType<Fp2>;
};
millerLoop: (ell: [Fp2, Fp2, Fp2][], g1: [Fp, Fp]) => Fp12;
pairing: (P: ProjPointType<Fp>, Q: ProjPointType<Fp2>, withFinalExponent?: boolean) => Fp12;
G1: CurvePointsRes<Fp> & ReturnType<typeof htf.createHasher<Fp>>;
G2: CurvePointsRes<Fp2> & ReturnType<typeof htf.createHasher<Fp2>>;  
Signature: SignatureCoder<Fp2>;
params: {
  x: bigint;
  r: bigint;
  G1b: bigint;
  G2b: Fp2;
};
fields: {
  Fp: IField<Fp>;
  Fp2: IField<Fp2>;
  Fp6: IField<Fp6>;
  Fp12: IField<Fp12>;
  Fr: IField<bigint>;  
};
utils: {
  randomPrivateKey: () => Uint8Array;
  calcPairingPrecomputes: (p: AffinePoint<Fp2>) => [Fp2, Fp2, Fp2][];
};

abstract/hash-to-curve: Hashing strings to curve points

The module allows to hash arbitrary strings to elliptic curve points. Implements hash-to-curve v16.

Every curve has exported hashToCurve and encodeToCurve methods. You should always prefer hashToCurve for security:

import { hashToCurve, encodeToCurve } from '@noble/curves/secp256k1';
import { randomBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils';
hashToCurve('0102abcd');
console.log(hashToCurve(randomBytes()));
console.log(encodeToCurve(randomBytes()));

import { bls12_381 } from '@noble/curves/bls12-381';
bls12_381.G1.hashToCurve(randomBytes(), { DST: 'another' });
bls12_381.G2.hashToCurve(randomBytes(), { DST: 'custom' });

If you need low-level methods from spec:

expand_message_xmd (spec) produces a uniformly random byte string using a cryptographic hash function H that outputs b bits.

Hash must conform to CHash interface (see weierstrass section).

function expand_message_xmd(
  msg: Uint8Array,
  DST: Uint8Array,
  lenInBytes: number,
  H: CHash
): Uint8Array;
function expand_message_xof(
  msg: Uint8Array,
  DST: Uint8Array,
  lenInBytes: number,
  k: number,
  H: CHash
): Uint8Array;

hash_to_field(msg, count, options) (spec) hashes arbitrary-length byte strings to a list of one or more elements of a finite field F.

/**
 * * `DST` is a domain separation tag, defined in section 2.2.5
 * * `p` characteristic of F, where F is a finite field of characteristic p and order q = p^m
 * * `m` is extension degree (1 for prime fields)
 * * `k` is the target security target in bits (e.g. 128), from section 5.1
 * * `expand` is `xmd` (SHA2, SHA3, BLAKE) or `xof` (SHAKE, BLAKE-XOF)
 * * `hash` conforming to `utils.CHash` interface, with `outputLen` / `blockLen` props
 */
type UnicodeOrBytes = string | Uint8Array;
type Opts = {
    DST: UnicodeOrBytes;
    p: bigint;
    m: number;
    k: number;
    expand?: 'xmd' | 'xof';
    hash: CHash;
};

/**
 * Hashes arbitrary-length byte strings to a list of one or more elements of a finite field F
 * https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-11#section-5.3
 * @param msg a byte string containing the message to hash
 * @param count the number of elements of F to output
 * @param options `{DST: string, p: bigint, m: number, k: number, expand: 'xmd' | 'xof', hash: H}`, see above
 * @returns [u_0, ..., u_(count - 1)], a list of field elements.
 */
function hash_to_field(msg: Uint8Array, count: number, options: Opts): bigint[][];

abstract/poseidon: Poseidon hash

Implements Poseidon ZK-friendly hash.

There are many poseidon variants with different constants. We don't provide them: you should construct them manually. Check out micro-starknet package for a proper example.

import { poseidon } from '@noble/curves/abstract/poseidon';

type PoseidonOpts = {
  Fp: Field<bigint>;
  t: number;
  roundsFull: number;
  roundsPartial: number;
  sboxPower?: number;
  reversePartialPowIdx?: boolean;
  mds: bigint[][];
  roundConstants: bigint[][];
};
const instance = poseidon(opts: PoseidonOpts);

abstract/modular: Modular arithmetics utilities

import * as mod from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular';
const fp = mod.Field(2n ** 255n - 19n); // Finite field over 2^255-19
fp.mul(591n, 932n); // multiplication
fp.pow(481n, 11024858120n); // exponentiation
fp.div(5n, 17n); // division: 5/17 mod 2^255-19 == 5 * invert(17)
fp.sqrt(21n); // square root

// Generic non-FP utils are also available
mod.mod(21n, 10n); // 21 mod 10 == 1n; fixed version of 21 % 10
mod.invert(17n, 10n); // invert(17) mod 10; modular multiplicative inverse
mod.invertBatch([1n, 2n, 4n], 21n); // => [1n, 11n, 16n] in one inversion

Creating private keys from hashes

Suppose you have sha256(something) (e.g. from HMAC) and you want to make a private key from it. Even though p256 or secp256k1 may have 32-byte private keys, and sha256 output is also 32-byte, you can't just use it and reduce it modulo CURVE.n.

Doing so will make the result key biased.

To avoid the bias, we implement FIPS 186 B.4.1, which allows to take arbitrary byte array and produce valid scalars / private keys with bias being neglible.

Use hash-to-curve if you need hashing to public keys; the function in the module instead operates on private keys.

import { p256 } from '@noble/curves/p256';
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
import { hkdf } from '@noble/hashes/hkdf';
const someKey = new Uint8Array(32).fill(2); // Needs to actually be random, not .fill(2)
const derived = hkdf(sha256, someKey, undefined, 'application', 40); // 40 bytes
const validPrivateKey = mod.hashToPrivateScalar(derived, p256.CURVE.n);

abstract/utils: General utilities

import * as utils from '@noble/curves/abstract/utils';

utils.bytesToHex(Uint8Array.from([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]));
utils.hexToBytes('deadbeef');
utils.numberToHexUnpadded(123n);
utils.hexToNumber();

utils.bytesToNumberBE(Uint8Array.from([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]));
utils.bytesToNumberLE(Uint8Array.from([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]));
utils.numberToBytesBE(123n, 32);
utils.numberToBytesLE(123n, 64);

utils.concatBytes(Uint8Array.from([0xde, 0xad]), Uint8Array.from([0xbe, 0xef]));
utils.nLength(255n);
utils.equalBytes(Uint8Array.from([0xde]), Uint8Array.from([0xde]));

Security

1. The library has been audited during Jan-Feb 2023 by an independent security firm Trail of Bits: PDF. The audit has been funded by Ryan Shea. Audit scope was abstract modules curve, hash-to-curve, modular, poseidon, utils, weierstrass, and top-level modules _shortw_utils and secp256k1. See changes since audit.
2. The library has been fuzzed by Guido Vranken's cryptofuzz. You can run the fuzzer by yourself to check it.
3. Timing attack considerations: JIT-compiler and Garbage Collector make "constant time" extremely hard to achieve in a scripting language. Which means any other JS library can't have constant-timeness. Even statically typed Rust, a language without GC, makes it harder to achieve constant-time for some cases. If your goal is absolute security, don't use any JS lib — including bindings to native ones. Use low-level libraries & languages. Nonetheless we're targetting algorithmic constant time.

We consider infrastructure attacks like rogue NPM modules very important; that's why it's crucial to minimize the amount of 3rd-party dependencies & native bindings. If your app uses 500 dependencies, any dep could get hacked and you'll be downloading malware with every npm install. Our goal is to minimize this attack vector. As for devDependencies used by the library:

• @scure base, bip32, bip39 (used in tests), micro-bmark (benchmark), micro-should (testing) are developed by us and follow the same practices such as: minimal library size, auditability, signed releases
• prettier (linter), fast-check (property-based testing), typescript versions are locked and rarely updated. Every update is checked with npm-diff. The packages are big, which makes it hard to audit their source code thoroughly and fully.
• They are only used if you clone the git repo and want to add some feature to it. End-users won't use them.

Speed

Benchmark results on Apple M2 with node v20:

secp256k1
init x 68 ops/sec @ 14ms/op
getPublicKey x 6,750 ops/sec @ 148μs/op
sign x 5,206 ops/sec @ 192μs/op
verify x 880 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
getSharedSecret x 536 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
recoverPublicKey x 852 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
schnorr.sign x 685 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
schnorr.verify x 908 ops/sec @ 1ms/op

p256
init x 38 ops/sec @ 26ms/op
getPublicKey x 6,530 ops/sec @ 153μs/op
sign x 5,074 ops/sec @ 197μs/op
verify x 626 ops/sec @ 1ms/op

p384
init x 17 ops/sec @ 57ms/op
getPublicKey x 2,883 ops/sec @ 346μs/op
sign x 2,358 ops/sec @ 424μs/op
verify x 245 ops/sec @ 4ms/op

p521
init x 9 ops/sec @ 109ms/op
getPublicKey x 1,516 ops/sec @ 659μs/op
sign x 1,271 ops/sec @ 786μs/op
verify x 123 ops/sec @ 8ms/op

ed25519
init x 54 ops/sec @ 18ms/op
getPublicKey x 10,269 ops/sec @ 97μs/op
sign x 5,110 ops/sec @ 195μs/op
verify x 1,049 ops/sec @ 952μs/op

ed448
init x 19 ops/sec @ 51ms/op
getPublicKey x 3,775 ops/sec @ 264μs/op
sign x 1,771 ops/sec @ 564μs/op
verify x 351 ops/sec @ 2ms/op

ecdh
├─x25519 x 1,466 ops/sec @ 682μs/op
├─secp256k1 x 539 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
├─p256 x 511 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
├─p384 x 199 ops/sec @ 5ms/op
├─p521 x 103 ops/sec @ 9ms/op
└─x448 x 548 ops/sec @ 1ms/op

bls12-381
init x 36 ops/sec @ 27ms/op
getPublicKey 1-bit x 973 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
getPublicKey x 970 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
sign x 55 ops/sec @ 17ms/op
verify x 39 ops/sec @ 25ms/op
pairing x 106 ops/sec @ 9ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/8 x 129 ops/sec @ 7ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/32 x 34 ops/sec @ 28ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/128 x 8 ops/sec @ 112ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/512 x 2 ops/sec @ 446ms/op
aggregatePublicKeys/2048 x 0 ops/sec @ 1778ms/op
aggregateSignatures/8 x 50 ops/sec @ 19ms/op
aggregateSignatures/32 x 13 ops/sec @ 74ms/op
aggregateSignatures/128 x 3 ops/sec @ 296ms/op
aggregateSignatures/512 x 0 ops/sec @ 1180ms/op
aggregateSignatures/2048 x 0 ops/sec @ 4715ms/op

hash-to-curve
hash_to_field x 91,600 ops/sec @ 10μs/op
secp256k1 x 2,373 ops/sec @ 421μs/op
p256 x 4,310 ops/sec @ 231μs/op
p384 x 1,664 ops/sec @ 600μs/op
p521 x 807 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
ed25519 x 3,088 ops/sec @ 323μs/op
ed448 x 1,247 ops/sec @ 801μs/op

Contributing & testing

1. Clone the repository
2. npm install to install build dependencies like TypeScript
3. npm run build to compile TypeScript code
4. npm run test will execute all main tests

Upgrading

Previously, the library was split into single-feature packages noble-secp256k1 and noble-ed25519. curves can be thought as a continuation of their original work. The libraries now changed their direction towards providing minimal 4kb implementations of cryptography and are not as feature-complete.

Upgrading from @noble/secp256k1 2.0 or @noble/ed25519 2.0: no changes, libraries are compatible.

Upgrading from @noble/secp256k1 1.7:

• getPublicKey
  • now produce 33-byte compressed signatures by default
  • to use old behavior, which produced 65-byte uncompressed keys, set argument isCompressed to false: getPublicKey(priv, false)
• sign
  • is now sync; use signAsync for async version
  • now returns Signature instance with { r, s, recovery } properties
  • canonical option was renamed to lowS
  • recovered option has been removed because recovery bit is always returned now
  • der option has been removed. There are 2 options:
    1. Use compact encoding: fromCompact, toCompactRawBytes, toCompactHex. Compact encoding is simply a concatenation of 32-byte r and 32-byte s.
    2. If you must use DER encoding, switch to noble-curves (see above).
• verify
  • strict option was renamed to lowS
• getSharedSecret
  • now produce 33-byte compressed signatures by default
  • to use old behavior, which produced 65-byte uncompressed keys, set argument isCompressed to false: getSharedSecret(a, b, false)
• recoverPublicKey(msg, sig, rec) was changed to sig.recoverPublicKey(msg)
• number type for private keys have been removed: use bigint instead
• Point (2d xy) has been changed to ProjectivePoint (3d xyz)
• utils were split into utils (same api as in noble-curves) and etc (hmacSha256Sync and others)

Upgrading from @noble/ed25519 1.7:

• Methods are now sync by default
• bigint is no longer allowed in getPublicKey, sign, verify. Reason: ed25519 is LE, can lead to bugs
• Point (2d xy) has been changed to ExtendedPoint (xyzt)
• Signature was removed: just use raw bytes or hex now
• utils were split into utils (same api as in noble-curves) and etc (sha512Sync and others)
• getSharedSecret was moved to x25519 module

Upgrading from @noble/bls12-381:

• Methods and classes were renamed:
  • PointG1 -> G1.Point, PointG2 -> G2.Point
  • PointG2.fromSignature -> Signature.decode, PointG2.toSignature -> Signature.encode
• Fp2 ORDER was corrected

Resources

Useful articles about the library or its primitives:

• Learning fast elliptic-curve cryptography
• Pairings and BLS
  • BLS12-381 for the rest of us
  • Key concepts of pairings
  • Pairing over bls12-381: part 1, part 2, part 3
  • Estimating the bit security of pairing-friendly curves

Real-world software that uses curves:

• Elliptic Curve Calculator online demo: add / multiply points, sign messages
• Signers for web3 projects: btc-signer, eth-signer, sol-signer for Solana
• scure-bip32 and separate bip32 HDkey libraries
• ed25519-keygen SSH, PGP, TOR key generation
• micro-starknet stark-friendly elliptic curve algorithms.
• BLS threshold sigs demo genthresh.com
• BLS BBS signatures github.com/Wind4Greg/BBS-Draft-Checks following draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures-latest
• KZG trusted setup ceremony

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2022 Paul Miller (https://paulmillr.com)

See LICENSE file.