go-ethereum/accounts/scwallet/wallet.go

// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package scwallet

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/hmac"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/sha512"
	"encoding/asn1"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/big"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/ebfe/scard"
	ethereum "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/secp256k1"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
)

var (
	appletAID               = []byte{0x53, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x75, 0x73, 0x57, 0x61, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x65, 0x74, 0x41, 0x70, 0x70}
	AlreadyOpenError        = errors.New("Wallet already open")
	PairingRequiredError    = errors.New("Pairing required with personal.openWallet(puk)")
	PinRequiredError        = errors.New("Must unlock with personal.openWallet(pin)")
	PubkeyMismatchError     = errors.New("Could not recover matching public key from signature")
	WalletChangedError      = errors.New("Smartcard has been changed")
	DerivationSignatureHash = sha256.Sum256([]byte("STATUS KEY DERIVATION"))
)

const (
	claSCWallet           = 0x80
	insVerifyPin          = 0x20
	insExportKey          = 0xC2
	insSign               = 0xC0
	insLoadKey            = 0xD0
	insDeriveKey          = 0xD1
	insStatus             = 0xF2
	deriveP1Assisted      = uint8(0x01)
	deriveP1Append        = uint8(0x80)
	deriveP2KeyPath       = uint8(0x00)
	deriveP2PublicKey     = uint8(0x01)
	statusP1WalletStatus  = uint8(0x00)
	statusP1Path          = uint8(0x01)
	signP1PrecomputedHash = uint8(0x01)
	signP2OnlyBlock       = uint8(0x81)
	exportP1Any           = uint8(0x00)
	exportP2Pubkey        = uint8(0x01)

	// Minimum time to wait between self derivation attempts, even it the user is
	// requesting accounts like crazy.
	selfDeriveThrottling = time.Second
)

// Wallet represents a smartcard wallet instance.
type Wallet struct {
	Hub       *Hub   // A handle to the Hub that instantiated this wallet.
	PublicKey []byte // The wallet's public key (used for communication and identification, not signing!)

	lock           sync.Mutex                // Lock that gates access to struct fields and communication with the card
	card           *scard.Card               // A handle to the smartcard interface for the wallet.
	session        *Session                  // The secure communication session with the card
	log            log.Logger                // Contextual logger to tag the base with its id
	deriveNextPath accounts.DerivationPath   // Next derivation path for account auto-discovery
	deriveNextAddr common.Address            // Next derived account address for auto-discovery
	deriveChain    ethereum.ChainStateReader // Blockchain state reader to discover used account with
	deriveReq      chan chan struct{}        // Channel to request a self-derivation on
	deriveQuit     chan chan error           // Channel to terminate the self-deriver with
}

// NewWallet constructs and returns a new Wallet instance.
func NewWallet(hub *Hub, card *scard.Card) *Wallet {
	wallet := &Wallet{
		Hub:  hub,
		card: card,
	}
	return wallet
}

// transmit sends an APDU to the smartcard and receives and decodes the response.
// It automatically handles requests by the card to fetch the return data separately,
// and returns an error if the response status code is not success.
func transmit(card *scard.Card, command *CommandAPDU) (*ResponseAPDU, error) {
	data, err := command.serialize()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	responseData, err := card.Transmit(data)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	response := new(ResponseAPDU)
	if err = response.deserialize(responseData); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Are we being asked to fetch the response separately?
	if response.Sw1 == sw1GetResponse && (command.Cla != claISO7816 || command.Ins != insGetResponse) {
		return transmit(card, &CommandAPDU{
			Cla:  claISO7816,
			Ins:  insGetResponse,
			P1:   0,
			P2:   0,
			Data: nil,
			Le:   response.Sw2,
		})
	}

	if response.Sw1 != sw1Ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unexpected insecure response status Cla=0x%x, Ins=0x%x, Sw=0x%x%x", command.Cla, command.Ins, response.Sw1, response.Sw2)
	}

	return response, nil
}

// applicationInfo encodes information about the smartcard application - its
// instance UID and public key.
type applicationInfo struct {
	InstanceUID []byte `asn1:"tag:15"`
	PublicKey   []byte `asn1:"tag:0"`
}

// connect connects to the wallet application and establishes a secure channel with it.
// must be called before any other interaction with the wallet.
func (w *Wallet) connect() error {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	appinfo, err := w.doselect()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	channel, err := NewSecureChannelSession(w.card, appinfo.PublicKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	w.PublicKey = appinfo.PublicKey
	w.log = log.New("url", w.URL())
	w.session = &Session{
		Wallet:  w,
		Channel: channel,
	}
	return nil
}

// doselect is an internal (unlocked) function to send a SELECT APDU to the card.
func (w *Wallet) doselect() (*applicationInfo, error) {
	response, err := transmit(w.card, &CommandAPDU{
		Cla:  claISO7816,
		Ins:  insSelect,
		P1:   4,
		P2:   0,
		Data: appletAID,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	appinfo := new(applicationInfo)
	if _, err := asn1.UnmarshalWithParams(response.Data, appinfo, "tag:4"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return appinfo, nil
}

// ping checks the card's status and returns an error if unsuccessful.
func (w *Wallet) ping() error {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	if !w.session.paired() {
		// We can't ping if not paired
		return nil
	}

	_, err := w.session.getWalletStatus()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// release releases any resources held by an open wallet instance.
func (w *Wallet) release() error {
	if w.session != nil {
		return w.session.release()
	}
	return nil
}

// pair is an internal (unlocked) function for establishing a new pairing
// with the wallet.
func (w *Wallet) pair(puk []byte) error {
	if w.session.paired() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Wallet already paired")
	}

	pairing, err := w.session.pair(puk)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err = w.Hub.setPairing(w, &pairing); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return w.session.authenticate(pairing)
}

// Unpair deletes an existing wallet pairing.
func (w *Wallet) Unpair(pin []byte) error {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	if !w.session.paired() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Wallet %x not paired", w.PublicKey)
	}

	if err := w.session.verifyPin(pin); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying pin: %s", err)
	}

	if err := w.session.unpair(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Error unpairing: %s", err)
	}

	if err := w.Hub.setPairing(w, nil); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// URL retrieves the canonical path under which this wallet is reachable. It is
// user by upper layers to define a sorting order over all wallets from multiple
// backends.
func (w *Wallet) URL() accounts.URL {
	return accounts.URL{
		Scheme: w.Hub.scheme,
		Path:   fmt.Sprintf("%x", w.PublicKey[1:3]),
	}
}

// Status returns a textual status to aid the user in the current state of the
// wallet. It also returns an error indicating any failure the wallet might have
// encountered.
func (w *Wallet) Status() (string, error) {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	if !w.session.paired() {
		return "Unpaired", nil
	}

	status, err := w.session.getWalletStatus()
	if err != nil {
		return "Error", err
	}

	if w.session.verified {
		return fmt.Sprintf("Open, %s", status), nil
	} else {
		return fmt.Sprintf("Locked, %s", status), nil
	}
}

// Open initializes access to a wallet instance. It is not meant to unlock or
// decrypt account keys, rather simply to establish a connection to hardware
// wallets and/or to access derivation seeds.
//
// The passphrase parameter may or may not be used by the implementation of a
// particular wallet instance. The reason there is no passwordless open method
// is to strive towards a uniform wallet handling, oblivious to the different
// backend providers.
//
// Please note, if you open a wallet, you must close it to release any allocated
// resources (especially important when working with hardware wallets).
func (w *Wallet) Open(passphrase string) error {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	if w.session.verified {
		// Already open
		return AlreadyOpenError
	}

	if !w.session.paired() {
		// Unpaired.
		if pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w); pairing != nil {
			// Authenticate with the existing pairing.
			if err := w.session.authenticate(*pairing); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Could not authenticate with paired card %x: %s", w.PublicKey[:4], err)
			}
		} else if passphrase != "" {
			// Establish a new pairing
			return w.pair([]byte(passphrase))
		} else {
			return PairingRequiredError
		}
	}

	if passphrase == "" {
		return PinRequiredError
	}
	// Verify pin
	if err := w.session.verifyPin([]byte(passphrase)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	w.deriveReq = make(chan chan struct{})
	w.deriveQuit = make(chan chan error)

	go w.selfDerive()

	// Notify anyone listening for wallet events that a new device is accessible
	go w.Hub.updateFeed.Send(accounts.WalletEvent{Wallet: w, Kind: accounts.WalletOpened})

	return nil
}

// Close stops and closes the wallet, freeing any resources.
func (w *Wallet) Close() error {
	// Ensure the wallet was opened
	w.lock.Lock()
	dQuit := w.deriveQuit
	w.lock.Unlock()

	// Terminate the self-derivations
	var derr error
	if dQuit != nil {
		errc := make(chan error)
		dQuit <- errc
		derr = <-errc // Save for later, we *must* close the USB
	}
	// Terminate the device connection
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	w.deriveQuit = nil
	w.deriveReq = nil

	if err := w.release(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return derr
}

// selfDerive is an account derivation loop that upon request attempts to find
// new non-zero accounts.
func (w *Wallet) selfDerive() {
	w.log.Debug("Smartcard wallet self-derivation started")
	defer w.log.Debug("Smartcard wallet self-derivation stopped")

	// Execute self-derivations until termination or error
	var (
		reqc chan struct{}
		errc chan error
		err  error
	)
	for errc == nil && err == nil {
		// Wait until either derivation or termination is requested
		select {
		case errc = <-w.deriveQuit:
			// Termination requested
			continue
		case reqc = <-w.deriveReq:
			// Account discovery requested
		}
		// Derivation needs a chain and device access, skip if either unavailable
		w.lock.Lock()
		if w.session == nil || w.deriveChain == nil {
			w.lock.Unlock()
			reqc <- struct{}{}
			continue
		}
		pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w)

		// Device lock obtained, derive the next batch of accounts
		var (
			paths       []accounts.DerivationPath
			nextAccount accounts.Account
			nextAddr    = w.deriveNextAddr
			nextPath    = w.deriveNextPath

			context = context.Background()
		)
		for empty := false; !empty; {
			// Retrieve the next derived Ethereum account
			if nextAddr == (common.Address{}) {
				if nextAccount, err = w.session.derive(nextPath); err != nil {
					w.log.Warn("Smartcard wallet account derivation failed", "err", err)
					break
				}
				nextAddr = nextAccount.Address
			}
			// Check the account's status against the current chain state
			var (
				balance *big.Int
				nonce   uint64
			)
			balance, err = w.deriveChain.BalanceAt(context, nextAddr, nil)
			if err != nil {
				w.log.Warn("Smartcard wallet balance retrieval failed", "err", err)
				break
			}
			nonce, err = w.deriveChain.NonceAt(context, nextAddr, nil)
			if err != nil {
				w.log.Warn("Smartcard wallet nonce retrieval failed", "err", err)
				break
			}
			// If the next account is empty, stop self-derivation, but add it nonetheless
			if balance.Sign() == 0 && nonce == 0 {
				empty = true
			}
			// We've just self-derived a new account, start tracking it locally
			path := make(accounts.DerivationPath, len(nextPath))
			copy(path[:], nextPath[:])
			paths = append(paths, path)

			// Display a log message to the user for new (or previously empty accounts)
			if _, known := pairing.Accounts[nextAddr]; !known || (!empty && nextAddr == w.deriveNextAddr) {
				w.log.Info("Smartcard wallet discovered new account", "address", nextAccount.Address, "path", path, "balance", balance, "nonce", nonce)
			}
			pairing.Accounts[nextAddr] = path

			// Fetch the next potential account
			if !empty {
				nextAddr = common.Address{}
				nextPath[len(nextPath)-1]++
			}
		}

		// If there are new accounts, write them out
		if len(paths) > 0 {
			err = w.Hub.setPairing(w, pairing)
		}

		// Shift the self-derivation forward
		w.deriveNextAddr = nextAddr
		w.deriveNextPath = nextPath

		// Self derivation complete, release device lock
		w.lock.Unlock()

		// Notify the user of termination and loop after a bit of time (to avoid trashing)
		reqc <- struct{}{}
		if err == nil {
			select {
			case errc = <-w.deriveQuit:
				// Termination requested, abort
			case <-time.After(selfDeriveThrottling):
				// Waited enough, willing to self-derive again
			}
		}
	}
	// In case of error, wait for termination
	if err != nil {
		w.log.Debug("Smartcard wallet self-derivation failed", "err", err)
		errc = <-w.deriveQuit
	}
	errc <- err
}

// Accounts retrieves the list of signing accounts the wallet is currently aware
// of. For hierarchical deterministic wallets, the list will not be exhaustive,
// rather only contain the accounts explicitly pinned during account derivation.
func (w *Wallet) Accounts() []accounts.Account {
	// Attempt self-derivation if it's running
	reqc := make(chan struct{}, 1)
	select {
	case w.deriveReq <- reqc:
		// Self-derivation request accepted, wait for it
		<-reqc
	default:
		// Self-derivation offline, throttled or busy, skip
	}

	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	if pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w); pairing != nil {
		ret := make([]accounts.Account, 0, len(pairing.Accounts))
		for address, path := range pairing.Accounts {
			ret = append(ret, w.makeAccount(address, path))
		}
		return ret
	}
	return nil
}

func (w *Wallet) makeAccount(address common.Address, path accounts.DerivationPath) accounts.Account {
	return accounts.Account{
		Address: address,
		URL: accounts.URL{
			Scheme: w.Hub.scheme,
			Path:   fmt.Sprintf("%x/%s", w.PublicKey[1:3], path.String()),
		},
	}
}

// Contains returns whether an account is part of this particular wallet or not.
func (w *Wallet) Contains(account accounts.Account) bool {
	if pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w); pairing != nil {
		_, ok := pairing.Accounts[account.Address]
		return ok
	}
	return false
}

// Initialize installs a keypair generated from the provided key into the wallet.
func (w *Wallet) Initialize(seed []byte) error {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	return w.session.initialize(seed)
}

// Derive attempts to explicitly derive a hierarchical deterministic account at
// the specified derivation path. If requested, the derived account will be added
// to the wallet's tracked account list.
func (w *Wallet) Derive(path accounts.DerivationPath, pin bool) (accounts.Account, error) {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	account, err := w.session.derive(path)
	if err != nil {
		return accounts.Account{}, err
	}

	if pin {
		pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w)
		pairing.Accounts[account.Address] = path
		if err := w.Hub.setPairing(w, pairing); err != nil {
			return accounts.Account{}, err
		}
	}

	return account, nil
}

// SelfDerive sets a base account derivation path from which the wallet attempts
// to discover non zero accounts and automatically add them to list of tracked
// accounts.
//
// Note, self derivaton will increment the last component of the specified path
// opposed to decending into a child path to allow discovering accounts starting
// from non zero components.
//
// You can disable automatic account discovery by calling SelfDerive with a nil
// chain state reader.
func (w *Wallet) SelfDerive(base accounts.DerivationPath, chain ethereum.ChainStateReader) {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	w.deriveNextPath = make(accounts.DerivationPath, len(base))
	copy(w.deriveNextPath[:], base[:])

	w.deriveNextAddr = common.Address{}
	w.deriveChain = chain
}

// SignHash requests the wallet to sign the given hash.
//
// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
//
// If the wallet requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code o verify the transaction),
// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
// the needed details via SignHashWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
// the account in a keystore).
func (w *Wallet) SignHash(account accounts.Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	w.lock.Lock()
	defer w.lock.Unlock()

	path, err := w.findAccountPath(account)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return w.session.sign(path, hash)
}

// SignTx requests the wallet to sign the given transaction.
//
// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
//
// If the wallet requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code o verify the transaction),
// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
// the needed details via SignTxWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
// the account in a keystore).
func (w *Wallet) SignTx(account accounts.Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
	signer := types.NewEIP155Signer(chainID)
	hash := signer.Hash(tx)
	sig, err := w.SignHash(account, hash[:])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return tx.WithSignature(signer, sig)
}

// SignHashWithPassphrase requests the wallet to sign the given hash with the
// given passphrase as extra authentication information.
//
// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
func (w *Wallet) SignHashWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if !w.session.verified {
		if err := w.Open(passphrase); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	return w.SignHash(account, hash)
}

// SignTxWithPassphrase requests the wallet to sign the given transaction, with the
// given passphrase as extra authentication information.
//
// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
func (w *Wallet) SignTxWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
	if !w.session.verified {
		if err := w.Open(passphrase); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return w.SignTx(account, tx, chainID)
}

// findAccountPath returns the derivation path for the provided account.
// It first checks for the address in the list of pinned accounts, and if it is
// not found, attempts to parse the derivation path from the account's URL.
func (w *Wallet) findAccountPath(account accounts.Account) (accounts.DerivationPath, error) {
	pairing := w.Hub.getPairing(w)
	if path, ok := pairing.Accounts[account.Address]; ok {
		return path, nil
	}

	// Look for the path in the URL
	if account.URL.Scheme != w.Hub.scheme {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Scheme %s does not match wallet scheme %s", account.URL.Scheme, w.Hub.scheme)
	}

	parts := strings.SplitN(account.URL.Path, "/", 2)
	if len(parts) != 2 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid URL format: %s", account.URL)
	}

	if parts[0] != fmt.Sprintf("%x", w.PublicKey[1:3]) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("URL %s is not for this wallet", account.URL)
	}

	return accounts.ParseDerivationPath(parts[1])
}

// Session represents a secured communication session with the wallet.
type Session struct {
	Wallet   *Wallet               // A handle to the wallet that opened the session
	Channel  *SecureChannelSession // A secure channel for encrypted messages
	verified bool                  // Whether the pin has been verified in this session.
}

// pair establishes a new pairing over this channel, using the provided secret.
func (s *Session) pair(secret []byte) (smartcardPairing, error) {
	err := s.Channel.Pair(secret)
	if err != nil {
		return smartcardPairing{}, err
	}

	return smartcardPairing{
		PublicKey:    s.Wallet.PublicKey,
		PairingIndex: s.Channel.PairingIndex,
		PairingKey:   s.Channel.PairingKey,
		Accounts:     make(map[common.Address]accounts.DerivationPath),
	}, nil
}

// unpair deletes an existing pairing.
func (s *Session) unpair() error {
	if !s.verified {
		return fmt.Errorf("Unpair requires that the PIN be verified")
	}
	return s.Channel.Unpair()
}

// verifyPin unlocks a wallet with the provided pin.
func (s *Session) verifyPin(pin []byte) error {
	if _, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insVerifyPin, 0, 0, pin); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.verified = true
	return nil
}

// release releases resources associated with the channel.
func (s *Session) release() error {
	return s.Wallet.card.Disconnect(scard.LeaveCard)
}

// paired returns true if a valid pairing exists.
func (s *Session) paired() bool {
	return s.Channel.PairingKey != nil
}

// authenticate uses an existing pairing to establish a secure channel.
func (s *Session) authenticate(pairing smartcardPairing) error {
	if !bytes.Equal(s.Wallet.PublicKey, pairing.PublicKey) {
		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot pair using another wallet's pairing; %x != %x", s.Wallet.PublicKey, pairing.PublicKey)
	}
	s.Channel.PairingKey = pairing.PairingKey
	s.Channel.PairingIndex = pairing.PairingIndex
	return s.Channel.Open()
}

// walletStatus describes a smartcard wallet's status information.
type walletStatus struct {
	PinRetryCount        int  // Number of remaining PIN retries
	PukRetryCount        int  // Number of remaining PUK retries
	Initialized          bool // Whether the card has been initialized with a private key
	SupportsPKDerivation bool // Whether the card supports doing public key derivation itself
}

func (w walletStatus) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("pinRetryCount=%d, pukRetryCount=%d, initialized=%t, supportsPkDerivation=%t", w.PinRetryCount, w.PukRetryCount, w.Initialized, w.SupportsPKDerivation)
}

// getWalletStatus fetches the wallet's status from the card.
func (s *Session) getWalletStatus() (*walletStatus, error) {
	response, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insStatus, statusP1WalletStatus, 0, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	status := new(walletStatus)
	if _, err := asn1.UnmarshalWithParams(response.Data, status, "tag:3"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return status, nil
}

// getDerivationPath fetches the wallet's current derivation path from the card.
func (s *Session) getDerivationPath() (accounts.DerivationPath, error) {
	response, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insStatus, statusP1Path, 0, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	buf := bytes.NewReader(response.Data)
	path := make(accounts.DerivationPath, len(response.Data)/4)
	return path, binary.Read(buf, binary.BigEndian, &path)
}

// initializeData contains data needed to initialize the smartcard wallet.
type initializeData struct {
	PublicKey  []byte `asn1:"tag:0"`
	PrivateKey []byte `asn1:"tag:1"`
	ChainCode  []byte `asn1:"tag:2"`
}

// initialize initializes the card with new key data.
func (s *Session) initialize(seed []byte) error {
	// HMAC the seed to produce the private key and chain code
	mac := hmac.New(sha512.New, []byte("Bitcoin seed"))
	mac.Write(seed)
	seed = mac.Sum(nil)

	key, err := crypto.ToECDSA(seed[:32])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	id := initializeData{}
	id.PublicKey = crypto.FromECDSAPub(&key.PublicKey)
	id.PrivateKey = seed[:32]
	id.ChainCode = seed[32:]
	data, err := asn1.Marshal(id)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Nasty hack to force the top-level struct tag to be context-specific
	data[0] = 0xA1

	_, err = s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insLoadKey, 0x02, 0, data)
	return err
}

// derive derives a new HD key path on the card.
func (s *Session) derive(path accounts.DerivationPath) (accounts.Account, error) {
	// If the current path is a prefix of the desired path, we don't have to
	// start again.
	remainingPath := path

	pubkey, err := s.getPublicKey()
	if err != nil {
		return accounts.Account{}, err
	}
	currentPath, err := s.getDerivationPath()
	if err != nil {
		return accounts.Account{}, err
	}

	reset := false
	if len(currentPath) <= len(path) {
		for i := 0; i < len(currentPath); i++ {
			if path[i] != currentPath[i] {
				reset = true
				break
			}
		}
		if !reset {
			remainingPath = path[len(currentPath):]
		}
	} else {
		reset = true
	}

	for _, pathComponent := range remainingPath {
		pubkey, err = s.deriveKeyAssisted(reset, pathComponent)
		reset = false
		if err != nil {
			return accounts.Account{}, err
		}
	}
	return s.Wallet.makeAccount(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(*crypto.ToECDSAPub(pubkey)), path), nil
}

// keyDerivationInfo contains information on the current key derivation step.
type keyDerivationInfo struct {
	PublicKeyX []byte `asn1:"tag:3"` // The X coordinate of the current public key
	Signature  struct {
		R *big.Int
		S *big.Int
	}
}

// deriveKeyAssisted does one step of assisted key generation, asking the card to generate
// a specific path, and performing the necessary computations to finish the public key
// generation step.
func (s *Session) deriveKeyAssisted(reset bool, pathComponent uint32) ([]byte, error) {
	p1 := deriveP1Assisted
	if !reset {
		p1 |= deriveP1Append
	}

	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
	if err := binary.Write(buf, binary.BigEndian, pathComponent); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	response, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insDeriveKey, p1, deriveP2KeyPath, buf.Bytes())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	keyinfo := new(keyDerivationInfo)
	if _, err := asn1.UnmarshalWithParams(response.Data, keyinfo, "tag:2"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	rbytes, sbytes := keyinfo.Signature.R.Bytes(), keyinfo.Signature.S.Bytes()
	sig := make([]byte, 65)
	copy(sig[32-len(rbytes):32], rbytes)
	copy(sig[64-len(sbytes):64], sbytes)

	pubkey, err := determinePublicKey(sig, keyinfo.PublicKeyX)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	_, err = s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insDeriveKey, deriveP1Assisted|deriveP1Append, deriveP2PublicKey, pubkey)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return pubkey, nil
}

// keyExport contains information on an exported keypair.
type keyExport struct {
	PublicKey  []byte `asn1:"tag:0"`
	PrivateKey []byte `asn1:"tag:1,optional"`
}

// getPublicKey returns the public key for the current derivation path.
func (s *Session) getPublicKey() ([]byte, error) {
	response, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insExportKey, exportP1Any, exportP2Pubkey, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	keys := new(keyExport)
	if _, err := asn1.UnmarshalWithParams(response.Data, keys, "tag:1"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return keys.PublicKey, nil
}

// signatureData contains information on a signature - the signature itself and
// the corresponding public key.
type signatureData struct {
	PublicKey []byte `asn1:"tag:0"`
	Signature struct {
		R *big.Int
		S *big.Int
	}
}

// sign asks the card to sign a message, and returns a valid signature after
// recovering the v value.
func (s *Session) sign(path accounts.DerivationPath, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	startTime := time.Now()
	_, err := s.derive(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	deriveTime := time.Now()

	response, err := s.Channel.TransmitEncrypted(claSCWallet, insSign, signP1PrecomputedHash, signP2OnlyBlock, hash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	sigdata := new(signatureData)
	if _, err := asn1.UnmarshalWithParams(response.Data, sigdata, "tag:0"); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Serialize the signature
	rbytes, sbytes := sigdata.Signature.R.Bytes(), sigdata.Signature.S.Bytes()
	sig := make([]byte, 65)
	copy(sig[32-len(rbytes):32], rbytes)
	copy(sig[64-len(sbytes):64], sbytes)

	// Recover the V value.
	sig, err = makeRecoverableSignature(hash, sig, sigdata.PublicKey)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	log.Debug("Signed using smartcard", "deriveTime", deriveTime.Sub(startTime), "signingTime", time.Since(deriveTime))

	return sig, nil
}

// determinePublicKey uses a signature and the X component of a public key to
// recover the entire public key.
func determinePublicKey(sig, pubkeyX []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	for v := 0; v < 2; v++ {
		sig[64] = byte(v)
		pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(DerivationSignatureHash[:], sig)
		if err == nil {
			if bytes.Compare(pubkey[1:33], pubkeyX) == 0 {
				return pubkey, nil
			}
		} else if v == 1 || err != secp256k1.ErrRecoverFailed {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return nil, PubkeyMismatchError
}

// makeRecoverableSignature uses a signature and an expected public key to
// recover the v value and produce a recoverable signature.
func makeRecoverableSignature(hash, sig, expectedPubkey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	for v := 0; v < 2; v++ {
		sig[64] = byte(v)
		pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(hash, sig)
		if err == nil {
			if bytes.Compare(pubkey, expectedPubkey) == 0 {
				return sig, nil
			}
		} else if v == 1 || err != secp256k1.ErrRecoverFailed {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return nil, PubkeyMismatchError
}