Merge pull request #2096 from Pythonberg1997/bc-fusion

chore: merge with develop branch
2023-12-21 16:30:35 +08:00 · 2023-12-21 16:30:35 +08:00 · aab5ad94b8
commit aab5ad94b8
parent 08f75ca23f c0df5e7000
66 changed files with 1360 additions and 697 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,4 +1,32 @@
 # Changelog
+## v1.3.7
+FEATURE
+* [\#2067](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2067) cmd/geth: add check func to validate state scheme
+* [\#2068](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2068) internal/ethapi: implement eth_getBlockReceipts
+
+BUGFIX
+* [\#2035](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2035) all: pull snap sync PRs from upstream v1.13.5
+* [\#2072](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2072) fix: fix the pebble config of level option
+* [\#2078](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2078) core: LoadChainConfig return the predefined config for built-in networks firstly
+
+## v1.3.6
+FEATURE
+* [\#2012](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2012) cmd, core, ethdb: enable Pebble on 32 bits and OpenBSD
+* [\#2063](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2063) log: support to disable log rotate by hours
+* [\#2064](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2064) log: limit rotateHours in range [0,23]
+
+BUGFIX
+* [\#2058](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2058) params: set default hardfork times
+
+IMPROVEMENT
+* [\#2015](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2015) cmd, core, eth: change default network from ETH to BSC
+* [\#2036](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2036) cmd/jsutils: add 2 tools get validator version and block txs number
+* [\#2037](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2037) core/txpool/legacypool: respect nolocals-setting
+* [\#2042](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2042) core/systemcontracts: update CommitUrl for keplerUpgrade
+* [\#2043](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2043) tests/truffle: adapt changes in bsc-genesis-contracts
+* [\#2051](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2051) core/vote: wait some blocks before voting since mining begin
+* [\#2060](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/2060) cmd/utils: allow HTTPHost and WSHost flags precede
+
 ## v1.3.5
 FEATURE
 * [\#1970](https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/1970) core: enable Shanghai EIPs
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -110,15 +110,15 @@ on how you can run your own `geth` instance.

 The hardware must meet certain requirements to run a full node on mainnet:
 - VPS running recent versions of Mac OS X, Linux, or Windows.
- IMPORTANT 2.5 TB(May 2023) of free disk space, solid-state drive(SSD), gp3, 8k IOPS, 250 MB/S throughput, read latency <1ms. (if node is started with snap sync, it will need NVMe SSD)
+- IMPORTANT 3 TB(Dec 2023) of free disk space, solid-state drive(SSD), gp3, 8k IOPS, 500 MB/S throughput, read latency <1ms. (if node is started with snap sync, it will need NVMe SSD)
 - 16 cores of CPU and 64 GB of memory (RAM)
- Suggest m5zn.3xlarge instance type on AWS, c2-standard-16 on Google cloud.
+- Suggest m5zn.6xlarge or r7iz.4xlarge instance type on AWS, c2-standard-16 on Google cloud.
 - A broadband Internet connection with upload/download speeds of 5 MB/S

 The requirement for testnet:
 - VPS running recent versions of Mac OS X, Linux, or Windows.
 - 500G of storage for testnet.
- 4 cores of CPU and 8 gigabytes of memory (RAM).
+- 4 cores of CPU and 16 gigabytes of memory (RAM).

 ### Steps to Run a Fullnode

--- a/cmd/clef/main.go
+++ b/cmd/clef/main.go
@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ func GenDoc(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 						URL:     accounts.URL{Path: ".. ignored .."},
 					},
 					{
-						Address: common.HexToAddress("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+						Address: common.MaxAddress,
 					},
 				}})
 	}
--- a/cmd/devp2p/README.md
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/README.md
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ set to standard output. The following filters are supported:
 - `-limit <N>` limits the output set to N entries, taking the top N nodes by score
 - `-ip <CIDR>` filters nodes by IP subnet
 - `-min-age <duration>` filters nodes by 'first seen' time
- `-eth-network <mainnet/goerli/sepolia>` filters nodes by "eth" ENR entry
+- `-eth-network <mainnet/goerli/sepolia/holesky>` filters nodes by "eth" ENR entry
 - `-les-server` filters nodes by LES server support
 - `-snap` filters nodes by snap protocol support

--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ type accRangeTest struct {
 func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 	var (
 		root           = s.chain.RootAt(999)
-		ffHash         = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		ffHash         = common.MaxHash
 		zero           = common.Hash{}
 		firstKeyMinus1 = common.HexToHash("0x00bf49f440a1cd0527e4d06e2765654c0f56452257516d793a9b8d604dcfdf29")
 		firstKey       = common.HexToHash("0x00bf49f440a1cd0527e4d06e2765654c0f56452257516d793a9b8d604dcfdf2a")
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ type stRangesTest struct {
 // TestSnapGetStorageRanges various forms of GetStorageRanges requests.
 func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetStorageRanges(t *utesting.T) {
 	var (
-		ffHash    = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		ffHash    = common.MaxHash
 		zero      = common.Hash{}
 		firstKey  = common.HexToHash("0x00bf49f440a1cd0527e4d06e2765654c0f56452257516d793a9b8d604dcfdf2a")
 		secondKey = common.HexToHash("0x09e47cd5056a689e708f22fe1f932709a320518e444f5f7d8d46a3da523d6606")
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@ -134,6 +134,12 @@ func loadBaseConfig(ctx *cli.Context) gethConfig {
 			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
 		}
 	}
+	if !utils.ValidateStateScheme(cfg.Eth.StateScheme) {
+		utils.Fatalf("invalid state scheme param in config: %s", cfg.Eth.StateScheme)
+	}
+	if cfg.Eth.Genesis != nil && cfg.Eth.Genesis.Config != nil {
+		log.Warn("Chain config in the configuration file is ignored!")
+	}

 	// Apply flags.
 	utils.SetNodeConfig(ctx, &cfg.Node)
--- a/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func TestConsoleWelcome(t *testing.T) {
 	geth.SetTemplateFunc("gover", runtime.Version)
 	geth.SetTemplateFunc("gethver", func() string { return params.VersionWithCommit("", "") })
 	geth.SetTemplateFunc("niltime", func() string {
-		return time.Unix(0, 0).Format("Mon Jan 02 2006 15:04:05 GMT-0700 (MST)")
+		return time.Unix(0x5e9da7ce, 0).Format("Mon Jan 02 2006 15:04:05 GMT-0700 (MST)")
 	})
 	geth.SetTemplateFunc("apis", func() string { return ipcAPIs })

@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func testAttachWelcome(t *testing.T, geth *testgeth, endpoint, apis string) {
 	attach.SetTemplateFunc("gethver", func() string { return params.VersionWithCommit("", "") })
 	attach.SetTemplateFunc("etherbase", func() string { return geth.Etherbase })
 	attach.SetTemplateFunc("niltime", func() string {
-		return time.Unix(0, 0).Format("Mon Jan 02 2006 15:04:05 GMT-0700 (MST)")
+		return time.Unix(0x5e9da7ce, 0).Format("Mon Jan 02 2006 15:04:05 GMT-0700 (MST)")
 	})
 	attach.SetTemplateFunc("ipc", func() bool { return strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "ipc") })
 	attach.SetTemplateFunc("datadir", func() string { return geth.Datadir })
--- a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a data corruption.`,
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
 			utils.DataDirFlag,
 			utils.SyncModeFlag,
-			utils.MainnetFlag,
+			utils.BSCMainnetFlag,
 			utils.StateSchemeFlag,
 		},
 		Description: "This command looks up the specified trie node key from the database.",
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ a data corruption.`,
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
 			utils.DataDirFlag,
 			utils.SyncModeFlag,
-			utils.MainnetFlag,
+			utils.BSCMainnetFlag,
 			utils.StateSchemeFlag,
 		},
 		Description: "This command delete the specify trie node from the database.",
--- a/cmd/geth/genesis_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/genesis_test.go
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func TestCustomBackend(t *testing.T) {
 			initExpect: `Fatal: Invalid choice for db.engine 'mssql', allowed 'leveldb' or 'pebble'`,
 			// Since the init fails, this will return the (default) mainnet genesis
 			// block nonce
-			execExpect: `0x0000000000000042`,
+			execExpect: `0x0000000000000000`,
 		},
 	} {
 		if err := testfunc(t, tt); err != nil {
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func prepare(ctx *cli.Context) {
 `)

 	case !ctx.IsSet(utils.NetworkIdFlag.Name):
-		log.Info("Starting Geth on Ethereum mainnet...")
+		log.Info("Starting Geth on BSC mainnet...")
 	}
 	// If we're a full node on mainnet without --cache specified, bump default cache allowance
 	if ctx.String(utils.SyncModeFlag.Name) != "light" && !ctx.IsSet(utils.CacheFlag.Name) && !ctx.IsSet(utils.NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
--- a/cmd/jsutils/README.md
+++ b/cmd/jsutils/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+## Requirement
+
+- nodejs: v20.10.0
+- npm: v10.2.3
+
+## Prepare
+Recommend use [nvm](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm) to manage node version.
+
+Install node.js dependency:
+```shell script
+    npm install
+```
+## Run
+mainnet validators version
+```bash
+    npm run startMainnet
+```
+testnet validators version
+```bash
+    npm run startTestnet
+```
+Transaction count
+```bash
+node gettxcount.js --rpc ${url} --startNum ${start} --endNum ${end}
+```
--- a/cmd/jsutils/gettxcount.js
+++ b/cmd/jsutils/gettxcount.js
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { ethers } from "ethers";
+import program from "commander";
+
+program.option("--rpc <rpc>", "Rpc");
+program.option("--startNum <startNum>", "start num")
+program.option("--endNum <endNum>", "end num")
+program.parse(process.argv);
+
+const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider(program.rpc)
+
+const main = async () => {
+    let txCount = 0;
+    let num = 0;
+    console.log("Find the max txs count between", program.startNum, "and", program.endNum);
+    for (let i = program.startNum; i < program.endNum; i++) {
+         let x = await provider.send("eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber", [
+            ethers.toQuantity(i)]);
+         let a = ethers.toNumber(x)
+         if (a > txCount) {
+             num = i;
+             txCount = a;
+         }
+    }
+    console.log("BlockNum = ", num, "TxCount =", txCount);
+};
+
+main().then(() => process.exit(0))
+    .catch((error) => {
+        console.error(error);
+        process.exit(1);
+    });
--- a/cmd/jsutils/getvalidatorversion.js
+++ b/cmd/jsutils/getvalidatorversion.js
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { ethers } from "ethers";
+import program from "commander";
+
+program.option("--Rpc <Rpc>", "Rpc");
+program.option("--Num <Num>", "validator num", 21)
+program.parse(process.argv);
+
+const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider(program.Rpc);
+
+const main = async () => {
+    const blockNum = await provider.getBlockNumber();
+    console.log(blockNum);
+    for (let i = 0; i < program.Num; i++) {
+        let blockData = await provider.getBlock(blockNum - i);
+        let major = ethers.toNumber(ethers.dataSlice(blockData.extraData, 2, 3))
+        let minor = ethers.toNumber(ethers.dataSlice(blockData.extraData, 3, 4))
+        let patch = ethers.toNumber(ethers.dataSlice(blockData.extraData, 4, 5))
+        console.log(blockData.miner, "version =", major + "." + minor + "." + patch)
+    }
+};
+main().then(() => process.exit(0))
+    .catch((error) => {
+        console.error(error);
+        process.exit(1);
+    });
--- a/cmd/jsutils/package.json
+++ b/cmd/jsutils/package.json
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "name": "jsutils",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "description": "jsUtils for bsc",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "scripts": {
+    "startMainnet": "node getvalidatorversion.js --Rpc https://bsc-dataseed.bnbchain.org --Num 21",
+    "startTestnet": "node getvalidatorversion.js --Rpc https://bsc-testnet-dataseed.bnbchain.org --Num 7"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "commander": "^3.0.1",
+    "ethers": "^6.2.3"
+  },
+  "author": "BNB Chain"
+}
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/downloader"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/filters"
@ -165,13 +164,13 @@ var (
 	}
 	NetworkIdFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "networkid",
-		Usage:    "Explicitly set network id (integer)(For testnets: use --goerli, --sepolia instead)",
+		Usage:    "Explicitly set network id (integer)(For testnets: use --goerli, --sepolia, --holesky instead)",
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.NetworkId,
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
-	MainnetFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
-		Name:     "mainnet",
-		Usage:    "Ethereum mainnet",
+	BSCMainnetFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "bsc",
+		Usage:    "BSC mainnet",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
 	DeveloperFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
@ -1113,23 +1112,18 @@ var (
 	// TestnetFlags is the flag group of all built-in supported testnets.
 	TestnetFlags = []cli.Flag{}
 	// NetworkFlags is the flag group of all built-in supported networks.
-	NetworkFlags = append([]cli.Flag{MainnetFlag}, TestnetFlags...)
+	NetworkFlags = append([]cli.Flag{BSCMainnetFlag}, TestnetFlags...)

 	// DatabasePathFlags is the flag group of all database path flags.
 	DatabasePathFlags = []cli.Flag{
 		DataDirFlag,
 		AncientFlag,
 		RemoteDBFlag,
+		DBEngineFlag,
 		HttpHeaderFlag,
 	}
 )

-func init() {
-	if rawdb.PebbleEnabled {
-		DatabasePathFlags = append(DatabasePathFlags, DBEngineFlag)
-	}
-}
-
 // MakeDataDir retrieves the currently requested data directory, terminating
 // if none (or the empty string) is specified. If the node is starting a testnet,
 // then a subdirectory of the specified datadir will be used.
@ -1259,8 +1253,10 @@ func SplitAndTrim(input string) (ret []string) {
 // setHTTP creates the HTTP RPC listener interface string from the set
 // command line flags, returning empty if the HTTP endpoint is disabled.
 func setHTTP(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
-	if ctx.Bool(HTTPEnabledFlag.Name) && cfg.HTTPHost == "" {
-		cfg.HTTPHost = "127.0.0.1"
+	if ctx.Bool(HTTPEnabledFlag.Name) {
+		if cfg.HTTPHost == "" {
+			cfg.HTTPHost = "127.0.0.1"
+		}
 		if ctx.IsSet(HTTPListenAddrFlag.Name) {
 			cfg.HTTPHost = ctx.String(HTTPListenAddrFlag.Name)
 		}
@ -1324,8 +1320,10 @@ func setGraphQL(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
 // setWS creates the WebSocket RPC listener interface string from the set
 // command line flags, returning empty if the HTTP endpoint is disabled.
 func setWS(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
-	if ctx.Bool(WSEnabledFlag.Name) && cfg.WSHost == "" {
-		cfg.WSHost = "127.0.0.1"
+	if ctx.Bool(WSEnabledFlag.Name) {
+		if cfg.WSHost == "" {
+			cfg.WSHost = "127.0.0.1"
+		}
 		if ctx.IsSet(WSListenAddrFlag.Name) {
 			cfg.WSHost = ctx.String(WSListenAddrFlag.Name)
 		}
@ -1845,7 +1843,7 @@ func CheckExclusive(ctx *cli.Context, args ...interface{}) {
 // SetEthConfig applies eth-related command line flags to the config.
 func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	// Avoid conflicting network flags
-	CheckExclusive(ctx, MainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag)
+	CheckExclusive(ctx, BSCMainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag)
 	CheckExclusive(ctx, LightServeFlag, SyncModeFlag, "light")
 	CheckExclusive(ctx, DeveloperFlag, ExternalSignerFlag) // Can't use both ephemeral unlocked and external signer

@ -1941,7 +1939,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	}
 	// Parse state scheme, abort the process if it's not compatible.
 	chaindb := tryMakeReadOnlyDatabase(ctx, stack)
-	scheme, err := ParseStateScheme(ctx, chaindb)
+	scheme, err := ResolveStateScheme(ctx, cfg.StateScheme, chaindb)
 	chaindb.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		Fatalf("%v", err)
@ -2034,12 +2032,12 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	}
 	// Override any default configs for hard coded networks.
 	switch {
-	case ctx.Bool(MainnetFlag.Name):
+	case ctx.Bool(BSCMainnetFlag.Name):
 		if !ctx.IsSet(NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
-			cfg.NetworkId = 1
+			cfg.NetworkId = 56
 		}
-		cfg.Genesis = core.DefaultGenesisBlock()
-		SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(cfg, params.MainnetGenesisHash)
+		cfg.Genesis = core.DefaultBSCGenesisBlock()
+		SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(cfg, params.BSCGenesisHash)
 	case ctx.Bool(DeveloperFlag.Name):
 		if !ctx.IsSet(NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
 			cfg.NetworkId = 1337
@ -2399,8 +2397,8 @@ func DialRPCWithHeaders(endpoint string, headers []string) (*rpc.Client, error)
 func MakeGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) *core.Genesis {
 	var genesis *core.Genesis
 	switch {
-	case ctx.Bool(MainnetFlag.Name):
-		genesis = core.DefaultGenesisBlock()
+	case ctx.Bool(BSCMainnetFlag.Name):
+		genesis = core.DefaultBSCGenesisBlock()
 	case ctx.Bool(DeveloperFlag.Name):
 		Fatalf("Developer chains are ephemeral")
 	}
@ -2487,6 +2485,52 @@ func MakeConsolePreloads(ctx *cli.Context) []string {
 	return preloads
 }

+// ResolveStateScheme resolve state scheme from CLI flag, config file and persistent state.
+// The differences between ResolveStateScheme and ParseStateScheme are:
+// - ResolveStateScheme adds config to compare with CLI and persistent state to ensure correctness.
+// - ResolveStateScheme is only used in SetEthConfig function.
+//
+// 1. If config isn't provided, write hash mode to config by default, so in current function, config is nonempty.
+// 2. If persistent state and cli is empty, use config param.
+// 3. If persistent state is empty, provide CLI flag and config, choose CLI to return.
+// 4. If persistent state is nonempty and CLI isn't provided, persistent state should be equal to config.
+// 5. If all three items are provided: if any two of the three are not equal, return error.
+func ResolveStateScheme(ctx *cli.Context, stateSchemeCfg string, disk ethdb.Database) (string, error) {
+	stored := rawdb.ReadStateScheme(disk)
+	if stored == "" {
+		// there is no persistent state data in disk db(e.g. geth init)
+		if !ctx.IsSet(StateSchemeFlag.Name) {
+			log.Info("State scheme set by config", "scheme", stateSchemeCfg)
+			return stateSchemeCfg, nil
+		}
+		// if both CLI flag and config are set, choose CLI
+		scheme := ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
+		if !ValidateStateScheme(scheme) {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid state scheme param in CLI: %s", scheme)
+		}
+		log.Info("State scheme set by CLI", "scheme", scheme)
+		return scheme, nil
+	}
+	if !ctx.IsSet(StateSchemeFlag.Name) {
+		if stored != stateSchemeCfg {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("incompatible state scheme, stored: %s, config: %s", stored, stateSchemeCfg)
+		}
+		log.Info("State scheme set to already existing", "scheme", stored)
+		return stored, nil
+	}
+	scheme := ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
+	if !ValidateStateScheme(scheme) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid state scheme param in CLI: %s", scheme)
+	}
+	// if there is persistent state data in disk db, and CLI flag, config are set,
+	// when they all are different, return error
+	if scheme != stored || scheme != stateSchemeCfg || stored != stateSchemeCfg {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("incompatible state scheme, stored: %s, config: %s, CLI: %s", stored, stateSchemeCfg, scheme)
+	}
+	log.Info("All are provided, state scheme set to already existing", "scheme", stored)
+	return stored, nil
+}
+
 // ParseStateScheme resolves scheme identifier from CLI flag. If the provided
 // state scheme is not compatible with the one of persistent scheme, an error
 // will be returned.
@ -2506,7 +2550,7 @@ func ParseStateScheme(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database) (string, error) {
 		if stored == "" {
 			// use default scheme for empty database, flip it when
 			// path mode is chosen as default
-			log.Info("State schema set to default", "scheme", "hash")
+			log.Info("State scheme set to default", "scheme", "hash")
 			return rawdb.HashScheme, nil
 		}
 		log.Info("State scheme set to already existing", "scheme", stored)
@ -2515,6 +2559,9 @@ func ParseStateScheme(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database) (string, error) {
 	// If state scheme is specified, ensure it's compatible with
 	// persistent state.
 	scheme := ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
+	if !ValidateStateScheme(scheme) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid state scheme param in CLI: %s", scheme)
+	}
 	if stored == "" || scheme == stored {
 		log.Info("State scheme set by user", "scheme", scheme)
 		return scheme, nil
@ -2545,3 +2592,12 @@ func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, read
 	}
 	return trie.NewDatabase(disk, config)
 }
+
+// ValidateStateScheme used to check state scheme whether is valid.
+// Valid state scheme: hash and path.
+func ValidateStateScheme(stateScheme string) bool {
+	if stateScheme == rawdb.HashScheme || stateScheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/cmd/utils/flags_test.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags_test.go
@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ package utils
 import (
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 )

 func Test_SplitTagsFlag(t *testing.T) {
@ -62,3 +64,34 @@ func Test_SplitTagsFlag(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestValidateStateScheme(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		arg        string
+		wantResult bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "hash scheme",
+			arg:        rawdb.HashScheme,
+			wantResult: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "path scheme",
+			arg:        rawdb.PathScheme,
+			wantResult: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "invalid scheme",
+			arg:        "mockScheme",
+			wantResult: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := ValidateStateScheme(tt.arg); got != tt.wantResult {
+				t.Errorf("ValidateStateScheme() = %v, want %v", got, tt.wantResult)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/common/types.go
+++ b/common/types.go
@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ const (
 var (
 	hashT    = reflect.TypeOf(Hash{})
 	addressT = reflect.TypeOf(Address{})
+
+	// MaxAddress represents the maximum possible address value.
+	MaxAddress = HexToAddress("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+
+	// MaxHash represents the maximum possible hash value.
+	MaxHash = HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
 )

 // Hash represents the 32 byte Keccak256 hash of arbitrary data.
--- a/consensus/parlia/parlia.go
+++ b/consensus/parlia/parlia.go
@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ func New(
 ) *Parlia {
 	// get parlia config
 	parliaConfig := chainConfig.Parlia
+	log.Info("Parlia", "chainConfig", chainConfig)

 	// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
 	if parliaConfig != nil && parliaConfig.Epoch == 0 {
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
-	"reflect"
-	"regexp"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@ -202,8 +200,8 @@ func CommitGenesisState(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, blockhash comm
 		// - private network, can't recover
 		var genesis *Genesis
 		switch blockhash {
-		case params.MainnetGenesisHash:
-			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
+		case params.BSCGenesisHash:
+			genesis = DefaultBSCGenesisBlock()
 		}
 		if genesis != nil {
 			alloc = genesis.Alloc
@ -318,8 +316,8 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, gen
 	systemcontracts.GenesisHash = stored
 	if (stored == common.Hash{}) {
 		if genesis == nil {
-			log.Info("Writing default main-net genesis block")
-			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
+			log.Info("Writing default BSC mainnet genesis block")
+			genesis = DefaultBSCGenesisBlock()
 		} else {
 			log.Info("Writing custom genesis block")
 		}
@ -328,6 +326,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, gen
 			return genesis.Config, common.Hash{}, err
 		}
 		applyOverrides(genesis.Config)
+		log.Info("genesis block hash", "hash", block.Hash())
 		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil
 	}
 	// The genesis block is present(perhaps in ancient database) while the
@ -337,7 +336,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, gen
 	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(db, stored, 0)
 	if header.Root != types.EmptyRootHash && !triedb.Initialized(header.Root) {
 		if genesis == nil {
-			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
+			genesis = DefaultBSCGenesisBlock()
 		}
 		// Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one.
 		hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
@ -398,14 +397,19 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, gen
 	return newcfg, stored, nil
 }

-// LoadChainConfig loads the stored chain config if it is already present in
-// database, otherwise, return the config in the provided genesis specification.
+// LoadChainConfig retrieves the predefined chain configuration for the built-in network.
+// For non-built-in networks, it first attempts to load the stored chain configuration from the database.
+// If the configuration is not present, it returns the configuration specified in the provided genesis specification.
 func LoadChainConfig(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
 	// Load the stored chain config from the database. It can be nil
 	// in case the database is empty. Notably, we only care about the
 	// chain config corresponds to the canonical chain.
 	stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0)
 	if stored != (common.Hash{}) {
+		builtInConf := params.GetBuiltInChainConfig(stored)
+		if builtInConf != nil {
+			return builtInConf, stored, nil
+		}
 		storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored)
 		if storedcfg != nil {
 			return storedcfg, stored, nil
@ -431,71 +435,15 @@ func LoadChainConfig(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig,
 	return params.BSCChainConfig, params.BSCGenesisHash, nil
 }

-// For any block in g.Config which is nil but the same block in defaultConfig is not
-// set the block in genesis config to the block in defaultConfig.
-// Reflection is used to avoid a long series of if statements with hardcoded block names.
-func (g *Genesis) setDefaultBlockValues(defaultConfig *params.ChainConfig) {
-	// Regex to match block names
-	blockRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`.*Block$`)
-
-	// Get reflect values
-	gConfigElem := reflect.ValueOf(g.Config).Elem()
-	defaultConfigElem := reflect.ValueOf(defaultConfig).Elem()
-
-	// Iterate over fields in config
-	for i := 0; i < gConfigElem.NumField(); i++ {
-		gConfigField := gConfigElem.Field(i)
-		defaultConfigField := defaultConfigElem.Field(i)
-		fieldName := gConfigElem.Type().Field(i).Name
-
-		// Use the regex to check if the field is a Block field
-		if gConfigField.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && blockRegex.MatchString(fieldName) {
-			if gConfigField.IsNil() {
-				gConfigField.Set(defaultConfigField)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Hard fork block height specified in config.toml has higher priority, but
-// if it is not specified in config.toml, use the default height in code.
 func (g *Genesis) configOrDefault(ghash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
-	var defaultConfig *params.ChainConfig
-	switch {
-	case ghash == params.MainnetGenesisHash:
-		defaultConfig = params.MainnetChainConfig
-	case ghash == params.BSCGenesisHash:
-		defaultConfig = params.BSCChainConfig
-	case ghash == params.ChapelGenesisHash:
-		defaultConfig = params.ChapelChainConfig
-	case ghash == params.RialtoGenesisHash:
-		defaultConfig = params.RialtoChainConfig
-	default:
-		if g != nil {
-			// it could be a custom config for QA test, just return
-			return g.Config
-		}
-		defaultConfig = params.AllEthashProtocolChanges
+	conf := params.GetBuiltInChainConfig(ghash)
+	if conf != nil {
+		return conf
 	}
-	if g == nil || g.Config == nil {
-		return defaultConfig
+	if g != nil {
+		return g.Config // it could be a custom config for QA test, just return
 	}
-
-	g.setDefaultBlockValues(defaultConfig)
-
-	// BSC Parlia set up
-	if g.Config.Parlia == nil {
-		g.Config.Parlia = defaultConfig.Parlia
-	} else {
-		if g.Config.Parlia.Period == 0 {
-			g.Config.Parlia.Period = defaultConfig.Parlia.Period
-		}
-		if g.Config.Parlia.Epoch == 0 {
-			g.Config.Parlia.Epoch = defaultConfig.Parlia.Epoch
-		}
-	}
-
-	return g.Config
+	return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges
 }

 // ToBlock returns the genesis block according to genesis specification.
@ -608,6 +556,22 @@ func DefaultGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
 	}
 }

+// DefaultBSCGenesisBlock returns the BSC mainnet genesis block.
+func DefaultBSCGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
+	alloc := decodePrealloc(bscMainnetAllocData)
+	return &Genesis{
+		Config:     params.BSCChainConfig,
+		Nonce:      0,
+		ExtraData:  hexutil.MustDecode("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"),
+		GasLimit:   40000000,
+		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
+		Mixhash:    common.Hash(hexutil.MustDecode("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")),
+		Coinbase:   common.HexToAddress("0xffffFFFfFFffffffffffffffFfFFFfffFFFfFFfE"),
+		Timestamp:  0x5e9da7ce,
+		Alloc:      alloc,
+	}
+}
+
 // DeveloperGenesisBlock returns the 'geth --dev' genesis block.
 func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet common.Address) *Genesis {
 	// Override the default period to the user requested one
@ -635,13 +599,34 @@ func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet common.Address) *Genesis {
 }

 func decodePrealloc(data string) GenesisAlloc {
-	var p []struct{ Addr, Balance *big.Int }
+	var p []struct {
+		Addr    *big.Int
+		Balance *big.Int
+		Misc    *struct {
+			Nonce uint64
+			Code  []byte
+			Slots []struct {
+				Key common.Hash
+				Val common.Hash
+			}
+		} `rlp:"optional"`
+	}
 	if err := rlp.NewStream(strings.NewReader(data), 0).Decode(&p); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	ga := make(GenesisAlloc, len(p))
 	for _, account := range p {
-		ga[common.BigToAddress(account.Addr)] = GenesisAccount{Balance: account.Balance}
+		acc := GenesisAccount{Balance: account.Balance}
+		if account.Misc != nil {
+			acc.Nonce = account.Misc.Nonce
+			acc.Code = account.Misc.Code
+
+			acc.Storage = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
+			for _, slot := range account.Misc.Slots {
+				acc.Storage[slot.Key] = slot.Val
+			}
+		}
+		ga[common.BigToAddress(account.Addr)] = acc
 	}
 	return ga
 }
--- a/core/genesis_alloc.go
+++ b/core/genesis_alloc.go
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), nil)
 			},
-			wantHash:   params.MainnetGenesisHash,
-			wantConfig: params.MainnetChainConfig,
+			wantHash:   params.BSCGenesisHash,
+			wantConfig: params.BSCChainConfig,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "mainnet block in DB, genesis == nil",
@ -241,12 +241,12 @@ func TestConfigOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	gHash := params.BSCGenesisHash
 	config := defaultGenesis.configOrDefault(gHash)

-	if config.ChainID.Cmp(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID) != 0 {
+	if config.ChainID.Cmp(params.BSCChainConfig.ChainID) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("ChainID of resulting config should be %v, but is %v instead", params.BSCChainConfig.ChainID, config.ChainID)
 	}

-	if config.HomesteadBlock.Cmp(params.MainnetChainConfig.HomesteadBlock) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("resulting config should have HomesteadBlock = %v, but instead is %v", params.MainnetChainConfig, config.HomesteadBlock)
+	if config.HomesteadBlock.Cmp(params.BSCChainConfig.HomesteadBlock) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("resulting config should have HomesteadBlock = %v, but instead is %v", params.BSCChainConfig, config.HomesteadBlock)
 	}

 	if config.PlanckBlock == nil {
@ -258,34 +258,6 @@ func TestConfigOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestSetDefaultBlockValues(t *testing.T) {
-	genesis := &Genesis{Config: &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(66), HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(11)}}
-	genesis.setDefaultBlockValues(params.BSCChainConfig)
-
-	// Make sure the non-nil block was not modified
-	if genesis.Config.HomesteadBlock.Cmp(big.NewInt(11)) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Homestead block should not have been modified. HomesteadBlock = %v", genesis.Config.HomesteadBlock)
-	}
-
-	// Spot check a few blocks
-	if genesis.Config.NielsBlock.Cmp(params.BSCChainConfig.NielsBlock) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Niels block not matching: in genesis = %v , in defaultConfig = %v", genesis.Config.NielsBlock, params.BSCChainConfig.NielsBlock)
-	}
-
-	if genesis.Config.NanoBlock.Cmp(params.BSCChainConfig.NanoBlock) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Nano block not matching: in genesis = %v , in defaultConfig = %v", genesis.Config.NanoBlock, params.BSCChainConfig.NanoBlock)
-	}
-
-	if genesis.Config.PlanckBlock.Cmp(params.BSCChainConfig.PlanckBlock) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Nano block not matching: in genesis = %v , in defaultConfig = %v", genesis.Config.PlanckBlock, params.BSCChainConfig.PlanckBlock)
-	}
-
-	// Lastly make sure non-block fields such as ChainID have not been modified
-	if genesis.Config.ChainID.Cmp(big.NewInt(66)) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("ChainID should not have been modified. ChainID = %v", genesis.Config.ChainID)
-	}
-}
-
 func newDbConfig(scheme string) *trie.Config {
 	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		return trie.HashDefaults
--- a/core/mkalloc.go
+++ b/core/mkalloc.go
@ -32,24 +32,51 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )

-type allocItem struct{ Addr, Balance *big.Int }
+type allocItem struct {
+	Addr    *big.Int
+	Balance *big.Int
+	Misc    *allocItemMisc `rlp:"optional"`
+}
+
+type allocItemMisc struct {
+	Nonce uint64
+	Code  []byte
+	Slots []allocItemStorageItem
+}
+
+type allocItemStorageItem struct {
+	Key common.Hash
+	Val common.Hash
+}

 func makelist(g *core.Genesis) []allocItem {
 	items := make([]allocItem, 0, len(g.Alloc))
 	for addr, account := range g.Alloc {
+		var misc *allocItemMisc
 		if len(account.Storage) > 0 || len(account.Code) > 0 || account.Nonce != 0 {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("can't encode account %x", addr))
+			misc = &allocItemMisc{
+				Nonce: account.Nonce,
+				Code:  account.Code,
+				Slots: make([]allocItemStorageItem, 0, len(account.Storage)),
+			}
+			for key, val := range account.Storage {
+				misc.Slots = append(misc.Slots, allocItemStorageItem{key, val})
+			}
+			slices.SortFunc(misc.Slots, func(a, b allocItemStorageItem) int {
+				return a.Key.Cmp(b.Key)
+			})
 		}
 		bigAddr := new(big.Int).SetBytes(addr.Bytes())
-		items = append(items, allocItem{bigAddr, account.Balance})
+		items = append(items, allocItem{bigAddr, account.Balance, misc})
 	}
-	slices.SortFunc(items, func(a, b allocItem) bool {
-		return a.Addr.Cmp(b.Addr) < 0
+	slices.SortFunc(items, func(a, b allocItem) int {
+		return a.Addr.Cmp(b.Addr)
 	})
 	return items
 }
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/leveldb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/pebble"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )

@ -425,6 +426,16 @@ func NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(file string, cache int, handles int, ancient
 	return frdb, nil
 }

+// NewPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
+// moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
+func NewPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	db, err := pebble.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewDatabase(db), nil
+}
+
 const (
 	dbPebble  = "pebble"
 	dbLeveldb = "leveldb"
@ -480,12 +491,8 @@ func openKeyValueDatabase(o OpenOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("db.engine choice was %v but found pre-existing %v database in specified data directory", o.Type, existingDb)
 	}
 	if o.Type == dbPebble || existingDb == dbPebble {
-		if PebbleEnabled {
-			log.Info("Using pebble as the backing database")
-			return NewPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
-		} else {
-			return nil, errors.New("db.engine 'pebble' not supported on this platform")
-		}
+		log.Info("Using pebble as the backing database")
+		return NewPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
 	}
 	if o.Type == dbLeveldb || existingDb == dbLeveldb {
 		log.Info("Using leveldb as the backing database")
@ -493,10 +500,8 @@ func openKeyValueDatabase(o OpenOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 	}
 	// No pre-existing database, no user-requested one either. Default to Pebble
 	// on supported platforms and LevelDB on anything else.
-	// if PebbleEnabled {
 	// 	log.Info("Defaulting to pebble as the backing database")
 	// 	return NewPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
-	// }
 	log.Info("Defaulting to leveldb as the backing database")
 	return NewLevelDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
 }
--- a/core/rawdb/databases_64bit.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/databases_64bit.go
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
-
-//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
-
-package rawdb
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/pebble"
-)
-
-// Pebble is unsuported on 32bit architecture
-const PebbleEnabled = true
-
-// NewPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
-// moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
-func NewPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
-	db, err := pebble.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return NewDatabase(db), nil
-}
--- a/core/rawdb/databases_non64bit.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/databases_non64bit.go
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//go:build !((arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd)
-
-package rawdb
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-)
-
-// Pebble is unsuported on 32bit architecture
-const PebbleEnabled = false
-
-// NewPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
-// moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
-func NewPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("pebble is not supported on this platform")
-}
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )

 const tmpSuffix = ".tmp"
@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ func cleanup(path string) error {
 	}
 	for _, name := range names {
 		if name == filepath.Base(path)+tmpSuffix {
+			log.Info("Removed leftover freezer directory", "name", name)
 			return os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(parent, name))
 		}
 	}
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@ -265,6 +265,12 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		t.index.ReadAt(buffer, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize)
 		lastIndex.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
 	}
+	// Print an error log if the index is corrupted due to an incorrect
+	// last index item. While it is theoretically possible to have a zero offset
+	// by storing all zero-size items, it is highly unlikely to occur in practice.
+	if lastIndex.offset == 0 && offsetsSize%indexEntrySize > 1 {
+		log.Error("Corrupted index file detected", "lastOffset", lastIndex.offset, "items", offsetsSize%indexEntrySize-1)
+	}
 	if t.readonly {
 		t.head, err = t.openFile(lastIndex.filenum, openFreezerFileForReadOnly)
 	} else {
@ -357,7 +363,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if verbose {
-		t.logger.Info("Chain freezer table opened", "items", t.items.Load(), "size", t.headBytes)
+		t.logger.Info("Chain freezer table opened", "items", t.items.Load(), "deleted", t.itemOffset.Load(), "hidden", t.itemHidden.Load(), "tailId", t.tailId, "headId", t.headId, "size", t.headBytes)
 	} else {
 		t.logger.Debug("Chain freezer table opened", "items", t.items.Load(), "size", common.StorageSize(t.headBytes))
 	}
@ -530,6 +536,10 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	if err := t.meta.Sync(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Close the index file before shorten it.
+	if err := t.index.Close(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Truncate the deleted index entries from the index file.
 	err = copyFrom(t.index.Name(), t.index.Name(), indexEntrySize*(newDeleted-deleted+1), func(f *os.File) error {
 		tailIndex := indexEntry{
@ -543,13 +553,14 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Reopen the modified index file to load the changes
-	if err := t.index.Close(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	t.index, err = openFreezerFileForAppend(t.index.Name())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Sync the file to ensure changes are flushed to disk
+	if err := t.index.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Release any files before the current tail
 	t.tailId = newTailId
 	t.itemOffset.Store(newDeleted)
@ -782,7 +793,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) retrieveItems(start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([]byte, []i
 			return fmt.Errorf("missing data file %d", fileId)
 		}
 		if _, err := dataFile.ReadAt(output[len(output)-length:], int64(start)); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w, fileid: %d, start: %d, length: %d", err, fileId, start, length)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
--- a/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go
@ -365,21 +365,15 @@ func generateTrieRoot(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, scheme string, it Iterator, accou
 }

 func stackTrieGenerate(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, scheme string, owner common.Hash, in chan trieKV, out chan common.Hash) {
-	var nodeWriter trie.NodeWriteFunc
+	options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
 	if db != nil {
-		nodeWriter = func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+		options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(db, owner, path, hash, blob, scheme)
-		}
+		})
 	}
-	t := trie.NewStackTrieWithOwner(nodeWriter, owner)
+	t := trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 	for leaf := range in {
 		t.Update(leaf.key[:], leaf.value)
 	}
-	var root common.Hash
-	if db == nil {
-		root = t.Hash()
-	} else {
-		root, _ = t.Commit()
-	}
-	out <- root
+	out <- t.Commit()
 }
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@ -1363,10 +1363,12 @@ func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (boo
 		nodes = trienode.NewNodeSet(addrHash)
 		slots = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 	)
-	stack := trie.NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+	options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+	options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
 		size += common.StorageSize(len(path))
 	})
+	stack := trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 	for iter.Next() {
 		if size > storageDeleteLimit {
 			return true, size, nil, nil, nil
--- a/core/state_processor_test.go
+++ b/core/state_processor_test.go
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func TestStateProcessorErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		)

 		defer blockchain.Stop()
-		bigNumber := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.FromHex("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"))
+		bigNumber := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.MaxHash.Bytes())
 		tooBigNumber := new(big.Int).Set(bigNumber)
 		tooBigNumber.Add(tooBigNumber, common.Big1)
 		for i, tt := range []struct {
--- a/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go
+++ b/core/systemcontracts/upgrade.go
--- a/core/vote/vote_manager.go
+++ b/core/vote/vote_manager.go
@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 )

+const blocksNumberSinceMining = 5 // the number of blocks need to wait before voting, counting from the validator begin to mine
+
 var votesManagerCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("votesManager/local", nil)

 // Backend wraps all methods required for voting.
@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ func (voteManager *VoteManager) loop() {
 	dlEventCh := events.Chan()

 	startVote := true
+	blockCountSinceMining := 0
 	var once sync.Once
 	for {
 		select {
@ -120,9 +123,15 @@ func (voteManager *VoteManager) loop() {
 				continue
 			}
 			if !voteManager.eth.IsMining() {
+				blockCountSinceMining = 0
 				log.Debug("skip voting because mining is disabled, continue")
 				continue
 			}
+			blockCountSinceMining++
+			if blockCountSinceMining <= blocksNumberSinceMining {
+				log.Debug("skip voting", "blockCountSinceMining", blockCountSinceMining, "blocksNumberSinceMining", blocksNumberSinceMining)
+				continue
+			}

 			if cHead.Block == nil {
 				log.Debug("cHead.Block is nil, continue")
--- a/core/vote/vote_pool_test.go
+++ b/core/vote/vote_pool_test.go
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func testVotePool(t *testing.T, isValidRules bool) {
 	if _, err := chain.InsertChain(bs); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 10+blocksNumberSinceMining; i++ {
 		bs, _ = core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, bs[len(bs)-1], ethash.NewFaker(), db, 1, nil)
 		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(bs); err != nil {
 			panic(err)
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ var LightClientGPO = gasprice.Config{
 	IgnorePrice: gasprice.DefaultIgnorePrice,
 }

-// Defaults contains default settings for use on the Ethereum main net.
+// Defaults contains default settings for use on the BSC main net.
 var Defaults = Config{
 	SyncMode:           downloader.SnapSync,
-	NetworkId:          1,
+	NetworkId:          56,
 	TxLookupLimit:      2350000,
 	TransactionHistory: 2350000,
 	StateHistory:       params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/handler.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/handler.go
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func ServiceGetStorageRangesQuery(chain *core.BlockChain, req *GetStorageRangesP
 		if len(req.Origin) > 0 {
 			origin, req.Origin = common.BytesToHash(req.Origin), nil
 		}
-		var limit = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		var limit = common.MaxHash
 		if len(req.Limit) > 0 {
 			limit, req.Limit = common.BytesToHash(req.Limit), nil
 		}
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/metrics.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/metrics.go
@ -26,4 +26,32 @@ var (

 	IngressRegistrationErrorMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(ingressRegistrationErrorName, nil)
 	EgressRegistrationErrorMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(egressRegistrationErrorName, nil)
+
+	// deletionGauge is the metric to track how many trie node deletions
+	// are performed in total during the sync process.
+	deletionGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/delete", nil)
+
+	// lookupGauge is the metric to track how many trie node lookups are
+	// performed to determine if node needs to be deleted.
+	lookupGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/lookup", nil)
+
+	// boundaryAccountNodesGauge is the metric to track how many boundary trie
+	// nodes in account trie are met.
+	boundaryAccountNodesGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/boundary/account", nil)
+
+	// boundaryAccountNodesGauge is the metric to track how many boundary trie
+	// nodes in storage tries are met.
+	boundaryStorageNodesGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/boundary/storage", nil)
+
+	// smallStorageGauge is the metric to track how many storages are small enough
+	// to retrieved in one or two request.
+	smallStorageGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/storage/small", nil)
+
+	// largeStorageGauge is the metric to track how many storages are large enough
+	// to retrieved concurrently.
+	largeStorageGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/storage/large", nil)
+
+	// skipStorageHealingGauge is the metric to track how many storages are retrieved
+	// in multiple requests but healing is not necessary.
+	skipStorageHealingGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/protocols/snap/sync/storage/noheal", nil)
 )
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/range.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/range.go
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func (r *hashRange) End() common.Hash {
 	// If the end overflows (non divisible range), return a shorter interval
 	next, overflow := new(uint256.Int).AddOverflow(r.current, r.step)
 	if overflow {
-		return common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		return common.MaxHash
 	}
 	return next.SubUint64(next, 1).Bytes32()
 }
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/range_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/range_test.go
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestHashRanges(t *testing.T) {
 				common.HexToHash("0x3fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
 				common.HexToHash("0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
 				common.HexToHash("0xbfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+				common.MaxHash,
 			},
 		},
 		// Split a divisible part of the hash range up into 2 chunks
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func TestHashRanges(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			ends: []common.Hash{
 				common.HexToHash("0x8fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+				common.MaxHash,
 			},
 		},
 		// Split the entire hash range into a non divisible 3 chunks
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestHashRanges(t *testing.T) {
 			ends: []common.Hash{
 				common.HexToHash("0x5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555"),
 				common.HexToHash("0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaab"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+				common.MaxHash,
 			},
 		},
 		// Split a part of hash range into a non divisible 3 chunks
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestHashRanges(t *testing.T) {
 			ends: []common.Hash{
 				common.HexToHash("0x6aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"),
 				common.HexToHash("0xb555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+				common.MaxHash,
 			},
 		},
 		// Split a part of hash range into a non divisible 3 chunks, but with a
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestHashRanges(t *testing.T) {
 			ends: []common.Hash{
 				common.HexToHash("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff5"),
 				common.HexToHash("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffb"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"),
+				common.MaxHash,
 			},
 		},
 	}
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync.go
@ -717,6 +717,19 @@ func (s *Syncer) Sync(root common.Hash, cancel chan struct{}) error {
 	}
 }

+// cleanPath is used to remove the dangling nodes in the stackTrie.
+func (s *Syncer) cleanPath(batch ethdb.Batch, owner common.Hash, path []byte) {
+	if owner == (common.Hash{}) && rawdb.ExistsAccountTrieNode(s.db, path) {
+		rawdb.DeleteAccountTrieNode(batch, path)
+		deletionGauge.Inc(1)
+	}
+	if owner != (common.Hash{}) && rawdb.ExistsStorageTrieNode(s.db, owner, path) {
+		rawdb.DeleteStorageTrieNode(batch, owner, path)
+		deletionGauge.Inc(1)
+	}
+	lookupGauge.Inc(1)
+}
+
 // loadSyncStatus retrieves a previously aborted sync status from the database,
 // or generates a fresh one if none is available.
 func (s *Syncer) loadSyncStatus() {
@ -739,9 +752,22 @@ func (s *Syncer) loadSyncStatus() {
 						s.accountBytes += common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(value))
 					},
 				}
-				task.genTrie = trie.NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-					rawdb.WriteTrieNode(task.genBatch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
+				options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+				options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+					rawdb.WriteTrieNode(task.genBatch, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
 				})
+				if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+					// Configure the dangling node cleaner and also filter out boundary nodes
+					// only in the context of the path scheme. Deletion is forbidden in the
+					// hash scheme, as it can disrupt state completeness.
+					options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+						s.cleanPath(task.genBatch, common.Hash{}, path)
+					})
+					// Skip the left boundary if it's not the first range.
+					// Skip the right boundary if it's not the last range.
+					options = options.WithSkipBoundary(task.Next != (common.Hash{}), task.Last != common.MaxHash, boundaryAccountNodesGauge)
+				}
+				task.genTrie = trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 				for accountHash, subtasks := range task.SubTasks {
 					for _, subtask := range subtasks {
 						subtask := subtask // closure for subtask.genBatch in the stacktrie writer callback
@ -752,9 +778,23 @@ func (s *Syncer) loadSyncStatus() {
 								s.storageBytes += common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(value))
 							},
 						}
-						subtask.genTrie = trie.NewStackTrieWithOwner(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-							rawdb.WriteTrieNode(subtask.genBatch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
-						}, accountHash)
+						owner := accountHash // local assignment for stacktrie writer closure
+						options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+						options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+							rawdb.WriteTrieNode(subtask.genBatch, owner, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
+						})
+						if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+							// Configure the dangling node cleaner and also filter out boundary nodes
+							// only in the context of the path scheme. Deletion is forbidden in the
+							// hash scheme, as it can disrupt state completeness.
+							options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+								s.cleanPath(subtask.genBatch, owner, path)
+							})
+							// Skip the left boundary if it's not the first range.
+							// Skip the right boundary if it's not the last range.
+							options = options.WithSkipBoundary(subtask.Next != common.Hash{}, subtask.Last != common.MaxHash, boundaryStorageNodesGauge)
+						}
+						subtask.genTrie = trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 					}
 				}
 			}
@ -798,7 +838,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) loadSyncStatus() {
 		last := common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(next.Big(), step))
 		if i == accountConcurrency-1 {
 			// Make sure we don't overflow if the step is not a proper divisor
-			last = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+			last = common.MaxHash
 		}
 		batch := ethdb.HookedBatch{
 			Batch: s.db.NewBatch(),
@ -806,14 +846,27 @@ func (s *Syncer) loadSyncStatus() {
 				s.accountBytes += common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(value))
 			},
 		}
+		options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+		options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
+		})
+		if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+			// Configure the dangling node cleaner and also filter out boundary nodes
+			// only in the context of the path scheme. Deletion is forbidden in the
+			// hash scheme, as it can disrupt state completeness.
+			options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+				s.cleanPath(batch, common.Hash{}, path)
+			})
+			// Skip the left boundary if it's not the first range.
+			// Skip the right boundary if it's not the last range.
+			options = options.WithSkipBoundary(next != common.Hash{}, last != common.MaxHash, boundaryAccountNodesGauge)
+		}
 		s.tasks = append(s.tasks, &accountTask{
 			Next:     next,
 			Last:     last,
 			SubTasks: make(map[common.Hash][]*storageTask),
 			genBatch: batch,
-			genTrie: trie.NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-				rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
-			}),
+			genTrie:  trie.NewStackTrie(options),
 		})
 		log.Debug("Created account sync task", "from", next, "last", last)
 		next = common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(last.Big(), common.Big1))
@ -1877,7 +1930,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) processAccountResponse(res *accountResponse) {
 		return
 	}
 	// Some accounts are incomplete, leave as is for the storage and contract
-	// task assigners to pick up and fill.
+	// task assigners to pick up and fill
 }

 // processBytecodeResponse integrates an already validated bytecode response
@ -1965,6 +2018,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 			if res.subTask == nil && res.mainTask.needState[j] && (i < len(res.hashes)-1 || !res.cont) {
 				res.mainTask.needState[j] = false
 				res.mainTask.pend--
+				smallStorageGauge.Inc(1)
 			}
 			// If the last contract was chunked, mark it as needing healing
 			// to avoid writing it out to disk prematurely.
@ -2000,7 +2054,11 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 						log.Debug("Chunked large contract", "initiators", len(keys), "tail", lastKey, "chunks", chunks)
 					}
 					r := newHashRange(lastKey, chunks)
-
+					if chunks == 1 {
+						smallStorageGauge.Inc(1)
+					} else {
+						largeStorageGauge.Inc(1)
+					}
 					// Our first task is the one that was just filled by this response.
 					batch := ethdb.HookedBatch{
 						Batch: s.db.NewBatch(),
@ -2008,14 +2066,25 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 							s.storageBytes += common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(value))
 						},
 					}
+					owner := account // local assignment for stacktrie writer closure
+					options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+					options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+						rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
+					})
+					if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+						options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+							s.cleanPath(batch, owner, path)
+						})
+						// Keep the left boundary as it's the first range.
+						// Skip the right boundary if it's not the last range.
+						options = options.WithSkipBoundary(false, r.End() != common.MaxHash, boundaryStorageNodesGauge)
+					}
 					tasks = append(tasks, &storageTask{
 						Next:     common.Hash{},
 						Last:     r.End(),
 						root:     acc.Root,
 						genBatch: batch,
-						genTrie: trie.NewStackTrieWithOwner(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-							rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
-						}, account),
+						genTrie:  trie.NewStackTrie(options),
 					})
 					for r.Next() {
 						batch := ethdb.HookedBatch{
@ -2024,14 +2093,27 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 								s.storageBytes += common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(value))
 							},
 						}
+						options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+						options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+							rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
+						})
+						if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+							// Configure the dangling node cleaner and also filter out boundary nodes
+							// only in the context of the path scheme. Deletion is forbidden in the
+							// hash scheme, as it can disrupt state completeness.
+							options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+								s.cleanPath(batch, owner, path)
+							})
+							// Skip the left boundary as it's not the first range
+							// Skip the right boundary if it's not the last range.
+							options = options.WithSkipBoundary(true, r.End() != common.MaxHash, boundaryStorageNodesGauge)
+						}
 						tasks = append(tasks, &storageTask{
 							Next:     r.Start(),
 							Last:     r.End(),
 							root:     acc.Root,
 							genBatch: batch,
-							genTrie: trie.NewStackTrieWithOwner(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-								rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
-							}, account),
+							genTrie:  trie.NewStackTrie(options),
 						})
 					}
 					for _, task := range tasks {
@ -2076,9 +2158,23 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 		slots += len(res.hashes[i])

 		if i < len(res.hashes)-1 || res.subTask == nil {
-			tr := trie.NewStackTrieWithOwner(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, val []byte) {
-				rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, owner, path, hash, val, s.scheme)
-			}, account)
+			// no need to make local reassignment of account: this closure does not outlive the loop
+			options := trie.NewStackTrieOptions()
+			options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+				rawdb.WriteTrieNode(batch, account, path, hash, blob, s.scheme)
+			})
+			if s.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+				// Configure the dangling node cleaner only in the context of the
+				// path scheme. Deletion is forbidden in the hash scheme, as it can
+				// disrupt state completeness.
+				//
+				// Notably, boundary nodes can be also kept because the whole storage
+				// trie is complete.
+				options = options.WithCleaner(func(path []byte) {
+					s.cleanPath(batch, account, path)
+				})
+			}
+			tr := trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 			for j := 0; j < len(res.hashes[i]); j++ {
 				tr.Update(res.hashes[i][j][:], res.slots[i][j])
 			}
@ -2100,18 +2196,25 @@ func (s *Syncer) processStorageResponse(res *storageResponse) {
 	// Large contracts could have generated new trie nodes, flush them to disk
 	if res.subTask != nil {
 		if res.subTask.done {
-			if root, err := res.subTask.genTrie.Commit(); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to commit stack slots", "err", err)
-			} else if root == res.subTask.root {
-				// If the chunk's root is an overflown but full delivery, clear the heal request
+			root := res.subTask.genTrie.Commit()
+			if err := res.subTask.genBatch.Write(); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to persist stack slots", "err", err)
+			}
+			res.subTask.genBatch.Reset()
+
+			// If the chunk's root is an overflown but full delivery,
+			// clear the heal request.
+			accountHash := res.accounts[len(res.accounts)-1]
+			if root == res.subTask.root && rawdb.HasStorageTrieNode(s.db, accountHash, nil, root) {
 				for i, account := range res.mainTask.res.hashes {
-					if account == res.accounts[len(res.accounts)-1] {
+					if account == accountHash {
 						res.mainTask.needHeal[i] = false
+						skipStorageHealingGauge.Inc(1)
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		if res.subTask.genBatch.ValueSize() > ethdb.IdealBatchSize || res.subTask.done {
+		if res.subTask.genBatch.ValueSize() > ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
 			if err := res.subTask.genBatch.Write(); err != nil {
 				log.Error("Failed to persist stack slots", "err", err)
 			}
@ -2318,9 +2421,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) forwardAccountTask(task *accountTask) {
 	// flush after finalizing task.done. It's fine even if we crash and lose this
 	// write as it will only cause more data to be downloaded during heal.
 	if task.done {
-		if _, err := task.genTrie.Commit(); err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to commit stack account", "err", err)
-		}
+		task.genTrie.Commit()
 	}
 	if task.genBatch.ValueSize() > ethdb.IdealBatchSize || task.done {
 		if err := task.genBatch.Write(); err != nil {
@ -2625,7 +2726,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) OnStorage(peer SyncPeer, id uint64, hashes [][]common.Hash, slo
 	// the requested data. For storage range queries that means the state being
 	// retrieved was either already pruned remotely, or the peer is not yet
 	// synced to our head.
-	if len(hashes) == 0 {
+	if len(hashes) == 0 && len(proof) == 0 {
 		logger.Debug("Peer rejected storage request")
 		s.statelessPeers[peer.ID()] = struct{}{}
 		s.lock.Unlock()
@ -2637,6 +2738,13 @@ func (s *Syncer) OnStorage(peer SyncPeer, id uint64, hashes [][]common.Hash, slo
 	// Reconstruct the partial tries from the response and verify them
 	var cont bool

+	// If a proof was attached while the response is empty, it indicates that the
+	// requested range specified with 'origin' is empty. Construct an empty state
+	// response locally to finalize the range.
+	if len(hashes) == 0 && len(proof) > 0 {
+		hashes = append(hashes, []common.Hash{})
+		slots = append(slots, [][]byte{})
+	}
 	for i := 0; i < len(hashes); i++ {
 		// Convert the keys and proofs into an internal format
 		keys := make([][]byte, len(hashes[i]))
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	mrand "math/rand"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/testutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ func defaultAccountRequestHandler(t *testPeer, id uint64, root common.Hash, orig
 func createAccountRequestResponse(t *testPeer, root common.Hash, origin common.Hash, limit common.Hash, cap uint64) (keys []common.Hash, vals [][]byte, proofs [][]byte) {
 	var size uint64
 	if limit == (common.Hash{}) {
-		limit = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		limit = common.MaxHash
 	}
 	for _, entry := range t.accountValues {
 		if size > cap {
@ -319,7 +321,7 @@ func createStorageRequestResponse(t *testPeer, root common.Hash, accounts []comm
 		if len(origin) > 0 {
 			originHash = common.BytesToHash(origin)
 		}
-		var limitHash = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+		var limitHash = common.MaxHash
 		if len(limit) > 0 {
 			limitHash = common.BytesToHash(limit)
 		}
@ -762,7 +764,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 3, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 3, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -772,7 +774,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		source.storageValues = storageElems
 		return source
 	}
-	syncer := setupSyncer(nodeScheme, mkSource("sourceA"))
+	syncer := setupSyncer(scheme, mkSource("sourceA"))
 	done := checkStall(t, term)
 	if err := syncer.Sync(sourceAccountTrie.Hash(), cancel); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("sync failed: %v", err)
@ -799,7 +801,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUseless(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, noAccount, noStorage, noTrieNode bool) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -821,7 +823,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUseless(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}

 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("full", true, true, true),
 		mkSource("noAccounts", false, true, true),
 		mkSource("noStorage", true, false, true),
@ -853,7 +855,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUselessWithLowTimeout(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, noAccount, noStorage, noTrieNode bool) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -875,7 +877,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUselessWithLowTimeout(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}

 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("full", true, true, true),
 		mkSource("noAccounts", false, true, true),
 		mkSource("noStorage", true, false, true),
@ -912,7 +914,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUnresponsive(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, noAccount, noStorage, noTrieNode bool) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -934,7 +936,7 @@ func testMultiSyncManyUnresponsive(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}

 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("full", true, true, true),
 		mkSource("noAccounts", false, true, true),
 		mkSource("noStorage", true, false, true),
@ -1215,7 +1217,7 @@ func testSyncBoundaryStorageTrie(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 10, 1000, false, true)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 10, 1000, false, true, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -1226,7 +1228,7 @@ func testSyncBoundaryStorageTrie(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		return source
 	}
 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("peer-a"),
 		mkSource("peer-b"),
 	)
@ -1257,7 +1259,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndOneCappedPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 300, 1000, false, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 300, 1000, false, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, slow bool) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -1273,7 +1275,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndOneCappedPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}

 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("nice-a", false),
 		mkSource("slow", true),
 	)
@ -1304,7 +1306,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndCorruptPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, handler storageHandlerFunc) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -1317,7 +1319,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndCorruptPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}

 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("nice-a", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
 		mkSource("nice-b", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
 		mkSource("nice-c", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
@ -1348,7 +1350,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndNonProvingPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			})
 		}
 	)
-	nodeScheme, sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false)
+	sourceAccountTrie, elems, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 100, 3000, true, false, false)

 	mkSource := func(name string, handler storageHandlerFunc) *testPeer {
 		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
@ -1360,7 +1362,7 @@ func testSyncWithStorageAndNonProvingPeer(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		return source
 	}
 	syncer := setupSyncer(
-		nodeScheme,
+		scheme,
 		mkSource("nice-a", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
 		mkSource("nice-b", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
 		mkSource("nice-c", defaultStorageRequestHandler),
@ -1413,6 +1415,45 @@ func testSyncWithStorageMisbehavingProve(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	verifyTrie(scheme, syncer.db, sourceAccountTrie.Hash(), t)
 }

+// TestSyncWithUnevenStorage tests sync where the storage trie is not even
+// and with a few empty ranges.
+func TestSyncWithUnevenStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testSyncWithUnevenStorage(t, rawdb.HashScheme)
+	testSyncWithUnevenStorage(t, rawdb.PathScheme)
+}
+
+func testSyncWithUnevenStorage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
+	var (
+		once   sync.Once
+		cancel = make(chan struct{})
+		term   = func() {
+			once.Do(func() {
+				close(cancel)
+			})
+		}
+	)
+	accountTrie, accounts, storageTries, storageElems := makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme, 3, 256, false, false, true)
+
+	mkSource := func(name string) *testPeer {
+		source := newTestPeer(name, t, term)
+		source.accountTrie = accountTrie.Copy()
+		source.accountValues = accounts
+		source.setStorageTries(storageTries)
+		source.storageValues = storageElems
+		source.storageRequestHandler = func(t *testPeer, reqId uint64, root common.Hash, accounts []common.Hash, origin, limit []byte, max uint64) error {
+			return defaultStorageRequestHandler(t, reqId, root, accounts, origin, limit, 128) // retrieve storage in large mode
+		}
+		return source
+	}
+	syncer := setupSyncer(scheme, mkSource("source"))
+	if err := syncer.Sync(accountTrie.Hash(), cancel); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sync failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	verifyTrie(scheme, syncer.db, accountTrie.Hash(), t)
+}
+
 type kv struct {
 	k, v []byte
 }
@ -1511,7 +1552,7 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(scheme string, n int) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv) {
 	for i := 0; i < accountConcurrency; i++ {
 		last := common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(next.Big(), step))
 		if i == accountConcurrency-1 {
-			last = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+			last = common.MaxHash
 		}
 		boundaries = append(boundaries, last)
 		next = common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(last.Big(), common.Big1))
@ -1608,7 +1649,7 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots
 }

 // makeAccountTrieWithStorage spits out a trie, along with the leafs
-func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv, map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie, map[common.Hash][]*kv) {
+func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool, uneven bool) (*trie.Trie, []*kv, map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie, map[common.Hash][]*kv) {
 	var (
 		db             = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
 		accTrie        = trie.NewEmpty(db)
@ -1633,6 +1674,8 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, bounda
 		)
 		if boundary {
 			stRoot, stNodes, stEntries = makeBoundaryStorageTrie(common.BytesToHash(key), slots, db)
+		} else if uneven {
+			stRoot, stNodes, stEntries = makeUnevenStorageTrie(common.BytesToHash(key), slots, db)
 		} else {
 			stRoot, stNodes, stEntries = makeStorageTrieWithSeed(common.BytesToHash(key), uint64(slots), 0, db)
 		}
@ -1675,7 +1718,7 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, bounda
 		}
 		storageTries[common.BytesToHash(key)] = trie
 	}
-	return db.Scheme(), accTrie, entries, storageTries, storageEntries
+	return accTrie, entries, storageTries, storageEntries
 }

 // makeStorageTrieWithSeed fills a storage trie with n items, returning the
@ -1721,7 +1764,7 @@ func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (commo
 	for i := 0; i < accountConcurrency; i++ {
 		last := common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(next.Big(), step))
 		if i == accountConcurrency-1 {
-			last = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+			last = common.MaxHash
 		}
 		boundaries = append(boundaries, last)
 		next = common.BigToHash(new(big.Int).Add(last.Big(), common.Big1))
@ -1752,6 +1795,38 @@ func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (commo
 	return root, nodes, entries
 }

+// makeUnevenStorageTrie constructs a storage tries will states distributed in
+// different range unevenly.
+func makeUnevenStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, slots int, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
+	var (
+		entries []*kv
+		tr, _   = trie.New(trie.StorageTrieID(types.EmptyRootHash, owner, types.EmptyRootHash), db)
+		chosen  = make(map[byte]struct{})
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		var n int
+		for {
+			n = mrand.Intn(15) // the last range is set empty deliberately
+			if _, ok := chosen[byte(n)]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			chosen[byte(n)] = struct{}{}
+			break
+		}
+		for j := 0; j < slots/3; j++ {
+			key := append([]byte{byte(n)}, testutil.RandBytes(31)...)
+			val, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(testutil.RandBytes(32))
+
+			elem := &kv{key, val}
+			tr.MustUpdate(elem.k, elem.v)
+			entries = append(entries, elem)
+		}
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(entries, (*kv).cmp)
+	root, nodes, _ := tr.Commit(false)
+	return root, nodes, entries
+}
+
 func verifyTrie(scheme string, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, root common.Hash, t *testing.T) {
 	t.Helper()
 	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(db), newDbConfig(scheme))
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@ -110,6 +110,16 @@ func (ec *Client) PeerCount(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 	return uint64(result), err
 }

+// BlockReceipts returns the receipts of a given block number or hash.
+func (ec *Client) BlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]*types.Receipt, error) {
+	var r []*types.Receipt
+	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &r, "eth_getBlockReceipts", blockNrOrHash.String())
+	if err == nil && r == nil {
+		return nil, ethereum.NotFound
+	}
+	return r, err
+}
+
 type rpcBlock struct {
 	Hash         common.Hash         `json:"hash"`
 	Transactions []rpcTransaction    `json:"transactions"`
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
-
 // Package pebble implements the key-value database layer based on pebble.
 package pebble

@ -48,6 +46,9 @@ const (
 	// metricsGatheringInterval specifies the interval to retrieve pebble database
 	// compaction, io and pause stats to report to the user.
 	metricsGatheringInterval = 3 * time.Second
+
+	// numLevels is the level number of pebble sst files
+	numLevels = 7
 )

 // Database is a persistent key-value store based on the pebble storage engine.
@ -141,8 +142,15 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (

 	// The max memtable size is limited by the uint32 offsets stored in
 	// internal/arenaskl.node, DeferredBatchOp, and flushableBatchEntry.
-	// Taken from https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/open.go#L38
-	maxMemTableSize := 4<<30 - 1 // Capped by 4 GB
+	//
+	// - MaxUint32 on 64-bit platforms;
+	// - MaxInt on 32-bit platforms.
+	//
+	// It is used when slices are limited to Uint32 on 64-bit platforms (the
+	// length limit for slices is naturally MaxInt on 32-bit platforms).
+	//
+	// Taken from https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/internal/constants/constants.go
+	maxMemTableSize := (1<<31)<<(^uint(0)>>63) - 1

 	// Two memory tables is configured which is identical to leveldb,
 	// including a frozen memory table and another live one.
@ -191,6 +199,7 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 			WriteStallBegin: db.onWriteStallBegin,
 			WriteStallEnd:   db.onWriteStallEnd,
 		},
+		Levels: make([]pebble.LevelOptions, numLevels),
 		Logger: panicLogger{}, // TODO(karalabe): Delete when this is upstreamed in Pebble
 	}

--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble_test.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble_test.go
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
-
 package pebble

 import (
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@ -964,6 +964,34 @@ func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetStorageAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Address
 	return res[:], state.Error()
 }

+// GetBlockReceipts returns the block receipts for the given block hash or number or tag.
+func (s *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	block, err := s.b.BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash)
+	if block == nil || err != nil {
+		// When the block doesn't exist, the RPC method should return JSON null
+		// as per specification.
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	receipts, err := s.b.GetReceipts(ctx, block.Hash())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	txs := block.Transactions()
+	if len(txs) != len(receipts) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("receipts length mismatch: %d vs %d", len(txs), len(receipts))
+	}
+
+	// Derive the sender.
+	signer := types.MakeSigner(s.b.ChainConfig(), block.Number(), block.Time())
+
+	result := make([]map[string]interface{}, len(receipts))
+	for i, receipt := range receipts {
+		result[i] = marshalReceipt(receipt, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), signer, txs[i], i)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 // OverrideAccount indicates the overriding fields of account during the execution
 // of a message call.
 // Note, state and stateDiff can't be specified at the same time. If state is
@ -2123,13 +2151,18 @@ func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, hash common.

 	// Derive the sender.
 	signer := types.MakeSigner(s.b.ChainConfig(), header.Number, header.Time)
+	return marshalReceipt(receipt, blockHash, blockNumber, signer, tx, int(index)), nil
+}
+
+// marshalReceipt marshals a transaction receipt into a JSON object.
+func marshalReceipt(receipt *types.Receipt, blockHash common.Hash, blockNumber uint64, signer types.Signer, tx *types.Transaction, txIndex int) map[string]interface{} {
 	from, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx)

 	fields := map[string]interface{}{
 		"blockHash":         blockHash,
 		"blockNumber":       hexutil.Uint64(blockNumber),
-		"transactionHash":   hash,
-		"transactionIndex":  hexutil.Uint64(index),
+		"transactionHash":   tx.Hash(),
+		"transactionIndex":  hexutil.Uint64(txIndex),
 		"from":              from,
 		"to":                tx.To(),
 		"gasUsed":           hexutil.Uint64(receipt.GasUsed),
@ -2155,7 +2188,7 @@ func (s *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, hash common.
 	if receipt.ContractAddress != (common.Address{}) {
 		fields["contractAddress"] = receipt.ContractAddress
 	}
-	return fields, nil
+	return fields
 }

 // sign is a helper function that signs a transaction with the private key of the given address.
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@ -1781,9 +1781,7 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockOrHeader(t *testing.T) {
 }
 */

-func TestRPCGetTransactionReceipt(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
+func setupReceiptBackend(t *testing.T, genBlocks int) (*testBackend, []common.Hash) {
 	// Initialize test accounts
 	var (
 		acc1Key, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("8a1f9a8f95be41cd7ccb6168179afb4504aefe388d1e14474d32c45c72ce7b7a")
@ -1809,10 +1807,9 @@ func TestRPCGetTransactionReceipt(t *testing.T) {
 				contract: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether), Code: common.FromHex("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")},
 			},
 		}
-		genBlocks = 5
-		signer    = types.LatestSignerForChainID(params.TestChainConfig.ChainID)
-		txHashes  = make([]common.Hash, genBlocks)
-		gasPrice  = big.NewInt(3e9) // 3Gwei
+		signer   = types.LatestSignerForChainID(params.TestChainConfig.ChainID)
+		txHashes = make([]common.Hash, genBlocks)
+		gasPrice = big.NewInt(3e9) // 3Gwei
 	)
 	backend := newTestBackend(t, genBlocks, genesis, func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
 		var (
@ -1854,16 +1851,16 @@ func TestRPCGetTransactionReceipt(t *testing.T) {
 			txHashes[i] = tx.Hash()
 		}
 	})
-	api := NewTransactionAPI(backend, new(AddrLocker))
-	blockHashes := make([]common.Hash, genBlocks+1)
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	for i := 0; i <= genBlocks; i++ {
-		header, err := backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(i))
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("failed to get block: %d err: %v", i, err)
-		}
-		blockHashes[i] = header.Hash()
-	}
+	return backend, txHashes
+}
+
+func TestRPCGetTransactionReceipt(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var (
+		backend, txHashes = setupReceiptBackend(t, 5)
+		api               = NewTransactionAPI(backend, new(AddrLocker))
+	)

 	var testSuite = []struct {
 		txHash common.Hash
@ -2016,3 +2013,102 @@ func TestRPCGetTransactionReceipt(t *testing.T) {
 		require.JSONEqf(t, want, have, "test %d: json not match, want: %s, have: %s", i, want, have)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRPCGetBlockReceipts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var (
+		genBlocks  = 5
+		backend, _ = setupReceiptBackend(t, genBlocks)
+		api        = NewBlockChainAPI(backend)
+	)
+	blockHashes := make([]common.Hash, genBlocks+1)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	for i := 0; i <= genBlocks; i++ {
+		header, err := backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(i))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("failed to get block: %d err: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		blockHashes[i] = header.Hash()
+	}
+
+	var testSuite = []struct {
+		test rpc.BlockNumberOrHash
+		want string
+	}{
+		// 0. block without any txs(hash)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(blockHashes[0], false),
+			want: `[]`,
+		},
+		// 1. block without any txs(number)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(0),
+			want: `[]`,
+		},
+		// 2. earliest tag
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.EarliestBlockNumber),
+			want: `[]`,
+		},
+		// 3. latest tag
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.LatestBlockNumber),
+			want: `[{"blockHash":"0xde2f10e5c44cb6158aa7fbc70e98da70f51ee72f29c7a28fc30bf37e992655f7","blockNumber":"0x5","contractAddress":"0xfdaa97661a584d977b4d3abb5370766ff5b86a18","cumulativeGasUsed":"0xe01a","effectiveGasPrice":"0xb2d05e00","from":"0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","gasUsed":"0xe01a","logs":[],"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","status":"0x1","to":null,"transactionHash":"0x1b420e5f43f9620364d175d798acbd61d6f76ed8ea8ed7e0f93e4332ab8399b2","transactionIndex":"0x0","type":"0x1"}]`,
+		},
+		// 4. block with legacy transfer tx(hash)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(blockHashes[1], false),
+			want: `[{"blockHash":"0xcf5e82a62028debbeecba9a6a7cbeaed67b431800a4250a60943101a611d179a","blockNumber":"0x1","contractAddress":null,"cumulativeGasUsed":"0x5208","effectiveGasPrice":"0xb2d05e00","from":"0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","gasUsed":"0x5208","logs":[],"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","status":"0x1","to":"0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e","transactionHash":"0xf875edfe4579e2a5e1ad45c4d802c1e5abbca19561398e9c58c41dabd86a3aa6","transactionIndex":"0x0","type":"0x0"}]`,
+		},
+		// 5. block with contract create tx(number)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.BlockNumber(2)),
+			want: `[{"blockHash":"0x739ed5e516e6b2b0fa16f22a335a371a1fac616bc394b7454fdf07a0fd10db30","blockNumber":"0x2","contractAddress":"0xae9bea628c4ce503dcfd7e305cab4e29e7476592","cumulativeGasUsed":"0xcf4e","effectiveGasPrice":"0xb2d05e00","from":"0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","gasUsed":"0xcf4e","logs":[],"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","status":"0x1","to":null,"transactionHash":"0xd7a2d56946b13872c0064d0af803fa7b2a7f6be74023cf9ce6337c0dc5b06813","transactionIndex":"0x0","type":"0x0"}]`,
+		},
+		// 6. block with legacy contract call tx(hash)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(blockHashes[3], false),
+			want: `[{"blockHash":"0x07545649b5df1cd84de57265fa5acdb473a1a033bf51c43d61c6183b13487f19","blockNumber":"0x3","contractAddress":null,"cumulativeGasUsed":"0x5e28","effectiveGasPrice":"0xb2d05e00","from":"0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","gasUsed":"0x5e28","logs":[{"address":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000031ec7","topics":["0xddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef","0x000000000000000000000000703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003"],"data":"0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d","blockNumber":"0x3","transactionHash":"0x2c660ba194f0e2de5bbb4e2f38a15fe9f263dd5e5c524d45be4834755b2c2a8c","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x07545649b5df1cd84de57265fa5acdb473a1a033bf51c43d61c6183b13487f19","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}],"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000800000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000020000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000400000000002000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000","status":"0x1","to":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000031ec7","transactionHash":"0x2c660ba194f0e2de5bbb4e2f38a15fe9f263dd5e5c524d45be4834755b2c2a8c","transactionIndex":"0x0","type":"0x0"}]`,
+		},
+		// 7. block with dynamic fee tx(number)
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.BlockNumber(4)),
+			want: `[{"blockHash":"0x2a78cbbc361402d352baf99afcd8d57b34df182ed44819ca6bf0a1ceedc94a1e","blockNumber":"0x4","contractAddress":null,"cumulativeGasUsed":"0x538d","effectiveGasPrice":"0xb2d05e00","from":"0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7","gasUsed":"0x538d","logs":[],"logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","status":"0x0","to":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000031ec7","transactionHash":"0x395e5326a196a53e961b8f406b706049288d8f92e467f95677ced981fa3a40ce","transactionIndex":"0x0","type":"0x2"}]`,
+		},
+		// 8. block is empty
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(common.Hash{}, false),
+			want: `null`,
+		},
+		// 9. block is not found
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(common.HexToHash("deadbeef"), false),
+			want: `null`,
+		},
+		// 10. block is not found
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.BlockNumber(genBlocks + 1)),
+			want: `null`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, tt := range testSuite {
+		var (
+			result interface{}
+			err    error
+		)
+		result, err = api.GetBlockReceipts(context.Background(), tt.test)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: want no error, have %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		data, err := json.Marshal(result)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: json marshal error", i)
+			continue
+		}
+		want, have := tt.want, string(data)
+		require.JSONEqf(t, want, have, "test %d: json not match, want: %s, have: %s", i, want, have)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
+++ b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
@ -611,6 +611,11 @@ web3._extend({
 			params: 4,
 			inputFormatter: [web3._extend.formatters.inputCallFormatter, web3._extend.formatters.inputDefaultBlockNumberFormatter, null, null],
 		}),
+		new web3._extend.Method({
+			name: 'getBlockReceipts',
+			call: 'eth_getBlockReceipts',
+			params: 1,
+		}),
 	],
 	properties: [
 		new web3._extend.Property({
--- a/log/async_file_writer.go
+++ b/log/async_file_writer.go
@ -17,15 +17,18 @@ type TimeTicker struct {

 // NewTimeTicker creates a TimeTicker that notifies based on rotateHours parameter.
 // if rotateHours is 1 and current time is 11:32 it means that the ticker will tick at 12:00
-// if rotateHours is 5 and current time is 09:12 means that the ticker will tick at 11:00
-func NewTimeTicker(rotateHours int) *TimeTicker {
+// if rotateHours is 2 and current time is 09:12 means that the ticker will tick at 11:00
+// specially, if rotateHours is 0, then no rotation
+func NewTimeTicker(rotateHours uint) *TimeTicker {
 	ch := make(chan time.Time)
 	tt := TimeTicker{
 		stop: make(chan struct{}),
 		C:    ch,
 	}

-	tt.startTicker(ch, rotateHours)
+	if rotateHours > 0 {
+		tt.startTicker(ch, rotateHours)
+	}

 	return &tt
 }
@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ func (tt *TimeTicker) Stop() {
 	tt.stop <- struct{}{}
 }

-func (tt *TimeTicker) startTicker(ch chan time.Time, rotateHours int) {
+func (tt *TimeTicker) startTicker(ch chan time.Time, rotateHours uint) {
 	go func() {
 		nextRotationHour := getNextRotationHour(time.Now(), rotateHours)
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
@ -53,7 +56,7 @@ func (tt *TimeTicker) startTicker(ch chan time.Time, rotateHours int) {
 	}()
 }

-func getNextRotationHour(now time.Time, delta int) int {
+func getNextRotationHour(now time.Time, delta uint) int {
 	return now.Add(time.Hour * time.Duration(delta)).Hour()
 }

@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ type AsyncFileWriter struct {
 	timeTicker *TimeTicker
 }

-func NewAsyncFileWriter(filePath string, maxBytesSize int64, rotateHours int) *AsyncFileWriter {
+func NewAsyncFileWriter(filePath string, maxBytesSize int64, rotateHours uint) *AsyncFileWriter {
 	absFilePath, err := filepath.Abs(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("get file path of logger error. filePath=%s, err=%s", filePath, err))
--- a/log/async_file_writer_test.go
+++ b/log/async_file_writer_test.go
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func TestWriterHourly(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGetNextRotationHour(t *testing.T) {
 	tcs := []struct {
 		now          time.Time
-		delta        int
+		delta        uint
 		expectedHour int
 	}{
 		{
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestGetNextRotationHour(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}

-	test := func(now time.Time, delta, expectedHour int) func(*testing.T) {
+	test := func(now time.Time, delta uint, expectedHour int) func(*testing.T) {
 		return func(t *testing.T) {
 			got := getNextRotationHour(now, delta)
 			if got != expectedHour {
--- a/log/handler.go
+++ b/log/handler.go
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func FileHandler(path string, fmtr Format) (Handler, error) {
 // RotatingFileHandler returns a handler which writes log records to file chunks
 // at the given path. When a file's size reaches the limit, the handler creates
 // a new file named after the timestamp of the first log record it will contain.
-func RotatingFileHandler(filePath string, limit uint, formatter Format, rotateHours int) (Handler, error) {
+func RotatingFileHandler(filePath string, limit uint, formatter Format, rotateHours uint) (Handler, error) {
 	if _, err := os.Stat(path.Dir(filePath)); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(filePath), 0755)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/log/logger.go
+++ b/log/logger.go
@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func (c Ctx) toArray() []interface{} {
 	return arr
 }

-func NewFileLvlHandler(logPath string, maxBytesSize uint, level string, rotateHours int) Handler {
+func NewFileLvlHandler(logPath string, maxBytesSize uint, level string, rotateHours uint) Handler {
 	rfh, err := RotatingFileHandler(logPath, maxBytesSize, LogfmtFormat(), rotateHours)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
--- a/node/config.go
+++ b/node/config.go
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ type LogConfig struct {
 	FilePath     *string `toml:",omitempty"`
 	MaxBytesSize *uint   `toml:",omitempty"`
 	Level        *string `toml:",omitempty"`
-	RotateHours  int     `toml:",omitempty"`
+	RotateHours  *uint   `toml:",omitempty"`

 	// TermTimeFormat is the time format used for console logging.
 	TermTimeFormat *string `toml:",omitempty"`
--- a/node/node.go
+++ b/node/node.go
@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Node, error) {
 				logFilePath = path.Join(*conf.LogConfig.FileRoot, *conf.LogConfig.FilePath)
 			}

-			if conf.LogConfig.RotateHours > 24 {
-				return nil, errors.New("Config.LogConfig.RotateHours cannot be greater than 24")
+			rotateHours := uint(1) // To maintain backwards compatibility, if RotateHours is not set, then it defaults to 1
+			if conf.LogConfig.RotateHours != nil {
+				if *conf.LogConfig.RotateHours > 23 {
+					return nil, errors.New("Config.LogConfig.RotateHours cannot be greater than 23")
+				}
+
+				rotateHours = *conf.LogConfig.RotateHours
 			}

-			// To maintain backwards compatibility, if RotateHours is not set or set to a negative value, then it defaults to 1
-			if conf.LogConfig.RotateHours < 1 {
-				conf.LogConfig.RotateHours = 1
-			}
-
-			log.Root().SetHandler(log.NewFileLvlHandler(logFilePath, *conf.LogConfig.MaxBytesSize, *conf.LogConfig.Level, conf.LogConfig.RotateHours))
+			log.Root().SetHandler(log.NewFileLvlHandler(logFilePath, *conf.LogConfig.MaxBytesSize, *conf.LogConfig.Level, rotateHours))
 		}
 	}
 	if conf.Logger == nil {
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@ -427,6 +427,21 @@ var (
 	TestRules = TestChainConfig.Rules(new(big.Int), false, 0)
 )

+func GetBuiltInChainConfig(ghash common.Hash) *ChainConfig {
+	switch ghash {
+	case MainnetGenesisHash:
+		return MainnetChainConfig
+	case BSCGenesisHash:
+		return BSCChainConfig
+	case ChapelGenesisHash:
+		return ChapelChainConfig
+	case RialtoGenesisHash:
+		return RialtoChainConfig
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 // NetworkNames are user friendly names to use in the chain spec banner.
 var NetworkNames = map[string]string{
 	MainnetChainConfig.ChainID.String(): "mainnet",
@ -811,6 +826,15 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsShanghai(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.ShanghaiTime, time)
 }

+// IsOnShanghai returns whether currentBlockTime is either equal to the shanghai fork time or greater firstly.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsOnShanghai(currentBlockNumber *big.Int, lastBlockTime uint64, currentBlockTime uint64) bool {
+	lastBlockNumber := new(big.Int)
+	if currentBlockNumber.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) >= 0 {
+		lastBlockNumber.Sub(currentBlockNumber, big.NewInt(1))
+	}
+	return !c.IsShanghai(lastBlockNumber, lastBlockTime) && c.IsShanghai(currentBlockNumber, currentBlockTime)
+}
+
 // IsKepler returns whether time is either equal to the kepler fork time or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsKepler(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.KeplerTime, time)
@ -903,7 +927,6 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) CheckConfigForkOrder() error {
 		{name: "platoBlock", block: c.PlatoBlock},
 		{name: "hertzBlock", block: c.HertzBlock},
 		{name: "hertzfixBlock", block: c.HertzfixBlock},
-		{name: "shanghaiTime", timestamp: c.ShanghaiTime},
 		{name: "keplerTime", timestamp: c.KeplerTime},
 		{name: "feynmanTime", timestamp: c.FeynmanTime},
 		{name: "cancunTime", timestamp: c.CancunTime, optional: true},
--- a/params/version.go
+++ b/params/version.go
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	VersionMajor = 1  // Major version component of the current release
 	VersionMinor = 3  // Minor version component of the current release
-	VersionPatch = 5  // Patch version component of the current release
+	VersionPatch = 7  // Patch version component of the current release
 	VersionMeta  = "" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

--- a/rpc/types.go
+++ b/rpc/types.go
@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) Number() (BlockNumber, bool) {

 func (bnh *BlockNumberOrHash) String() string {
 	if bnh.BlockNumber != nil {
-		return strconv.Itoa(int(*bnh.BlockNumber))
+		return bnh.BlockNumber.String()
 	}
 	if bnh.BlockHash != nil {
 		return bnh.BlockHash.String()
--- a/rpc/types_test.go
+++ b/rpc/types_test.go
@ -153,3 +153,24 @@ func TestBlockNumberOrHash_WithNumber_MarshalAndUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBlockNumberOrHash_StringAndUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []BlockNumberOrHash{
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(math.MaxInt64),
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(PendingBlockNumber),
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(LatestBlockNumber),
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(EarliestBlockNumber),
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(32),
+		BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(common.Hash{0xaa}, false),
+	}
+	for _, want := range tests {
+		marshalled, _ := json.Marshal(want.String())
+		var have BlockNumberOrHash
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(marshalled, &have); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot unmarshal (%v): %v", string(marshalled), err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, have) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong result: have %v, want %v", have, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/stacktrie/trie_fuzzer.go
@ -140,9 +140,11 @@ func (f *fuzzer) fuzz() int {
 		trieA   = trie.NewEmpty(dbA)
 		spongeB = &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()}
 		dbB     = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(spongeB), nil)
-		trieB   = trie.NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
-			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(spongeB, owner, path, hash, blob, dbB.Scheme())
+
+		options = trie.NewStackTrieOptions().WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(spongeB, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, dbB.Scheme())
 		})
+		trieB       = trie.NewStackTrie(options)
 		vals        []kv
 		useful      bool
 		maxElements = 10000
@ -204,22 +206,20 @@ func (f *fuzzer) fuzz() int {

 	// Ensure all the nodes are persisted correctly
 	var (
-		nodeset = make(map[string][]byte) // path -> blob
-		trieC   = trie.NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+		nodeset  = make(map[string][]byte) // path -> blob
+		optionsC = trie.NewStackTrieOptions().WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 			if crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) != hash {
 				panic("invalid node blob")
 			}
-			if owner != (common.Hash{}) {
-				panic("invalid node owner")
-			}
 			nodeset[string(path)] = common.CopyBytes(blob)
 		})
+		trieC   = trie.NewStackTrie(optionsC)
 		checked int
 	)
 	for _, kv := range vals {
 		trieC.MustUpdate(kv.k, kv.v)
 	}
-	rootC, _ := trieC.Commit()
+	rootC := trieC.Commit()
 	if rootA != rootC {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("roots differ: (trie) %x != %x (stacktrie)", rootA, rootC))
 	}
--- a/trie/encoding.go
+++ b/trie/encoding.go
@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ func hexToCompact(hex []byte) []byte {
 	return buf
 }

-// hexToCompactInPlace places the compact key in input buffer, returning the length
-// needed for the representation
-func hexToCompactInPlace(hex []byte) int {
+// hexToCompactInPlace places the compact key in input buffer, returning the compacted key.
+func hexToCompactInPlace(hex []byte) []byte {
 	var (
 		hexLen    = len(hex) // length of the hex input
 		firstByte = byte(0)
@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ func hexToCompactInPlace(hex []byte) int {
 		hex[bi] = hex[ni]<<4 | hex[ni+1]
 	}
 	hex[0] = firstByte
-	return binLen
+	return hex[:binLen]
 }

 func compactToHex(compact []byte) []byte {
--- a/trie/encoding_test.go
+++ b/trie/encoding_test.go
@ -86,8 +86,7 @@ func TestHexToCompactInPlace(t *testing.T) {
 	} {
 		hexBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(key)
 		exp := hexToCompact(hexBytes)
-		sz := hexToCompactInPlace(hexBytes)
-		got := hexBytes[:sz]
+		got := hexToCompactInPlace(hexBytes)
 		if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) {
 			t.Fatalf("test %d: encoding err\ninp %v\ngot %x\nexp %x\n", i, key, got, exp)
 		}
@ -102,8 +101,7 @@ func TestHexToCompactInPlaceRandom(t *testing.T) {
 		hexBytes := keybytesToHex(key)
 		hexOrig := []byte(string(hexBytes))
 		exp := hexToCompact(hexBytes)
-		sz := hexToCompactInPlace(hexBytes)
-		got := hexBytes[:sz]
+		got := hexToCompactInPlace(hexBytes)

 		if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) {
 			t.Fatalf("encoding err \ncpt %x\nhex %x\ngot %x\nexp %x\n",
@ -119,6 +117,13 @@ func BenchmarkHexToCompact(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }

+func BenchmarkHexToCompactInPlace(b *testing.B) {
+	testBytes := []byte{0, 15, 1, 12, 11, 8, 16 /*term*/}
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		hexToCompactInPlace(testBytes)
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkCompactToHex(b *testing.B) {
 	testBytes := []byte{0, 15, 1, 12, 11, 8, 16 /*term*/}
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
--- a/trie/proof_test.go
+++ b/trie/proof_test.go
@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func TestRangeProofWithNonExistentProof(t *testing.T) {
 	// Special case, two edge proofs for two edge key.
 	proof := memorydb.New()
 	first := common.HexToHash("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes()
-	last := common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff").Bytes()
+	last := common.MaxHash.Bytes()
 	if err := trie.Prove(first, proof); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to prove the first node %v", err)
 	}
@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ func TestAllElementsProof(t *testing.T) {
 	// Even with non-existent edge proofs, it should still work.
 	proof = memorydb.New()
 	first := common.HexToHash("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes()
-	last := common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff").Bytes()
+	last := common.MaxHash.Bytes()
 	if err := trie.Prove(first, proof); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to prove the first node %v", err)
 	}
@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func TestReverseSingleSideRangeProof(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := trie.Prove(entries[pos].k, proof); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to prove the first node %v", err)
 			}
-			last := common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+			last := common.MaxHash
 			if err := trie.Prove(last.Bytes(), proof); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to prove the last node %v", err)
 			}
@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ func TestHasRightElement(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 		if c.end == -1 {
-			lastKey, end = common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff").Bytes(), len(entries)
+			lastKey, end = common.MaxHash.Bytes(), len(entries)
 			if err := trie.Prove(lastKey, proof); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to prove the first node %v", err)
 			}
--- a/trie/stacktrie.go
+++ b/trie/stacktrie.go
@ -17,183 +17,146 @@
 package trie

 import (
-	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 )

-var ErrCommitDisabled = errors.New("no database for committing")
+var (
+	stPool = sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(stNode) }}
+	_      = types.TrieHasher((*StackTrie)(nil))
+)

-var stPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
-		return NewStackTrie(nil)
-	},
+// StackTrieOptions contains the configured options for manipulating the stackTrie.
+type StackTrieOptions struct {
+	Writer  func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) // The function to commit the dirty nodes
+	Cleaner func(path []byte)                                // The function to clean up dangling nodes
+
+	SkipLeftBoundary  bool          // Flag whether the nodes on the left boundary are skipped for committing
+	SkipRightBoundary bool          // Flag whether the nodes on the right boundary are skipped for committing
+	boundaryGauge     metrics.Gauge // Gauge to track how many boundary nodes are met
 }

-// NodeWriteFunc is used to provide all information of a dirty node for committing
-// so that callers can flush nodes into database with desired scheme.
-type NodeWriteFunc = func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte)
+// NewStackTrieOptions initializes an empty options for stackTrie.
+func NewStackTrieOptions() *StackTrieOptions { return &StackTrieOptions{} }

-func stackTrieFromPool(writeFn NodeWriteFunc, owner common.Hash) *StackTrie {
-	st := stPool.Get().(*StackTrie)
-	st.owner = owner
-	st.writeFn = writeFn
-	return st
+// WithWriter configures trie node writer within the options.
+func (o *StackTrieOptions) WithWriter(writer func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte)) *StackTrieOptions {
+	o.Writer = writer
+	return o
 }

-func returnToPool(st *StackTrie) {
-	st.Reset()
-	stPool.Put(st)
+// WithCleaner configures the cleaner in the option for removing dangling nodes.
+func (o *StackTrieOptions) WithCleaner(cleaner func(path []byte)) *StackTrieOptions {
+	o.Cleaner = cleaner
+	return o
+}
+
+// WithSkipBoundary configures whether the left and right boundary nodes are
+// filtered for committing, along with a gauge metrics to track how many
+// boundary nodes are met.
+func (o *StackTrieOptions) WithSkipBoundary(skipLeft, skipRight bool, gauge metrics.Gauge) *StackTrieOptions {
+	o.SkipLeftBoundary = skipLeft
+	o.SkipRightBoundary = skipRight
+	o.boundaryGauge = gauge
+	return o
 }

 // StackTrie is a trie implementation that expects keys to be inserted
 // in order. Once it determines that a subtree will no longer be inserted
 // into, it will hash it and free up the memory it uses.
 type StackTrie struct {
-	owner    common.Hash    // the owner of the trie
-	nodeType uint8          // node type (as in branch, ext, leaf)
-	val      []byte         // value contained by this node if it's a leaf
-	key      []byte         // key chunk covered by this (leaf|ext) node
-	children [16]*StackTrie // list of children (for branch and exts)
-	writeFn  NodeWriteFunc  // function for committing nodes, can be nil
+	options *StackTrieOptions
+	root    *stNode
+	h       *hasher
+
+	first []byte // The (hex-encoded without terminator) key of first inserted entry, tracked as left boundary.
+	last  []byte // The (hex-encoded without terminator) key of last inserted entry, tracked as right boundary.
 }

 // NewStackTrie allocates and initializes an empty trie.
-func NewStackTrie(writeFn NodeWriteFunc) *StackTrie {
+func NewStackTrie(options *StackTrieOptions) *StackTrie {
+	if options == nil {
+		options = NewStackTrieOptions()
+	}
 	return &StackTrie{
-		nodeType: emptyNode,
-		writeFn:  writeFn,
+		options: options,
+		root:    stPool.Get().(*stNode),
+		h:       newHasher(false),
 	}
 }

-// NewStackTrieWithOwner allocates and initializes an empty trie, but with
-// the additional owner field.
-func NewStackTrieWithOwner(writeFn NodeWriteFunc, owner common.Hash) *StackTrie {
-	return &StackTrie{
-		owner:    owner,
-		nodeType: emptyNode,
-		writeFn:  writeFn,
+// Update inserts a (key, value) pair into the stack trie.
+func (t *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
+	k := keybytesToHex(key)
+	if len(value) == 0 {
+		panic("deletion not supported")
 	}
-}
+	k = k[:len(k)-1] // chop the termination flag

-// NewFromBinary initialises a serialized stacktrie with the given db.
-func NewFromBinary(data []byte, writeFn NodeWriteFunc) (*StackTrie, error) {
-	var st StackTrie
-	if err := st.UnmarshalBinary(data); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	// track the first and last inserted entries.
+	if t.first == nil {
+		t.first = append([]byte{}, k...)
 	}
-	// If a database is used, we need to recursively add it to every child
-	if writeFn != nil {
-		st.setWriter(writeFn)
-	}
-	return &st, nil
-}
-
-// MarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryMarshaler
-func (st *StackTrie) MarshalBinary() (data []byte, err error) {
-	var (
-		b bytes.Buffer
-		w = bufio.NewWriter(&b)
-	)
-	if err := gob.NewEncoder(w).Encode(struct {
-		Owner    common.Hash
-		NodeType uint8
-		Val      []byte
-		Key      []byte
-	}{
-		st.owner,
-		st.nodeType,
-		st.val,
-		st.key,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	for _, child := range st.children {
-		if child == nil {
-			w.WriteByte(0)
-			continue
-		}
-		w.WriteByte(1)
-		if childData, err := child.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		} else {
-			w.Write(childData)
-		}
-	}
-	w.Flush()
-	return b.Bytes(), nil
-}
-
-// UnmarshalBinary implements encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler
-func (st *StackTrie) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
-	r := bytes.NewReader(data)
-	return st.unmarshalBinary(r)
-}
-
-func (st *StackTrie) unmarshalBinary(r io.Reader) error {
-	var dec struct {
-		Owner    common.Hash
-		NodeType uint8
-		Val      []byte
-		Key      []byte
-	}
-	if err := gob.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&dec); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	st.owner = dec.Owner
-	st.nodeType = dec.NodeType
-	st.val = dec.Val
-	st.key = dec.Key
-
-	var hasChild = make([]byte, 1)
-	for i := range st.children {
-		if _, err := r.Read(hasChild); err != nil {
-			return err
-		} else if hasChild[0] == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		var child StackTrie
-		if err := child.unmarshalBinary(r); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		st.children[i] = &child
+	if t.last == nil {
+		t.last = append([]byte{}, k...) // allocate key slice
+	} else {
+		t.last = append(t.last[:0], k...) // reuse key slice
 	}
+	t.insert(t.root, k, value, nil)
 	return nil
 }

-func (st *StackTrie) setWriter(writeFn NodeWriteFunc) {
-	st.writeFn = writeFn
-	for _, child := range st.children {
-		if child != nil {
-			child.setWriter(writeFn)
-		}
+// MustUpdate is a wrapper of Update and will omit any encountered error but
+// just print out an error message.
+func (t *StackTrie) MustUpdate(key, value []byte) {
+	if err := t.Update(key, value); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unhandled trie error in StackTrie.Update", "err", err)
 	}
 }

-func newLeaf(owner common.Hash, key, val []byte, writeFn NodeWriteFunc) *StackTrie {
-	st := stackTrieFromPool(writeFn, owner)
-	st.nodeType = leafNode
+// Reset resets the stack trie object to empty state.
+func (t *StackTrie) Reset() {
+	t.options = NewStackTrieOptions()
+	t.root = stPool.Get().(*stNode)
+	t.first = nil
+	t.last = nil
+}
+
+// stNode represents a node within a StackTrie
+type stNode struct {
+	typ      uint8       // node type (as in branch, ext, leaf)
+	key      []byte      // key chunk covered by this (leaf|ext) node
+	val      []byte      // value contained by this node if it's a leaf
+	children [16]*stNode // list of children (for branch and exts)
+}
+
+// newLeaf constructs a leaf node with provided node key and value. The key
+// will be deep-copied in the function and safe to modify afterwards, but
+// value is not.
+func newLeaf(key, val []byte) *stNode {
+	st := stPool.Get().(*stNode)
+	st.typ = leafNode
 	st.key = append(st.key, key...)
 	st.val = val
 	return st
 }

-func newExt(owner common.Hash, key []byte, child *StackTrie, writeFn NodeWriteFunc) *StackTrie {
-	st := stackTrieFromPool(writeFn, owner)
-	st.nodeType = extNode
+// newExt constructs an extension node with provided node key and child. The
+// key will be deep-copied in the function and safe to modify afterwards.
+func newExt(key []byte, child *stNode) *stNode {
+	st := stPool.Get().(*stNode)
+	st.typ = extNode
 	st.key = append(st.key, key...)
 	st.children[0] = child
 	return st
 }

-// List all values that StackTrie#nodeType can hold
+// List all values that stNode#nodeType can hold
 const (
 	emptyNode = iota
 	branchNode
@ -202,59 +165,40 @@ const (
 	hashedNode
 )

-// Update inserts a (key, value) pair into the stack trie.
-func (st *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
-	k := keybytesToHex(key)
-	if len(value) == 0 {
-		panic("deletion not supported")
+func (n *stNode) reset() *stNode {
+	n.key = n.key[:0]
+	n.val = nil
+	for i := range n.children {
+		n.children[i] = nil
 	}
-	st.insert(k[:len(k)-1], value, nil)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// MustUpdate is a wrapper of Update and will omit any encountered error but
-// just print out an error message.
-func (st *StackTrie) MustUpdate(key, value []byte) {
-	if err := st.Update(key, value); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Unhandled trie error in StackTrie.Update", "err", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func (st *StackTrie) Reset() {
-	st.owner = common.Hash{}
-	st.writeFn = nil
-	st.key = st.key[:0]
-	st.val = nil
-	for i := range st.children {
-		st.children[i] = nil
-	}
-	st.nodeType = emptyNode
+	n.typ = emptyNode
+	return n
 }

 // Helper function that, given a full key, determines the index
 // at which the chunk pointed by st.keyOffset is different from
 // the same chunk in the full key.
-func (st *StackTrie) getDiffIndex(key []byte) int {
-	for idx, nibble := range st.key {
+func (n *stNode) getDiffIndex(key []byte) int {
+	for idx, nibble := range n.key {
 		if nibble != key[idx] {
 			return idx
 		}
 	}
-	return len(st.key)
+	return len(n.key)
 }

 // Helper function to that inserts a (key, value) pair into
 // the trie.
-func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
-	switch st.nodeType {
+func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
+	switch st.typ {
 	case branchNode: /* Branch */
 		idx := int(key[0])

 		// Unresolve elder siblings
 		for i := idx - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 			if st.children[i] != nil {
-				if st.children[i].nodeType != hashedNode {
-					st.children[i].hash(append(prefix, byte(i)))
+				if st.children[i].typ != hashedNode {
+					t.hash(st.children[i], append(path, byte(i)))
 				}
 				break
 			}
@ -262,9 +206,9 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {

 		// Add new child
 		if st.children[idx] == nil {
-			st.children[idx] = newLeaf(st.owner, key[1:], value, st.writeFn)
+			st.children[idx] = newLeaf(key[1:], value)
 		} else {
-			st.children[idx].insert(key[1:], value, append(prefix, key[0]))
+			t.insert(st.children[idx], key[1:], value, append(path, key[0]))
 		}

 	case extNode: /* Ext */
@ -279,46 +223,46 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
 		if diffidx == len(st.key) {
 			// Ext key and key segment are identical, recurse into
 			// the child node.
-			st.children[0].insert(key[diffidx:], value, append(prefix, key[:diffidx]...))
+			t.insert(st.children[0], key[diffidx:], value, append(path, key[:diffidx]...))
 			return
 		}
 		// Save the original part. Depending if the break is
 		// at the extension's last byte or not, create an
 		// intermediate extension or use the extension's child
 		// node directly.
-		var n *StackTrie
+		var n *stNode
 		if diffidx < len(st.key)-1 {
 			// Break on the non-last byte, insert an intermediate
 			// extension. The path prefix of the newly-inserted
 			// extension should also contain the different byte.
-			n = newExt(st.owner, st.key[diffidx+1:], st.children[0], st.writeFn)
-			n.hash(append(prefix, st.key[:diffidx+1]...))
+			n = newExt(st.key[diffidx+1:], st.children[0])
+			t.hash(n, append(path, st.key[:diffidx+1]...))
 		} else {
 			// Break on the last byte, no need to insert
 			// an extension node: reuse the current node.
 			// The path prefix of the original part should
 			// still be same.
 			n = st.children[0]
-			n.hash(append(prefix, st.key...))
+			t.hash(n, append(path, st.key...))
 		}
-		var p *StackTrie
+		var p *stNode
 		if diffidx == 0 {
 			// the break is on the first byte, so
 			// the current node is converted into
 			// a branch node.
 			st.children[0] = nil
 			p = st
-			st.nodeType = branchNode
+			st.typ = branchNode
 		} else {
 			// the common prefix is at least one byte
 			// long, insert a new intermediate branch
 			// node.
-			st.children[0] = stackTrieFromPool(st.writeFn, st.owner)
-			st.children[0].nodeType = branchNode
+			st.children[0] = stPool.Get().(*stNode)
+			st.children[0].typ = branchNode
 			p = st.children[0]
 		}
 		// Create a leaf for the inserted part
-		o := newLeaf(st.owner, key[diffidx+1:], value, st.writeFn)
+		o := newLeaf(key[diffidx+1:], value)

 		// Insert both child leaves where they belong:
 		origIdx := st.key[diffidx]
@ -344,18 +288,18 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
 		// Check if the split occurs at the first nibble of the
 		// chunk. In that case, no prefix extnode is necessary.
 		// Otherwise, create that
-		var p *StackTrie
+		var p *stNode
 		if diffidx == 0 {
 			// Convert current leaf into a branch
-			st.nodeType = branchNode
+			st.typ = branchNode
 			p = st
 			st.children[0] = nil
 		} else {
 			// Convert current node into an ext,
 			// and insert a child branch node.
-			st.nodeType = extNode
-			st.children[0] = NewStackTrieWithOwner(st.writeFn, st.owner)
-			st.children[0].nodeType = branchNode
+			st.typ = extNode
+			st.children[0] = stPool.Get().(*stNode)
+			st.children[0].typ = branchNode
 			p = st.children[0]
 		}

@ -363,11 +307,11 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
 		// value and another containing the new value. The child leaf
 		// is hashed directly in order to free up some memory.
 		origIdx := st.key[diffidx]
-		p.children[origIdx] = newLeaf(st.owner, st.key[diffidx+1:], st.val, st.writeFn)
-		p.children[origIdx].hash(append(prefix, st.key[:diffidx+1]...))
+		p.children[origIdx] = newLeaf(st.key[diffidx+1:], st.val)
+		t.hash(p.children[origIdx], append(path, st.key[:diffidx+1]...))

 		newIdx := key[diffidx]
-		p.children[newIdx] = newLeaf(st.owner, key[diffidx+1:], value, st.writeFn)
+		p.children[newIdx] = newLeaf(key[diffidx+1:], value)

 		// Finally, cut off the key part that has been passed
 		// over to the children.
@ -375,7 +319,7 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
 		st.val = nil

 	case emptyNode: /* Empty */
-		st.nodeType = leafNode
+		st.typ = leafNode
 		st.key = key
 		st.val = value

@ -398,25 +342,19 @@ func (st *StackTrie) insert(key, value []byte, prefix []byte) {
 //   - And the 'st.type' will be 'hashedNode' AGAIN
 //
 // This method also sets 'st.type' to hashedNode, and clears 'st.key'.
-func (st *StackTrie) hash(path []byte) {
-	h := newHasher(false)
-	defer returnHasherToPool(h)
-
-	st.hashRec(h, path)
-}
-
-func (st *StackTrie) hashRec(hasher *hasher, path []byte) {
-	// The switch below sets this to the RLP-encoding of this node.
-	var encodedNode []byte
-
-	switch st.nodeType {
+func (t *StackTrie) hash(st *stNode, path []byte) {
+	var (
+		blob     []byte   // RLP-encoded node blob
+		internal [][]byte // List of node paths covered by the extension node
+	)
+	switch st.typ {
 	case hashedNode:
 		return

 	case emptyNode:
 		st.val = types.EmptyRootHash.Bytes()
 		st.key = st.key[:0]
-		st.nodeType = hashedNode
+		st.typ = hashedNode
 		return

 	case branchNode:
@ -426,109 +364,113 @@ func (st *StackTrie) hashRec(hasher *hasher, path []byte) {
 				nodes.Children[i] = nilValueNode
 				continue
 			}
-			child.hashRec(hasher, append(path, byte(i)))
+			t.hash(child, append(path, byte(i)))
+
 			if len(child.val) < 32 {
 				nodes.Children[i] = rawNode(child.val)
 			} else {
 				nodes.Children[i] = hashNode(child.val)
 			}
-
-			// Release child back to pool.
 			st.children[i] = nil
-			returnToPool(child)
+			stPool.Put(child.reset()) // Release child back to pool.
 		}
-
-		nodes.encode(hasher.encbuf)
-		encodedNode = hasher.encodedBytes()
+		nodes.encode(t.h.encbuf)
+		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()

 	case extNode:
-		st.children[0].hashRec(hasher, append(path, st.key...))
+		// recursively hash and commit child as the first step
+		t.hash(st.children[0], append(path, st.key...))

-		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompact(st.key)}
+		// Collect the path of internal nodes between shortNode and its **in disk**
+		// child. This is essential in the case of path mode scheme to avoid leaving
+		// danging nodes within the range of this internal path on disk, which would
+		// break the guarantee for state healing.
+		if len(st.children[0].val) >= 32 && t.options.Cleaner != nil {
+			for i := 1; i < len(st.key); i++ {
+				internal = append(internal, append(path, st.key[:i]...))
+			}
+		}
+		// encode the extension node
+		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompactInPlace(st.key)}
 		if len(st.children[0].val) < 32 {
 			n.Val = rawNode(st.children[0].val)
 		} else {
 			n.Val = hashNode(st.children[0].val)
 		}
+		n.encode(t.h.encbuf)
+		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()

-		n.encode(hasher.encbuf)
-		encodedNode = hasher.encodedBytes()
-
-		// Release child back to pool.
-		returnToPool(st.children[0])
+		stPool.Put(st.children[0].reset()) // Release child back to pool.
 		st.children[0] = nil

 	case leafNode:
 		st.key = append(st.key, byte(16))
-		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompact(st.key), Val: valueNode(st.val)}
+		n := shortNode{Key: hexToCompactInPlace(st.key), Val: valueNode(st.val)}

-		n.encode(hasher.encbuf)
-		encodedNode = hasher.encodedBytes()
+		n.encode(t.h.encbuf)
+		blob = t.h.encodedBytes()

 	default:
 		panic("invalid node type")
 	}

-	st.nodeType = hashedNode
+	st.typ = hashedNode
 	st.key = st.key[:0]
-	if len(encodedNode) < 32 {
-		st.val = common.CopyBytes(encodedNode)
+
+	// Skip committing the non-root node if the size is smaller than 32 bytes.
+	if len(blob) < 32 && len(path) > 0 {
+		st.val = common.CopyBytes(blob)
 		return
 	}
-
 	// Write the hash to the 'val'. We allocate a new val here to not mutate
-	// input values
-	st.val = hasher.hashData(encodedNode)
-	if st.writeFn != nil {
-		st.writeFn(st.owner, path, common.BytesToHash(st.val), encodedNode)
+	// input values.
+	st.val = t.h.hashData(blob)
+
+	// Short circuit if the stack trie is not configured for writing.
+	if t.options.Writer == nil {
+		return
 	}
+	// Skip committing if the node is on the left boundary and stackTrie is
+	// configured to filter the boundary.
+	if t.options.SkipLeftBoundary && bytes.HasPrefix(t.first, path) {
+		if t.options.boundaryGauge != nil {
+			t.options.boundaryGauge.Inc(1)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// Skip committing if the node is on the right boundary and stackTrie is
+	// configured to filter the boundary.
+	if t.options.SkipRightBoundary && bytes.HasPrefix(t.last, path) {
+		if t.options.boundaryGauge != nil {
+			t.options.boundaryGauge.Inc(1)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// Clean up the internal dangling nodes covered by the extension node.
+	// This should be done before writing the node to adhere to the committing
+	// order from bottom to top.
+	for _, path := range internal {
+		t.options.Cleaner(path)
+	}
+	t.options.Writer(path, common.BytesToHash(st.val), blob)
 }

-// Hash returns the hash of the current node.
-func (st *StackTrie) Hash() (h common.Hash) {
-	hasher := newHasher(false)
-	defer returnHasherToPool(hasher)
-
-	st.hashRec(hasher, nil)
-	if len(st.val) == 32 {
-		copy(h[:], st.val)
-		return h
-	}
-	// If the node's RLP isn't 32 bytes long, the node will not
-	// be hashed, and instead contain the  rlp-encoding of the
-	// node. For the top level node, we need to force the hashing.
-	hasher.sha.Reset()
-	hasher.sha.Write(st.val)
-	hasher.sha.Read(h[:])
-	return h
-}
-
-// Commit will firstly hash the entire trie if it's still not hashed
-// and then commit all nodes to the associated database. Actually most
-// of the trie nodes MAY have been committed already. The main purpose
-// here is to commit the root node.
+// Hash will firstly hash the entire trie if it's still not hashed and then commit
+// all nodes to the associated database. Actually most of the trie nodes have been
+// committed already. The main purpose here is to commit the nodes on right boundary.
 //
-// The associated database is expected, otherwise the whole commit
-// functionality should be disabled.
-func (st *StackTrie) Commit() (h common.Hash, err error) {
-	if st.writeFn == nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, ErrCommitDisabled
-	}
-	hasher := newHasher(false)
-	defer returnHasherToPool(hasher)
-
-	st.hashRec(hasher, nil)
-	if len(st.val) == 32 {
-		copy(h[:], st.val)
-		return h, nil
-	}
-	// If the node's RLP isn't 32 bytes long, the node will not
-	// be hashed (and committed), and instead contain the rlp-encoding of the
-	// node. For the top level node, we need to force the hashing+commit.
-	hasher.sha.Reset()
-	hasher.sha.Write(st.val)
-	hasher.sha.Read(h[:])
-
-	st.writeFn(st.owner, nil, h, st.val)
-	return h, nil
+// For stack trie, Hash and Commit are functionally identical.
+func (t *StackTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
+	n := t.root
+	t.hash(n, nil)
+	return common.BytesToHash(n.val)
+}
+
+// Commit will firstly hash the entire trie if it's still not hashed and then commit
+// all nodes to the associated database. Actually most of the trie nodes have been
+// committed already. The main purpose here is to commit the nodes on right boundary.
+//
+// For stack trie, Hash and Commit are functionally identical.
+func (t *StackTrie) Commit() common.Hash {
+	return t.Hash()
 }
--- a/trie/stacktrie_test.go
+++ b/trie/stacktrie_test.go
@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/testutil"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )

 func TestStackTrieInsertAndHash(t *testing.T) {
@ -166,12 +169,11 @@ func TestStackTrieInsertAndHash(t *testing.T) {
 			{"13aa", "x___________________________3", "ff0dc70ce2e5db90ee42a4c2ad12139596b890e90eb4e16526ab38fa465b35cf"},
 		},
 	}
-	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
 	for i, test := range tests {
 		// The StackTrie does not allow Insert(), Hash(), Insert(), ...
 		// so we will create new trie for every sequence length of inserts.
 		for l := 1; l <= len(test); l++ {
-			st.Reset()
+			st := NewStackTrie(nil)
 			for j := 0; j < l; j++ {
 				kv := &test[j]
 				if err := st.Update(common.FromHex(kv.K), []byte(kv.V)); err != nil {
@ -346,47 +348,86 @@ func TestStacktrieNotModifyValues(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestStacktrieSerialization tests that the stacktrie works well if we
-// serialize/unserialize it a lot
-func TestStacktrieSerialization(t *testing.T) {
+func buildPartialTree(entries []*kv, t *testing.T) map[string]common.Hash {
 	var (
-		st       = NewStackTrie(nil)
-		nt       = NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
-		keyB     = big.NewInt(1)
-		keyDelta = big.NewInt(1)
-		vals     [][]byte
-		keys     [][]byte
+		options = NewStackTrieOptions()
+		nodes   = make(map[string]common.Hash)
 	)
-	getValue := func(i int) []byte {
-		if i%2 == 0 { // large
-			return crypto.Keccak256(big.NewInt(int64(i)).Bytes())
-		} else { //small
-			return big.NewInt(int64(i)).Bytes()
-		}
-	}
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		vals = append(vals, getValue(i))
-		keys = append(keys, common.BigToHash(keyB).Bytes())
-		keyB = keyB.Add(keyB, keyDelta)
-		keyDelta.Add(keyDelta, common.Big1)
-	}
-	for i, k := range keys {
-		nt.Update(k, common.CopyBytes(vals[i]))
-	}
+	var (
+		first int
+		last  = len(entries) - 1

-	for i, k := range keys {
-		blob, err := st.MarshalBinary()
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
+		noLeft  bool
+		noRight bool
+	)
+	// Enter split mode if there are at least two elements
+	if rand.Intn(5) != 0 {
+		for {
+			first = rand.Intn(len(entries))
+			last = rand.Intn(len(entries))
+			if first <= last {
+				break
+			}
 		}
-		newSt, err := NewFromBinary(blob, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
+		if first != 0 {
+			noLeft = true
+		}
+		if last != len(entries)-1 {
+			noRight = true
 		}
-		st = newSt
-		st.Update(k, common.CopyBytes(vals[i]))
 	}
-	if have, want := st.Hash(), nt.Hash(); have != want {
-		t.Fatalf("have %#x want %#x", have, want)
+	options = options.WithSkipBoundary(noLeft, noRight, nil)
+	options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+		nodes[string(path)] = hash
+	})
+	tr := NewStackTrie(options)
+
+	for i := first; i <= last; i++ {
+		tr.MustUpdate(entries[i].k, entries[i].v)
+	}
+	tr.Commit()
+	return nodes
+}
+
+func TestPartialStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
+	for round := 0; round < 100; round++ {
+		var (
+			n       = rand.Intn(100) + 1
+			entries []*kv
+		)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			var val []byte
+			if rand.Intn(3) == 0 {
+				val = testutil.RandBytes(3)
+			} else {
+				val = testutil.RandBytes(32)
+			}
+			entries = append(entries, &kv{
+				k: testutil.RandBytes(32),
+				v: val,
+			})
+		}
+		slices.SortFunc(entries, (*kv).cmp)
+
+		var (
+			nodes   = make(map[string]common.Hash)
+			options = NewStackTrieOptions().WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+				nodes[string(path)] = hash
+			})
+		)
+		tr := NewStackTrie(options)
+
+		for i := 0; i < len(entries); i++ {
+			tr.MustUpdate(entries[i].k, entries[i].v)
+		}
+		tr.Commit()
+
+		for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+			for path, hash := range buildPartialTree(entries, t) {
+				if nodes[path] != hash {
+					t.Errorf("%v, want %x, got %x", []byte(path), nodes[path], hash)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 }
--- a/trie/sync.go
+++ b/trie/sync.go
@ -51,6 +51,18 @@ var (
 	// lookupGauge is the metric to track how many trie node lookups are
 	// performed to determine if node needs to be deleted.
 	lookupGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/sync/lookup", nil)
+
+	// accountNodeSyncedGauge is the metric to track how many account trie
+	// node are written during the sync.
+	accountNodeSyncedGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/sync/nodes/account", nil)
+
+	// storageNodeSyncedGauge is the metric to track how many account trie
+	// node are written during the sync.
+	storageNodeSyncedGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/sync/nodes/storage", nil)
+
+	// codeSyncedGauge is the metric to track how many contract codes are
+	// written during the sync.
+	codeSyncedGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/sync/codes", nil)
 )

 // SyncPath is a path tuple identifying a particular trie node either in a single
@ -362,10 +374,22 @@ func (s *Sync) ProcessNode(result NodeSyncResult) error {
 // storage, returning any occurred error.
 func (s *Sync) Commit(dbw ethdb.Batch) error {
 	// Flush the pending node writes into database batch.
+	var (
+		account int
+		storage int
+	)
 	for path, value := range s.membatch.nodes {
 		owner, inner := ResolvePath([]byte(path))
+		if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+			account += 1
+		} else {
+			storage += 1
+		}
 		rawdb.WriteTrieNode(dbw, owner, inner, s.membatch.hashes[path], value, s.scheme)
 	}
+	accountNodeSyncedGauge.Inc(int64(account))
+	storageNodeSyncedGauge.Inc(int64(storage))
+
 	// Flush the pending node deletes into the database batch.
 	// Please note that each written and deleted node has a
 	// unique path, ensuring no duplication occurs.
@ -377,6 +401,8 @@ func (s *Sync) Commit(dbw ethdb.Batch) error {
 	for hash, value := range s.membatch.codes {
 		rawdb.WriteCode(dbw, hash, value)
 	}
+	codeSyncedGauge.Inc(int64(len(s.membatch.codes)))
+
 	s.membatch = newSyncMemBatch() // reset the batch
 	return nil
 }
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@ -908,9 +908,12 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 		trie := NewEmpty(db)
 		// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
 		stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "b"}
-		stTrie := NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
-			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, owner, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
+
+		options := NewStackTrieOptions()
+		options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
 		})
+		stTrie := NewStackTrie(options)
 		// Fill the trie with elements
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			// For the stack trie, we need to do inserts in proper order
@ -933,10 +936,7 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
 		db.Commit(root, false)
 		// And flush stacktrie -> disk
-		stRoot, err := stTrie.Commit()
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit stack trie %v", err)
-		}
+		stRoot := stTrie.Commit()
 		if stRoot != root {
 			t.Fatalf("root wrong, got %x exp %x", stRoot, root)
 		}
@ -967,9 +967,12 @@ func TestCommitSequenceSmallRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
 	stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "b"}
-	stTrie := NewStackTrie(func(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
-		rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, owner, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
+
+	options := NewStackTrieOptions()
+	options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
+		rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
 	})
+	stTrie := NewStackTrie(options)
 	// Add a single small-element to the trie(s)
 	key := make([]byte, 5)
 	key[0] = 1
@ -981,10 +984,7 @@ func TestCommitSequenceSmallRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
 	db.Commit(root, false)
 	// And flush stacktrie -> disk
-	stRoot, err := stTrie.Commit()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to commit stack trie %v", err)
-	}
+	stRoot := stTrie.Commit()
 	if stRoot != root {
 		t.Fatalf("root wrong, got %x exp %x", stRoot, root)
 	}
--- a/trie/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/trie/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@ -571,7 +571,16 @@ func truncateFromHead(db ethdb.Batcher, freezer *rawdb.ResettableFreezer, nhead
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if ohead <= nhead {
+	otail, err := freezer.Tail()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the specified range.
+	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", otail, ohead, nhead)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
+	if ohead == nhead {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
 	// Load the meta objects in range [nhead+1, ohead]
@ -600,11 +609,20 @@ func truncateFromHead(db ethdb.Batcher, freezer *rawdb.ResettableFreezer, nhead
 // truncateFromTail removes the extra state histories from the tail with the given
 // parameters. It returns the number of items removed from the tail.
 func truncateFromTail(db ethdb.Batcher, freezer *rawdb.ResettableFreezer, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
+	ohead, err := freezer.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	otail, err := freezer.Tail()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if otail >= ntail {
+	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the specified range.
+	if otail > ntail || ntail > ohead {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", otail, ohead, ntail)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
+	if otail == ntail {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
 	// Load the meta objects in range [otail+1, ntail]
--- a/trie/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
+++ b/trie/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
@ -224,6 +224,50 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistories(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		hs         = makeHistories(10)
+		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		freezer, _ = openFreezer(t.TempDir(), false)
+	)
+	defer freezer.Close()
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(hs); i++ {
+		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
+		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
+		rawdb.WriteStateID(db, hs[i].meta.root, uint64(i+1))
+	}
+	truncateFromTail(db, freezer, uint64(len(hs)/2))
+
+	// Ensure of-out-range truncations are rejected correctly.
+	head, _ := freezer.Ancients()
+	tail, _ := freezer.Tail()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		mode   int
+		target uint64
+		expErr error
+	}{
+		{0, head, nil}, // nothing to delete
+		{0, head + 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, head+1)},
+		{0, tail - 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, tail-1)},
+		{1, tail, nil}, // nothing to delete
+		{1, head + 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, head+1)},
+		{1, tail - 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, tail-1)},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		var gotErr error
+		if c.mode == 0 {
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(db, freezer, c.target)
+		} else {
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(db, freezer, c.target)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotErr, c.expErr) {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected error, want: %v, got: %v", c.expErr, gotErr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // openFreezer initializes the freezer instance for storing state histories.
 func openFreezer(datadir string, readOnly bool) (*rawdb.ResettableFreezer, error) {
 	return rawdb.NewStateFreezer(datadir, readOnly, 0)