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# EVM tool
The EVM tool provides a few useful subcommands to facilitate testing at the EVM
layer.
* transition tool (`t8n`) : a stateless state transition utility
* transaction tool (`t9n`) : a transaction validation utility
* block builder tool (`b11r`): a block assembler utility
## State transition tool (`t8n`)
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The `evm t8n` tool is a stateless state transition utility. It is a utility
which can
1. Take a prestate, including
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- Accounts,
- Block context information,
- Previous blockshashes (*optional)
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2. Apply a set of transactions,
3. Apply a mining-reward (*optional),
4. And generate a post-state, including
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- State root, transaction root, receipt root,
- Information about rejected transactions,
- Optionally: a full or partial post-state dump
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### Specification
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The idea is to specify the behaviour of this binary very _strict_ , so that other
node implementors can build replicas based on their own state-machines, and the
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state generators can swap between a \`geth\`-based implementation and a \`parityvm\`-based
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implementation.
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#### Command line params
Command line params that need to be supported are
```
--input.alloc value (default: "alloc.json")
--input.env value (default: "env.json")
--input.txs value (default: "txs.json")
--output.alloc value (default: "alloc.json")
--output.basedir value
--output.body value
--output.result value (default: "result.json")
--state.chainid value (default: 1)
--state.fork value (default: "GrayGlacier")
--state.reward value (default: 0)
--trace.memory (default: false)
--trace.nomemory (default: true)
--trace.noreturndata (default: true)
--trace.nostack (default: false)
--trace.returndata (default: false)
```
#### Objects
The transition tool uses JSON objects to read and write data related to the transition operation. The
following object definitions are required.
##### `alloc`
The `alloc` object defines the prestate that transition will begin with.
```go
// Map of address to account definition.
type Alloc map[common.Address]Account
// Genesis account. Each field is optional.
type Account struct {
Code []byte `json:"code"`
Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage"`
Balance *big.Int `json:"balance"`
Nonce uint64 `json:"nonce"`
SecretKey []byte `json:"secretKey"`
}
```
##### `env`
The `env` object defines the environmental context in which the transition will
take place.
```go
type Env struct {
// required
CurrentCoinbase common.Address `json:"currentCoinbase"`
CurrentGasLimit uint64 `json:"currentGasLimit"`
CurrentNumber uint64 `json:"currentNumber"`
CurrentTimestamp uint64 `json:"currentTimestamp"`
Withdrawals []*Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
// optional
CurrentDifficulty *big.Int `json:"currentDifficuly"`
CurrentRandom *big.Int `json:"currentRandom"`
CurrentBaseFee *big.Int `json:"currentBaseFee"`
ParentDifficulty *big.Int `json:"parentDifficulty"`
ParentGasUsed uint64 `json:"parentGasUsed"`
ParentGasLimit uint64 `json:"parentGasLimit"`
ParentTimestamp uint64 `json:"parentTimestamp"`
BlockHashes map[uint64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes"`
ParentUncleHash common.Hash `json:"parentUncleHash"`
Ommers []Ommer `json:"ommers"`
}
type Ommer struct {
Delta uint64 `json:"delta"`
Address common.Address `json:"address"`
}
type Withdrawal struct {
Index uint64 `json:"index"`
ValidatorIndex uint64 `json:"validatorIndex"`
Recipient common.Address `json:"recipient"`
Amount *big.Int `json:"amount"`
}
```
##### `txs`
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The `txs` object is an array of any of the transaction types: `LegacyTx` ,
`AccessListTx` , or `DynamicFeeTx` .
```go
type LegacyTx struct {
Nonce uint64 `json:"nonce"`
GasPrice *big.Int `json:"gasPrice"`
Gas uint64 `json:"gas"`
To *common.Address `json:"to"`
Value *big.Int `json:"value"`
Data []byte `json:"data"`
V *big.Int `json:"v"`
R *big.Int `json:"r"`
S *big.Int `json:"s"`
SecretKey *common.Hash `json:"secretKey"`
}
type AccessList []AccessTuple
type AccessTuple struct {
Address common.Address `json:"address" gencodec:"required"`
StorageKeys []common.Hash `json:"storageKeys" gencodec:"required"`
}
type AccessListTx struct {
ChainID *big.Int `json:"chainId"`
Nonce uint64 `json:"nonce"`
GasPrice *big.Int `json:"gasPrice"`
Gas uint64 `json:"gas"`
To *common.Address `json:"to"`
Value *big.Int `json:"value"`
Data []byte `json:"data"`
AccessList AccessList `json:"accessList"`
V *big.Int `json:"v"`
R *big.Int `json:"r"`
S *big.Int `json:"s"`
SecretKey *common.Hash `json:"secretKey"`
}
type DynamicFeeTx struct {
ChainID *big.Int `json:"chainId"`
Nonce uint64 `json:"nonce"`
GasTipCap *big.Int `json:"maxPriorityFeePerGas"`
GasFeeCap *big.Int `json:"maxFeePerGas"`
Gas uint64 `json:"gas"`
To *common.Address `json:"to"`
Value *big.Int `json:"value"`
Data []byte `json:"data"`
AccessList AccessList `json:"accessList"`
V *big.Int `json:"v"`
R *big.Int `json:"r"`
S *big.Int `json:"s"`
SecretKey *common.Hash `json:"secretKey"`
}
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```
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##### `result`
The `result` object is output after a transition is executed. It includes
information about the post-transition environment.
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```go
type ExecutionResult struct {
StateRoot common.Hash `json:"stateRoot"`
TxRoot common.Hash `json:"txRoot"`
ReceiptRoot common.Hash `json:"receiptsRoot"`
LogsHash common.Hash `json:"logsHash"`
Bloom types.Bloom `json:"logsBloom"`
Receipts types.Receipts `json:"receipts"`
Rejected []*rejectedTx `json:"rejected,omitempty"`
Difficulty *big.Int `json:"currentDifficulty"`
GasUsed uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
BaseFee *big.Int `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
}
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```
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#### Error codes and output
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All logging should happen against the `stderr` .
There are a few (not many) errors that can occur, those are defined below.
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##### EVM-based errors (`2` to `9`)
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- Other EVM error. Exit code `2`
- Failed configuration: when a non-supported or invalid fork was specified. Exit code `3` .
- Block history is not supplied, but needed for a `BLOCKHASH` operation. If `BLOCKHASH`
is invoked targeting a block which history has not been provided for, the program will
exit with code `4` .
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##### IO errors (`10`-`20`)
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- Invalid input json: the supplied data could not be marshalled.
The program will exit with code `10`
- IO problems: failure to load or save files, the program will exit with code `11`
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```
# This should exit with 3
./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/1/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/1/env.json --state.fork=Frontier+1346 2>/dev/null
exitcode:3 OK
```
#### Forks
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### Basic usage
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The chain configuration to be used for a transition is specified via the
`--state.fork` CLI flag. A list of possible values and configurations can be
found in [`tests/init.go` ](tests/init.go ).
#### Examples
##### Basic usage
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Invoking it with the provided example files
```
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./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/1/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/1/env.json --state.fork=Berlin
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```
Two resulting files:
`alloc.json` :
```json
{
"0x8a8eafb1cf62bfbeb1741769dae1a9dd47996192": {
"balance": "0xfeed1a9d",
"nonce": "0x1"
},
"0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
"balance": "0x5ffd4878be161d74",
"nonce": "0xac"
},
"0xc94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
"balance": "0xa410"
}
}
```
`result.json` :
```json
{
"stateRoot": "0x84208a19bc2b46ada7445180c1db162be5b39b9abc8c0a54b05d32943eae4e13",
"txRoot": "0xc4761fd7b87ff2364c7c60b6c5c8d02e522e815328aaea3f20e3b7b7ef52c42d",
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"receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
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"logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
"logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"receipts": [
{
"root": "0x",
"status": "0x1",
"cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
"logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"logs": null,
"transactionHash": "0x0557bacce3375c98d806609b8d5043072f0b6a8bae45ae5a67a00d3a1a18d673",
"contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"gasUsed": "0x5208",
"blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"transactionIndex": "0x0"
}
],
"rejected": [
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{
"index": 1,
"error": "nonce too low: address 0x8A8eAFb1cf62BfBeb1741769DAE1a9dd47996192, tx: 0 state: 1"
}
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],
"currentDifficulty": "0x20000",
"gasUsed": "0x5208"
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}
```
We can make them spit out the data to e.g. `stdout` like this:
```
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./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/1/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/1/env.json --output.result=stdout --output.alloc=stdout --state.fork=Berlin
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```
Output:
```json
{
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"alloc": {
"0x8a8eafb1cf62bfbeb1741769dae1a9dd47996192": {
"balance": "0xfeed1a9d",
"nonce": "0x1"
},
"0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
"balance": "0x5ffd4878be161d74",
"nonce": "0xac"
},
"0xc94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
"balance": "0xa410"
}
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},
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"result": {
"stateRoot": "0x84208a19bc2b46ada7445180c1db162be5b39b9abc8c0a54b05d32943eae4e13",
"txRoot": "0xc4761fd7b87ff2364c7c60b6c5c8d02e522e815328aaea3f20e3b7b7ef52c42d",
"receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
"logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
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"logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"receipts": [
{
"root": "0x",
"status": "0x1",
"cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
"logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"logs": null,
"transactionHash": "0x0557bacce3375c98d806609b8d5043072f0b6a8bae45ae5a67a00d3a1a18d673",
"contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"gasUsed": "0x5208",
"blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"transactionIndex": "0x0"
}
],
"rejected": [
{
"index": 1,
"error": "nonce too low: address 0x8A8eAFb1cf62BfBeb1741769DAE1a9dd47996192, tx: 0 state: 1"
}
],
"currentDifficulty": "0x20000",
"gasUsed": "0x5208"
}
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}
```
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#### About Ommers
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Mining rewards and ommer rewards might need to be added. This is how those are applied:
- `block_reward` is the block mining reward for the miner (`0xaa`), of a block at height `N` .
- For each ommer (mined by `0xbb` ), with blocknumber `N-delta`
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- (where `delta` is the difference between the current block and the ommer)
- The account `0xbb` (ommer miner) is awarded `(8-delta)/ 8 * block_reward`
- The account `0xaa` (block miner) is awarded `block_reward / 32`
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To make `t8n` apply these, the following inputs are required:
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- `--state.reward`
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- For ethash, it is `5000000000000000000` `wei` ,
- If this is not defined, mining rewards are not applied,
- A value of `0` is valid, and causes accounts to be 'touched'.
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- For each ommer, the tool needs to be given an `address\` and a `delta` . This
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is done via the `ommers` field in `env` .
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Note: the tool does not verify that e.g. the normal uncle rules apply,
and allows e.g two uncles at the same height, or the uncle-distance. This means that
the tool allows for negative uncle reward (distance > 8)
Example:
`./testdata/5/env.json` :
```json
{
"currentCoinbase": "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
"currentDifficulty": "0x20000",
"currentGasLimit": "0x750a163df65e8a",
"currentNumber": "1",
"currentTimestamp": "1000",
"ommers": [
{"delta": 1, "address": "0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb" },
{"delta": 2, "address": "0xcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc" }
]
}
```
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When applying this, using a reward of `0x08`
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Output:
```json
{
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"alloc": {
"0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa": {
"balance": "0x88"
},
"0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb": {
"balance": "0x70"
},
"0xcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc": {
"balance": "0x60"
}
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}
}
```
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#### Future EIPS
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It is also possible to experiment with future eips that are not yet defined in a hard fork.
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Example, putting EIP-1344 into Frontier:
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```
./evm t8n --state.fork=Frontier+1344 --input.pre=./testdata/1/pre.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --input.env=/testdata/1/env.json
```
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#### Block history
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The `BLOCKHASH` opcode requires blockhashes to be provided by the caller, inside the `env` .
If a required blockhash is not provided, the exit code should be `4` :
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Example where blockhashes are provided:
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```
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./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/3/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/3/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/3/env.json --trace --state.fork=Berlin
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```
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```
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cat trace-0-0x72fadbef39cd251a437eea619cfeda752271a5faaaa2147df012e112159ffb81.jsonl | grep BLOCKHASH -C2
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```
```
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{"pc":0,"op":96,"gas":"0x5f58ef8","gasCost":"0x3","memSize":0,"stack":[],"depth":1,"refund":0,"opName":"PUSH1"}
{"pc":2,"op":64,"gas":"0x5f58ef5","gasCost":"0x14","memSize":0,"stack":["0x1"],"depth":1,"refund":0,"opName":"BLOCKHASH"}
{"pc":3,"op":0,"gas":"0x5f58ee1","gasCost":"0x0","memSize":0,"stack":["0xdac58aa524e50956d0c0bae7f3f8bb9d35381365d07804dd5b48a5a297c06af4"],"depth":1,"refund":0,"opName":"STOP"}
{"output":"","gasUsed":"0x17"}
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```
In this example, the caller has not provided the required blockhash:
```
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./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/4/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/4/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/4/env.json --trace --state.fork=Berlin
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ERROR(4): getHash(3) invoked, blockhash for that block not provided
```
Error code: 4
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#### Chaining
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Another thing that can be done, is to chain invocations:
```
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./evm t8n --input.alloc=./testdata/1/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/1/env.json --state.fork=Berlin --output.alloc=stdout | ./evm t8n --input.alloc=stdin --input.env=./testdata/1/env.json --input.txs=./testdata/1/txs.json --state.fork=Berlin
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```
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What happened here, is that we first applied two identical transactions, so the second one was rejected.
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Then, taking the poststate alloc as the input for the next state, we tried again to include
the same two transactions: this time, both failed due to too low nonce.
In order to meaningfully chain invocations, one would need to provide meaningful new `env` , otherwise the
actual blocknumber (exposed to the EVM) would not increase.
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#### Transactions in RLP form
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It is possible to provide already-signed transactions as input to, using an `input.txs` which ends with the `rlp` suffix.
The input format for RLP-form transactions is _identical_ to the _output_ format for block bodies. Therefore, it's fully possible
to use the evm to go from `json` input to `rlp` input.
The following command takes **json** the transactions in `./testdata/13/txs.json` and signs them. After execution, they are output to `signed_txs.rlp` .:
```
./evm t8n --state.fork=London --input.alloc=./testdata/13/alloc.json --input.txs=./testdata/13/txs.json --input.env=./testdata/13/env.json --output.result=alloc_jsontx.json --output.body=signed_txs.rlp
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INFO [12-27|09:25:11.102] Trie dumping started root=e4b924..6aef61
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.102] Trie dumping complete accounts=3 elapsed="275.66µs"
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.102] Wrote file file=alloc.json
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.103] Wrote file file=alloc_jsontx.json
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.103] Wrote file file=signed_txs.rlp
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```
The `output.body` is the rlp-list of transactions, encoded in hex and placed in a string a'la `json` encoding rules:
```
cat signed_txs.rlp
"0xf8d2b86702f864010180820fa08284d09411111111111111111111111111111111111111118080c001a0b7dfab36232379bb3d1497a4f91c1966b1f932eae3ade107bf5d723b9cb474e0a06261c359a10f2132f126d250485b90cf20f30340801244a08ef6142ab33d1904b86702f864010280820fa08284d09411111111111111111111111111111111111111118080c080a0d4ec563b6568cd42d998fc4134b36933c6568d01533b5adf08769270243c6c7fa072bf7c21eac6bbeae5143371eef26d5e279637f3bd73482b55979d76d935b1e9"
```
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We can use `rlpdump` to check what the contents are:
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```
rlpdump -hex $(cat signed_txs.rlp | jq -r )
[
02f864010180820fa08284d09411111111111111111111111111111111111111118080c001a0b7dfab36232379bb3d1497a4f91c1966b1f932eae3ade107bf5d723b9cb474e0a06261c359a10f2132f126d250485b90cf20f30340801244a08ef6142ab33d1904,
02f864010280820fa08284d09411111111111111111111111111111111111111118080c080a0d4ec563b6568cd42d998fc4134b36933c6568d01533b5adf08769270243c6c7fa072bf7c21eac6bbeae5143371eef26d5e279637f3bd73482b55979d76d935b1e9,
]
```
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Now, we can now use those (or any other already signed transactions), as input, like so:
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```
./evm t8n --state.fork=London --input.alloc=./testdata/13/alloc.json --input.txs=./signed_txs.rlp --input.env=./testdata/13/env.json --output.result=alloc_rlptx.json
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INFO [12-27|09:25:11.187] Trie dumping started root=e4b924..6aef61
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.187] Trie dumping complete accounts=3 elapsed="123.676µs"
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.187] Wrote file file=alloc.json
INFO [12-27|09:25:11.187] Wrote file file=alloc_rlptx.json
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```
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You might have noticed that the results from these two invocations were stored in two separate files.
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And we can now finally check that they match.
```
cat alloc_jsontx.json | jq .stateRoot & & cat alloc_rlptx.json | jq .stateRoot
"0xe4b924a6adb5959fccf769d5b7bb2f6359e26d1e76a2443c5a91a36d826aef61"
"0xe4b924a6adb5959fccf769d5b7bb2f6359e26d1e76a2443c5a91a36d826aef61"
```
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## Transaction tool
The transaction tool is used to perform static validity checks on transactions such as:
* intrinsic gas calculation
* max values on integers
* fee semantics, such as `maxFeePerGas < maxPriorityFeePerGas`
* newer tx types on old forks
### Examples
```
./evm t9n --state.fork Homestead --input.txs testdata/15/signed_txs.rlp
[
{
"error": "transaction type not supported",
"hash": "0xa98a24882ea90916c6a86da650fbc6b14238e46f0af04a131ce92be897507476"
},
{
"error": "transaction type not supported",
"hash": "0x36bad80acce7040c45fd32764b5c2b2d2e6f778669fb41791f73f546d56e739a"
}
]
```
```
./evm t9n --state.fork London --input.txs testdata/15/signed_txs.rlp
[
{
"address": "0xd02d72e067e77158444ef2020ff2d325f929b363",
"hash": "0xa98a24882ea90916c6a86da650fbc6b14238e46f0af04a131ce92be897507476",
"intrinsicGas": "0x5208"
},
{
"address": "0xd02d72e067e77158444ef2020ff2d325f929b363",
"hash": "0x36bad80acce7040c45fd32764b5c2b2d2e6f778669fb41791f73f546d56e739a",
"intrinsicGas": "0x5208"
}
]
```
## Block builder tool (b11r)
The `evm b11r` tool is used to assemble and seal full block rlps.
### Specification
#### Command line params
Command line params that need to be supported are:
```
--input.header value `stdin` or file name of where to find the block header to use. (default: "header.json")
--input.ommers value `stdin` or file name of where to find the list of ommer header RLPs to use.
--input.txs value `stdin` or file name of where to find the transactions list in RLP form. (default: "txs.rlp")
--output.basedir value Specifies where output files are placed. Will be created if it does not exist.
--output.block value Determines where to put the alloc of the post-state. (default: "block.json")
< file > - into the file < file >
`stdout` - into the stdout output
`stderr` - into the stderr output
--seal.clique value Seal block with Clique. `stdin` or file name of where to find the Clique sealing data.
--seal.ethash Seal block with ethash. (default: false)
--seal.ethash.dir value Path to ethash DAG. If none exists, a new DAG will be generated.
--seal.ethash.mode value Defines the type and amount of PoW verification an ethash engine makes. (default: "normal")
--verbosity value Sets the verbosity level. (default: 3)
```
#### Objects
##### `header`
The `header` object is a consensus header.
```go=
type Header struct {
ParentHash common.Hash `json:"parentHash"`
OmmerHash *common.Hash `json:"sha3Uncles"`
Coinbase *common.Address `json:"miner"`
Root common.Hash `json:"stateRoot" gencodec:"required"`
TxHash *common.Hash `json:"transactionsRoot"`
ReceiptHash *common.Hash `json:"receiptsRoot"`
Bloom types.Bloom `json:"logsBloom"`
Difficulty *big.Int `json:"difficulty"`
Number *big.Int `json:"number" gencodec:"required"`
GasLimit uint64 `json:"gasLimit" gencodec:"required"`
GasUsed uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
Time uint64 `json:"timestamp" gencodec:"required"`
Extra []byte `json:"extraData"`
MixDigest common.Hash `json:"mixHash"`
Nonce *types.BlockNonce `json:"nonce"`
BaseFee *big.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas"`
}
```
#### `ommers`
The `ommers` object is a list of RLP-encoded ommer blocks in hex
representation.
```go=
type Ommers []string
```
#### `txs`
The `txs` object is a list of RLP-encoded transactions in hex representation.
```go=
type Txs []string
```
#### `clique`
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The `clique` object provides the necessary information to complete a clique
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seal of the block.
```go=
var CliqueInfo struct {
Key *common.Hash `json:"secretKey"`
Voted *common.Address `json:"voted"`
Authorize *bool `json:"authorize"`
Vanity common.Hash `json:"vanity"`
}
```
#### `output`
The `output` object contains two values, the block RLP and the block hash.
```go=
type BlockInfo struct {
Rlp []byte `json:"rlp"`
Hash common.Hash `json:"hash"`
}
```
## A Note on Encoding
The encoding of values for `evm` utility attempts to be relatively flexible. It
generally supports hex-encoded or decimal-encoded numeric values, and
hex-encoded byte values (like `common.Address` , `common.Hash` , etc). When in
doubt, the [`execution-apis` ](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis ) way
of encoding should always be accepted.
## Testing
There are many test cases in the [`cmd/evm/testdata` ](./testdata ) directory.
These fixtures are used to power the `t8n` tests in
[`t8n_test.go` ](./t8n_test.go ). The best way to verify correctness of new `evm`
implementations is to execute these and verify the output and error codes match
the expected values.
