diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index a0805722d6..5fd1d6a4a6 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 	}
 	// Re-create statedb instance with new root upon the updated database
 	// for accessing latest states.
-	statedb, err = state.New(root, statedb.Database(), nil)
+	statedb, err = state.New(root, statedb.Database())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not reopen state: %v", err))
 	}
@@ -412,8 +412,9 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 }
 
 func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB {
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce)
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 	}
 	// Commit and re-open to start with a clean state.
 	root, _ := statedb.Commit(0, false)
-	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb)
 	return statedb
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/evm/runner.go b/cmd/evm/runner.go
index c02f9f0590..235fed6630 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/runner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/runner.go
@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	})
 	defer triedb.Close()
 	genesis := genesisConfig.MustCommit(db, triedb)
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb)
-	statedb, _ = state.New(genesis.Root(), sdb, nil)
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(genesis.Root(), sdb)
 	chainConfig = genesisConfig.Config
 
 	if ctx.String(SenderFlag.Name) != "" {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			fmt.Printf("Failed to commit changes %v\n", err)
 			return err
 		}
-		dumpdb, err := state.New(root, sdb, nil)
+		dumpdb, err := state.New(root, sdb)
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("Failed to open statedb %v\n", err)
 			return err
diff --git a/cmd/evm/staterunner.go b/cmd/evm/staterunner.go
index fc2bf8223f..4514367e8a 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/staterunner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/staterunner.go
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func runStateTest(fname string, cfg vm.Config, dump bool) error {
 					result.Root = &root
 					fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "{\"stateRoot\": \"%#x\"}\n", root)
 					if dump { // Dump any state to aid debugging
-						cpy, _ := state.New(root, tstate.StateDB.Database(), nil)
+						cpy, _ := state.New(root, tstate.StateDB.Database())
 						dump := cpy.RawDump(nil)
 						result.State = &dump
 					}
diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index ca2f00512b..018bca4a0f 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func dump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, true, true, false) // always enable preimage lookup
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
-	state, err := state.New(root, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+	state, err := state.New(root, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index b0c8da98ff..5d1cf533fc 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -72,14 +72,11 @@ var (
 	storageUpdateTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/updates", nil)
 	storageCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/commits", nil)
 
-	snapshotAccountReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/account/reads", nil)
-	snapshotStorageReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/storage/reads", nil)
-	snapshotCommitTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)
-
 	accountReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/account/single/reads", nil)
 	storageReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/single/reads", nil)
 
-	triedbCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/triedb/commits", nil)
+	snapshotCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)
+	triedbCommitTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/triedb/commits", nil)
 
 	blockInsertTimer     = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/inserts", nil)
 	blockValidationTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/validation", nil)
@@ -220,7 +217,7 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	lastWrite     uint64                           // Last block when the state was flushed
 	flushInterval atomic.Int64                     // Time interval (processing time) after which to flush a state
 	triedb        *triedb.Database                 // The database handler for maintaining trie nodes.
-	stateCache    state.Database                   // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
+	statedb       *state.CachingDB                 // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
 	txIndexer     *txIndexer                       // Transaction indexer, might be nil if not enabled
 
 	hc            *HeaderChain
@@ -311,7 +308,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	bc.flushInterval.Store(int64(cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit))
-	bc.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(bc.db, bc.triedb)
+	bc.statedb = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, nil)
 	bc.validator = NewBlockValidator(chainConfig, bc)
 	bc.prefetcher = newStatePrefetcher(chainConfig, bc.hc)
 	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(chainConfig, bc.hc)
@@ -449,7 +446,11 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 			AsyncBuild: !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotWait,
 		}
 		bc.snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapconfig, bc.db, bc.triedb, head.Root)
+
+		// Re-initialize the state database with snapshot
+		bc.statedb = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.snaps)
 	}
+
 	// Rewind the chain in case of an incompatible config upgrade.
 	if compat, ok := genesisErr.(*params.ConfigCompatError); ok {
 		log.Warn("Rewinding chain to upgrade configuration", "err", compat)
@@ -1767,7 +1768,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool) (int, error)
 		if parent == nil {
 			parent = bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
 		}
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root, bc.statedb)
 		if err != nil {
 			return it.index, err
 		}
@@ -1793,7 +1794,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool) (int, error)
 		var followupInterrupt atomic.Bool
 		if !bc.cacheConfig.TrieCleanNoPrefetch {
 			if followup, err := it.peek(); followup != nil && err == nil {
-				throwaway, _ := state.New(parent.Root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+				throwaway, _ := state.New(parent.Root, bc.statedb)
 
 				go func(start time.Time, followup *types.Block, throwaway *state.StateDB) {
 					// Disable tracing for prefetcher executions.
@@ -1914,26 +1915,21 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, s
 	proctime := time.Since(start) // processing + validation
 
 	// Update the metrics touched during block processing and validation
-	accountReadTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads)                 // Account reads are complete(in processing)
-	storageReadTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads)                 // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
-	snapshotAccountReadTimer.Update(statedb.SnapshotAccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
-	snapshotStorageReadTimer.Update(statedb.SnapshotStorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
-
-	accountRead := statedb.SnapshotAccountReads + statedb.AccountReads // The time spent on account read
-	storageRead := statedb.SnapshotStorageReads + statedb.StorageReads // The time spent on storage read
+	accountReadTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
+	storageReadTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
 	if statedb.AccountLoaded != 0 {
-		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(accountRead / time.Duration(statedb.AccountLoaded))
+		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads / time.Duration(statedb.AccountLoaded))
 	}
 	if statedb.StorageLoaded != 0 {
-		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(storageRead / time.Duration(statedb.StorageLoaded))
+		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads / time.Duration(statedb.StorageLoaded))
 	}
-	accountUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.AccountUpdates)               // Account updates are complete(in validation)
-	storageUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.StorageUpdates)               // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
-	accountHashTimer.Update(statedb.AccountHashes)                  // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
-	triehash := statedb.AccountHashes                               // The time spent on tries hashing
-	trieUpdate := statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates   // The time spent on tries update
-	blockExecutionTimer.Update(ptime - (accountRead + storageRead)) // The time spent on EVM processing
-	blockValidationTimer.Update(vtime - (triehash + trieUpdate))    // The time spent on block validation
+	accountUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.AccountUpdates)                                 // Account updates are complete(in validation)
+	storageUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.StorageUpdates)                                 // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
+	accountHashTimer.Update(statedb.AccountHashes)                                    // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
+	triehash := statedb.AccountHashes                                                 // The time spent on tries hashing
+	trieUpdate := statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates                     // The time spent on tries update
+	blockExecutionTimer.Update(ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads)) // The time spent on EVM processing
+	blockValidationTimer.Update(vtime - (triehash + trieUpdate))                      // The time spent on block validation
 
 	// Write the block to the chain and get the status.
 	var (
diff --git a/core/blockchain_reader.go b/core/blockchain_reader.go
index 8a85800dd8..6b8dffdcdc 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_reader.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_reader.go
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
 
 // HasState checks if state trie is fully present in the database or not.
 func (bc *BlockChain) HasState(hash common.Hash) bool {
-	_, err := bc.stateCache.OpenTrie(hash)
+	_, err := bc.statedb.OpenTrie(hash)
 	return err == nil
 }
 
@@ -341,12 +341,9 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) stateRecoverable(root common.Hash) bool {
 // If the code doesn't exist in the in-memory cache, check the storage with
 // new code scheme.
 func (bc *BlockChain) ContractCodeWithPrefix(hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	type codeReader interface {
-		ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
-	}
 	// TODO(rjl493456442) The associated account address is also required
 	// in Verkle scheme. Fix it once snap-sync is supported for Verkle.
-	return bc.stateCache.(codeReader).ContractCodeWithPrefix(common.Address{}, hash)
+	return bc.statedb.ContractCodeWithPrefix(common.Address{}, hash)
 }
 
 // State returns a new mutable state based on the current HEAD block.
@@ -356,7 +353,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
 
 // StateAt returns a new mutable state based on a particular point in time.
 func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
-	return state.New(root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+	return state.New(root, bc.statedb)
 }
 
 // Config retrieves the chain's fork configuration.
@@ -382,7 +379,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) Processor() Processor {
 
 // StateCache returns the caching database underpinning the blockchain instance.
 func (bc *BlockChain) StateCache() state.Database {
-	return bc.stateCache
+	return bc.statedb
 }
 
 // GasLimit returns the gas limit of the current HEAD block.
diff --git a/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go b/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
index b06ed83616..5a62d6b25f 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ func testSetHeadWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme
 		dbconfig.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	}
 	chain.triedb = triedb.NewDatabase(chain.db, dbconfig)
-	chain.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(chain.db, chain.triedb)
+	chain.statedb = state.NewDatabase(chain.triedb, chain.snaps)
 
 	// Force run a freeze cycle
 	type freezer interface {
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index fe0c527a00..d8c436fcd6 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func testBlockChainImport(chain types.Blocks, blockchain *BlockChain) error {
 			}
 			return err
 		}
-		statedb, err := state.New(blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()).Root(), blockchain.stateCache, nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()).Root(), blockchain.statedb)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/core/chain_makers.go b/core/chain_makers.go
index dcaa36e08c..8e75abdea0 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ func GenerateVerkleChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, trdb), nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabase(trdb, nil))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 67f5d56cfe..8ea9bfb30f 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	}
 	// Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash,
 	// all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk.
-	db := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), config)
-	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 
 // flushAlloc is very similar with hash, but the main difference is all the
 // generated states will be persisted into the given database.
-func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
-	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Blo
 		return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers")
 	}
 	// flush the data to disk and compute the state root
-	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, db, triedb)
+	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 38ec4ef8b8..de61dee036 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
@@ -45,29 +46,29 @@ const (
 
 // Database wraps access to tries and contract code.
 type Database interface {
+	// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
+	Reader(root common.Hash) (Reader, error)
+
 	// OpenTrie opens the main account trie.
 	OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error)
 
 	// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
 	OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error)
 
-	// CopyTrie returns an independent copy of the given trie.
-	CopyTrie(Trie) Trie
-
 	// ContractCode retrieves a particular contract's code.
 	ContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
 
 	// ContractCodeSize retrieves a particular contracts code's size.
 	ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error)
 
-	// DiskDB returns the underlying key-value disk database.
-	DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore
-
 	// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
 	PointCache() *utils.PointCache
 
 	// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
 	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
+
+	// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+	Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree
 }
 
 // Trie is a Ethereum Merkle Patricia trie.
@@ -147,47 +148,62 @@ type Trie interface {
 	IsVerkle() bool
 }
 
-// NewDatabase creates a backing store for state. The returned database is safe for
-// concurrent use, but does not retain any recent trie nodes in memory. To keep some
-// historical state in memory, use the NewDatabaseWithConfig constructor.
-func NewDatabase(db ethdb.Database) Database {
-	return NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, nil)
-}
-
-// NewDatabaseWithConfig creates a backing store for state. The returned database
-// is safe for concurrent use and retains a lot of collapsed RLP trie nodes in a
-// large memory cache.
-func NewDatabaseWithConfig(db ethdb.Database, config *triedb.Config) Database {
-	return &cachingDB{
-		disk:          db,
-		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
-		triedb:        triedb.NewDatabase(db, config),
-		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
-	}
-}
-
-// NewDatabaseWithNodeDB creates a state database with an already initialized node database.
-func NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) Database {
-	return &cachingDB{
-		disk:          db,
-		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
-		triedb:        triedb,
-		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
-	}
-}
-
-type cachingDB struct {
+// CachingDB is an implementation of Database interface. It leverages both trie and
+// state snapshot to provide functionalities for state access. It's meant to be a
+// long-live object and has a few caches inside for sharing between blocks.
+type CachingDB struct {
 	disk          ethdb.KeyValueStore
-	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
-	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
 	triedb        *triedb.Database
+	snap          *snapshot.Tree
+	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
+	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
 	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
 }
 
+// NewDatabase creates a state database with the provided data sources.
+func NewDatabase(triedb *triedb.Database, snap *snapshot.Tree) *CachingDB {
+	return &CachingDB{
+		disk:          triedb.Disk(),
+		triedb:        triedb,
+		snap:          snap,
+		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
+		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
+		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewDatabaseForTesting is similar to NewDatabase, but it initializes the caching
+// db by using an ephemeral memory db with default config for testing.
+func NewDatabaseForTesting() *CachingDB {
+	return NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil), nil)
+}
+
+// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
+func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+	var readers []Reader
+
+	// Set up the state snapshot reader if available. This feature
+	// is optional and may be partially useful if it's not fully
+	// generated.
+	if db.snap != nil {
+		sr, err := newStateReader(stateRoot, db.snap)
+		if err == nil {
+			readers = append(readers, sr) // snap reader is optional
+		}
+	}
+	// Set up the trie reader, which is expected to always be available
+	// as the gatekeeper unless the state is corrupted.
+	tr, err := newTrieReader(stateRoot, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	readers = append(readers, tr)
+
+	return newMultiReader(readers...)
+}
+
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
-func (db *cachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
 	if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
 		return trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
 	}
@@ -199,7 +215,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
 }
 
 // OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
-func (db *cachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, self Trie) (Trie, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, self Trie) (Trie, error) {
 	// In the verkle case, there is only one tree. But the two-tree structure
 	// is hardcoded in the codebase. So we need to return the same trie in this
 	// case.
@@ -213,20 +229,8 @@ func (db *cachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Addre
 	return tr, nil
 }
 
-// CopyTrie returns an independent copy of the given trie.
-func (db *cachingDB) CopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
-	switch t := t.(type) {
-	case *trie.StateTrie:
-		return t.Copy()
-	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
-		return t.Copy()
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
-	}
-}
-
 // ContractCode retrieves a particular contract's code.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	code, _ := db.codeCache.Get(codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
 		return code, nil
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash)
 // ContractCodeWithPrefix retrieves a particular contract's code. If the
 // code can't be found in the cache, then check the existence with **new**
 // db scheme.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	code, _ := db.codeCache.Get(codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
 		return code, nil
@@ -258,7 +262,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash com
 }
 
 // ContractCodeSize retrieves a particular contracts code's size.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
 	if cached, ok := db.codeSizeCache.Get(codeHash); ok {
 		return cached, nil
 	}
@@ -266,17 +270,29 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash)
 	return len(code), err
 }
 
-// DiskDB returns the underlying key-value disk database.
-func (db *cachingDB) DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore {
-	return db.disk
-}
-
 // TrieDB retrieves any intermediate trie-node caching layer.
-func (db *cachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
+func (db *CachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return db.triedb
 }
 
 // PointCache returns the cache of evaluated curve points.
-func (db *cachingDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
+func (db *CachingDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
 	return db.pointCache
 }
+
+// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+func (db *CachingDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
+	return db.snap
+}
+
+// mustCopyTrie returns a deep-copied trie.
+func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *trie.StateTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
+	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/state/iterator_test.go b/core/state/iterator_test.go
index 73cc22490b..26456d7a89 100644
--- a/core/state/iterator_test.go
+++ b/core/state/iterator_test.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func testNodeIteratorCoverage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	db, sdb, ndb, root, _ := makeTestState(scheme)
 	ndb.Commit(root, false)
 
-	state, err := New(root, sdb, nil)
+	state, err := New(root, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create state trie at %x: %v", root, err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bddefc2a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"maps"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+)
+
+// Reader defines the interface for accessing accounts and storage slots
+// associated with a specific state.
+type Reader interface {
+	// Account retrieves the account associated with a particular address.
+	//
+	// - Returns a nil account if it does not exist
+	// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+	// - The returned account is safe to modify after the call
+	Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error)
+
+	// Storage retrieves the storage slot associated with a particular account
+	// address and slot key.
+	//
+	// - Returns an empty slot if it does not exist
+	// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+	// - The returned storage slot is safe to modify after the call
+	Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error)
+
+	// Copy returns a deep-copied state reader.
+	Copy() Reader
+}
+
+// stateReader is a wrapper over the state snapshot and implements the Reader
+// interface. It provides an efficient way to access flat state.
+type stateReader struct {
+	snap snapshot.Snapshot
+	buff crypto.KeccakState
+}
+
+// newStateReader constructs a flat state reader with on the specified state root.
+func newStateReader(root common.Hash, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*stateReader, error) {
+	snap := snaps.Snapshot(root)
+	if snap == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("snapshot is not available")
+	}
+	return &stateReader{
+		snap: snap,
+		buff: crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implements Reader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
+func (r *stateReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	ret, err := r.snap.Account(crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if ret == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	acct := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    ret.Nonce,
+		Balance:  ret.Balance,
+		CodeHash: ret.CodeHash,
+		Root:     common.BytesToHash(ret.Root),
+	}
+	if len(acct.CodeHash) == 0 {
+		acct.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
+	}
+	if acct.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
+		acct.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
+	}
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements Reader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
+func (r *stateReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	addrHash := crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes())
+	slotHash := crypto.HashData(r.buff, key.Bytes())
+	ret, err := r.snap.Storage(addrHash, slotHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	// Perform the rlp-decode as the slot value is RLP-encoded in the state
+	// snapshot.
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(ret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	var value common.Hash
+	value.SetBytes(content)
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// Copy implements Reader, returning a deep-copied snap reader.
+func (r *stateReader) Copy() Reader {
+	return &stateReader{
+		snap: r.snap,
+		buff: crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+	}
+}
+
+// trieReader implements the Reader interface, providing functions to access
+// state from the referenced trie.
+type trieReader struct {
+	root     common.Hash                    // State root which uniquely represent a state
+	db       *triedb.Database               // Database for loading trie
+	buff     crypto.KeccakState             // Buffer for keccak256 hashing
+	mainTrie Trie                           // Main trie, resolved in constructor
+	subRoots map[common.Address]common.Hash // Set of storage roots, cached when the account is resolved
+	subTries map[common.Address]Trie        // Group of storage tries, cached when it's resolved
+}
+
+// trieReader constructs a trie reader of the specific state. An error will be
+// returned if the associated trie specified by root is not existent.
+func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*trieReader, error) {
+	var (
+		tr  Trie
+		err error
+	)
+	if !db.IsVerkle() {
+		tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db)
+	} else {
+		tr, err = trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db, cache)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &trieReader{
+		root:     root,
+		db:       db,
+		buff:     crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		mainTrie: tr,
+		subRoots: make(map[common.Address]common.Hash),
+		subTries: make(map[common.Address]Trie),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implements Reader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the trie state is corrupted. An nil account
+// will be returned if it's not existent in the trie.
+func (r *trieReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, err := r.mainTrie.GetAccount(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = types.EmptyRootHash
+	} else {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = account.Root
+	}
+	return account, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements Reader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the trie state is corrupted. An empty storage
+// slot will be returned if it's not existent in the trie.
+func (r *trieReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	var (
+		tr    Trie
+		found bool
+		value common.Hash
+	)
+	if r.db.IsVerkle() {
+		tr = r.mainTrie
+	} else {
+		tr, found = r.subTries[addr]
+		if !found {
+			root, ok := r.subRoots[addr]
+
+			// The storage slot is accessed without account caching. It's unexpected
+			// behavior but try to resolve the account first anyway.
+			if !ok {
+				_, err := r.Account(addr)
+				if err != nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, err
+				}
+				root = r.subRoots[addr]
+			}
+			var err error
+			tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(r.root, crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes()), root), r.db)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, err
+			}
+			r.subTries[addr] = tr
+		}
+	}
+	ret, err := tr.GetStorage(addr, key.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	value.SetBytes(ret)
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// Copy implements Reader, returning a deep-copied trie reader.
+func (r *trieReader) Copy() Reader {
+	tries := make(map[common.Address]Trie)
+	for addr, tr := range r.subTries {
+		tries[addr] = mustCopyTrie(tr)
+	}
+	return &trieReader{
+		root:     r.root,
+		db:       r.db,
+		buff:     crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		mainTrie: mustCopyTrie(r.mainTrie),
+		subRoots: maps.Clone(r.subRoots),
+		subTries: tries,
+	}
+}
+
+// multiReader is the aggregation of a list of Reader interface, providing state
+// access by leveraging all readers. The checking priority is determined by the
+// position in the reader list.
+type multiReader struct {
+	readers []Reader // List of readers, sorted by checking priority
+}
+
+// newMultiReader constructs a multiReader instance with the given readers. The
+// priority among readers is assumed to be sorted. Note, it must contain at least
+// one reader for constructing a multiReader.
+func newMultiReader(readers ...Reader) (*multiReader, error) {
+	if len(readers) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty reader set")
+	}
+	return &multiReader{
+		readers: readers,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implementing Reader interface, retrieving the account associated with
+// a particular address.
+//
+// - Returns a nil account if it does not exist
+// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+// - The returned account is safe to modify after the call
+func (r *multiReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		acct, err := reader.Account(addr)
+		if err == nil {
+			return acct, nil
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	return nil, errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// Storage implementing Reader interface, retrieving the storage slot associated
+// with a particular account address and slot key.
+//
+// - Returns an empty slot if it does not exist
+// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+// - The returned storage slot is safe to modify after the call
+func (r *multiReader) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		slot, err := reader.Storage(addr, slot)
+		if err == nil {
+			return slot, nil
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	return common.Hash{}, errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// Copy implementing Reader interface, returning a deep-copied state reader.
+func (r *multiReader) Copy() Reader {
+	var readers []Reader
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		readers = append(readers, reader.Copy())
+	}
+	return &multiReader{readers: readers}
+}
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index e90d3a5d05..422badb19b 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -187,52 +187,23 @@ func (s *stateObject) GetCommittedState(key common.Hash) common.Hash {
 		s.originStorage[key] = common.Hash{} // track the empty slot as origin value
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
-	// If no live objects are available, attempt to use snapshots
-	var (
-		enc   []byte
-		err   error
-		value common.Hash
-	)
-	if s.db.snap != nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		enc, err = s.db.snap.Storage(s.addrHash, crypto.Keccak256Hash(key.Bytes()))
-		s.db.SnapshotStorageReads += time.Since(start)
+	s.db.StorageLoaded++
 
-		if len(enc) > 0 {
-			_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
-			if err != nil {
-				s.db.setError(err)
-			}
-			value.SetBytes(content)
-		}
+	start := time.Now()
+	value, err := s.db.reader.Storage(s.address, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.db.setError(err)
+		return common.Hash{}
 	}
-	// If the snapshot is unavailable or reading from it fails, load from the database.
-	if s.db.snap == nil || err != nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		tr, err := s.getTrie()
-		if err != nil {
-			s.db.setError(err)
-			return common.Hash{}
-		}
-		val, err := tr.GetStorage(s.address, key.Bytes())
-		s.db.StorageReads += time.Since(start)
+	s.db.StorageReads += time.Since(start)
 
-		if err != nil {
-			s.db.setError(err)
-			return common.Hash{}
-		}
-		value.SetBytes(val)
-	}
-	// Independent of where we loaded the data from, add it to the prefetcher.
-	// Whilst this would be a bit weird if snapshots are disabled, but we still
-	// want the trie nodes to end up in the prefetcher too, so just push through.
+	// Schedule the resolved storage slots for prefetching if it's enabled.
 	if s.db.prefetcher != nil && s.data.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 		if err = s.db.prefetcher.prefetch(s.addrHash, s.origin.Root, s.address, [][]byte{key[:]}, true); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to prefetch storage slot", "addr", s.address, "key", key, "err", err)
 		}
 	}
 	s.originStorage[key] = value
-	s.db.StorageLoaded++
 	return value
 }
 
@@ -527,7 +498,7 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 		newContract:        s.newContract,
 	}
 	if s.trie != nil {
-		obj.trie = db.db.CopyTrie(s.trie)
+		obj.trie = mustCopyTrie(s.trie)
 	}
 	return obj
 }
diff --git a/core/state/state_test.go b/core/state/state_test.go
index 9200e4abe9..9de50beb12 100644
--- a/core/state/state_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_test.go
@@ -26,27 +26,25 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 type stateEnv struct {
-	db    ethdb.Database
 	state *StateDB
 }
 
 func newStateEnv() *stateEnv {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(db), nil)
-	return &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
+	return &stateEnv{state: sdb}
 }
 
 func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
-	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	tdb := NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
+	s := &stateEnv{state: sdb}
 
 	// generate a few entries
 	obj1 := s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}))
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
 
 	// check that DumpToCollector contains the state objects that are in trie
-	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 	got := string(s.state.Dump(nil))
 	want := `{
     "root": "71edff0130dd2385947095001c73d9e28d862fc286fca2b922ca6f6f3cddfdd2",
@@ -101,9 +99,10 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
-	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	tdb := NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
+	s := &stateEnv{state: sdb}
 
 	// generate a few entries
 	obj1 := s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}))
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	s.state.updateStateObject(obj1)
 	s.state.updateStateObject(obj2)
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
-	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 
 	b := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	s.state.IterativeDump(nil, json.NewEncoder(b))
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ func TestSnapshotEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCreateObjectRevert(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so0"))
 	snap := state.Snapshot()
 
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index f81c8a055b..1a12f519a4 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -82,10 +82,8 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	db         Database
 	prefetcher *triePrefetcher
 	trie       Trie
-	hasher     crypto.KeccakState
 	logger     *tracing.Hooks
-	snaps      *snapshot.Tree    // Nil if snapshot is not available
-	snap       snapshot.Snapshot // Nil if snapshot is not available
+	reader     Reader
 
 	// originalRoot is the pre-state root, before any changes were made.
 	// It will be updated when the Commit is called.
@@ -144,17 +142,15 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	witness *stateless.Witness
 
 	// Measurements gathered during execution for debugging purposes
-	AccountReads         time.Duration
-	AccountHashes        time.Duration
-	AccountUpdates       time.Duration
-	AccountCommits       time.Duration
-	StorageReads         time.Duration
-	StorageUpdates       time.Duration
-	StorageCommits       time.Duration
-	SnapshotAccountReads time.Duration
-	SnapshotStorageReads time.Duration
-	SnapshotCommits      time.Duration
-	TrieDBCommits        time.Duration
+	AccountReads    time.Duration
+	AccountHashes   time.Duration
+	AccountUpdates  time.Duration
+	AccountCommits  time.Duration
+	StorageReads    time.Duration
+	StorageUpdates  time.Duration
+	StorageCommits  time.Duration
+	SnapshotCommits time.Duration
+	TrieDBCommits   time.Duration
 
 	AccountLoaded  int          // Number of accounts retrieved from the database during the state transition
 	AccountUpdated int          // Number of accounts updated during the state transition
@@ -165,16 +161,20 @@ type StateDB struct {
 }
 
 // New creates a new state from a given trie.
-func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error) {
+func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*StateDB, error) {
 	tr, err := db.OpenTrie(root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	reader, err := db.Reader(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	sdb := &StateDB{
 		db:                   db,
 		trie:                 tr,
 		originalRoot:         root,
-		snaps:                snaps,
+		reader:               reader,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
 		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
 		mutations:            make(map[common.Address]*mutation),
@@ -183,13 +183,9 @@ func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error)
 		journal:              newJournal(),
 		accessList:           newAccessList(),
 		transientStorage:     newTransientStorage(),
-		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
 	}
 	if db.TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
-		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents(db.(*cachingDB).pointCache)
-	}
-	if sdb.snaps != nil {
-		sdb.snap = sdb.snaps.Snapshot(root)
+		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents(db.PointCache())
 	}
 	return sdb, nil
 }
@@ -204,30 +200,23 @@ func (s *StateDB) SetLogger(l *tracing.Hooks) {
 // commit phase, most of the needed data is already hot.
 func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string, witness *stateless.Witness) {
 	// Terminate any previously running prefetcher
-	if s.prefetcher != nil {
-		s.prefetcher.terminate(false)
-		s.prefetcher.report()
-		s.prefetcher = nil
-	}
+	s.StopPrefetcher()
+
 	// Enable witness collection if requested
 	s.witness = witness
 
-	// If snapshots are enabled, start prefethers explicitly
-	if s.snap != nil {
-		s.prefetcher = newTriePrefetcher(s.db, s.originalRoot, namespace, witness == nil)
-
-		// With the switch to the Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm, block production
-		// rewards are now handled at the consensus layer. Consequently, a block may
-		// have no state transitions if it contains no transactions and no withdrawals.
-		// In such cases, the account trie won't be scheduled for prefetching, leading
-		// to unnecessary error logs.
-		//
-		// To prevent this, the account trie is always scheduled for prefetching once
-		// the prefetcher is constructed. For more details, see:
-		// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/29880
-		if err := s.prefetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, s.originalRoot, common.Address{}, nil, false); err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to prefetch account trie", "root", s.originalRoot, "err", err)
-		}
+	// With the switch to the Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm, block production
+	// rewards are now handled at the consensus layer. Consequently, a block may
+	// have no state transitions if it contains no transactions and no withdrawals.
+	// In such cases, the account trie won't be scheduled for prefetching, leading
+	// to unnecessary error logs.
+	//
+	// To prevent this, the account trie is always scheduled for prefetching once
+	// the prefetcher is constructed. For more details, see:
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/29880
+	s.prefetcher = newTriePrefetcher(s.db, s.originalRoot, namespace, witness == nil)
+	if err := s.prefetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, s.originalRoot, common.Address{}, nil, false); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to prefetch account trie", "root", s.originalRoot, "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -583,57 +572,28 @@ func (s *StateDB) getStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
 	if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr]; ok {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// If no live objects are available, attempt to use snapshots
-	var data *types.StateAccount
-	if s.snap != nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		acc, err := s.snap.Account(crypto.HashData(s.hasher, addr.Bytes()))
-		s.SnapshotAccountReads += time.Since(start)
-		if err == nil {
-			if acc == nil {
-				s.AccountLoaded++
-				return nil
-			}
-			data = &types.StateAccount{
-				Nonce:    acc.Nonce,
-				Balance:  acc.Balance,
-				CodeHash: acc.CodeHash,
-				Root:     common.BytesToHash(acc.Root),
-			}
-			if len(data.CodeHash) == 0 {
-				data.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
-			}
-			if data.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
-				data.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// If snapshot unavailable or reading from it failed, load from the database
-	if data == nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		var err error
-		data, err = s.trie.GetAccount(addr)
-		s.AccountReads += time.Since(start)
+	s.AccountLoaded++
 
-		if err != nil {
-			s.setError(fmt.Errorf("getDeleteStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr.Bytes(), err))
-			return nil
-		}
-		if data == nil {
-			s.AccountLoaded++
-			return nil
-		}
+	start := time.Now()
+	acct, err := s.reader.Account(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.setError(fmt.Errorf("getStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr.Bytes(), err))
+		return nil
 	}
-	// Independent of where we loaded the data from, add it to the prefetcher.
-	// Whilst this would be a bit weird if snapshots are disabled, but we still
-	// want the trie nodes to end up in the prefetcher too, so just push through.
+	s.AccountReads += time.Since(start)
+
+	// Short circuit if the account is not found
+	if acct == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Schedule the resolved account for prefetching if it's enabled.
 	if s.prefetcher != nil {
 		if err := s.prefetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, s.originalRoot, common.Address{}, [][]byte{addr[:]}, true); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to prefetch account", "addr", addr, "err", err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Insert into the live set
-	obj := newObject(s, addr, data)
+	obj := newObject(s, addr, acct)
 	s.setStateObject(obj)
 	s.AccountLoaded++
 	return obj
@@ -688,8 +648,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 	// Copy all the basic fields, initialize the memory ones
 	state := &StateDB{
 		db:                   s.db,
-		trie:                 s.db.CopyTrie(s.trie),
-		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		trie:                 mustCopyTrie(s.trie),
+		reader:               s.reader.Copy(),
 		originalRoot:         s.originalRoot,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.stateObjects)),
 		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.stateObjectsDestruct)),
@@ -701,14 +661,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		logs:                 make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log, len(s.logs)),
 		logSize:              s.logSize,
 		preimages:            maps.Clone(s.preimages),
-		journal:              s.journal.copy(),
 
-		// In order for the block producer to be able to use and make additions
-		// to the snapshot tree, we need to copy that as well. Otherwise, any
-		// block mined by ourselves will cause gaps in the tree, and force the
-		// miner to operate trie-backed only.
-		snaps: s.snaps,
-		snap:  s.snap,
+		// Do we need to copy the access list and transient storage?
+		// In practice: No. At the start of a transaction, these two lists are empty.
+		// In practice, we only ever copy state _between_ transactions/blocks, never
+		// in the middle of a transaction. However, it doesn't cost us much to copy
+		// empty lists, so we do it anyway to not blow up if we ever decide copy them
+		// in the middle of a transaction.
+		accessList:       s.accessList.Copy(),
+		transientStorage: s.transientStorage.Copy(),
+		journal:          s.journal.copy(),
 	}
 	if s.witness != nil {
 		state.witness = s.witness.Copy()
@@ -737,14 +699,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		}
 		state.logs[hash] = cpy
 	}
-	// Do we need to copy the access list and transient storage?
-	// In practice: No. At the start of a transaction, these two lists are empty.
-	// In practice, we only ever copy state _between_ transactions/blocks, never
-	// in the middle of a transaction. However, it doesn't cost us much to copy
-	// empty lists, so we do it anyway to not blow up if we ever decide copy them
-	// in the middle of a transaction.
-	state.accessList = s.accessList.Copy()
-	state.transientStorage = s.transientStorage.Copy()
 	return state
 }
 
@@ -979,8 +933,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
 // of a specific account. It leverages the associated state snapshot for fast
 // storage iteration and constructs trie node deletion markers by creating
 // stack trie with iterated slots.
-func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
-	iter, err := s.snaps.StorageIterator(s.originalRoot, addrHash, common.Hash{})
+func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(snaps *snapshot.Tree, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
+	iter, err := snaps.StorageIterator(s.originalRoot, addrHash, common.Hash{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -1058,10 +1012,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) deleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root
 	// The fast approach can be failed if the snapshot is not fully
 	// generated, or it's internally corrupted. Fallback to the slow
 	// one just in case.
-	if s.snap != nil {
-		slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(addrHash, root)
+	snaps := s.db.Snapshot()
+	if snaps != nil {
+		slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(snaps, addrHash, root)
 	}
-	if s.snap == nil || err != nil {
+	if snaps == nil || err != nil {
 		slots, nodes, err = s.slowDeleteStorage(addr, addrHash, root)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1299,7 +1254,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Commit dirty contract code if any exists
-	if db := s.db.DiskDB(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
+	if db := s.db.TrieDB().Disk(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
 		batch := db.NewBatch()
 		for _, code := range ret.codes {
 			rawdb.WriteCode(batch, code.hash, code.blob)
@@ -1310,18 +1265,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 	}
 	if !ret.empty() {
 		// If snapshotting is enabled, update the snapshot tree with this new version
-		if s.snap != nil {
-			s.snap = nil
-
+		if snap := s.db.Snapshot(); snap != nil {
 			start := time.Now()
-			if err := s.snaps.Update(ret.root, ret.originRoot, ret.destructs, ret.accounts, ret.storages); err != nil {
+			if err := snap.Update(ret.root, ret.originRoot, ret.destructs, ret.accounts, ret.storages); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to update snapshot tree", "from", ret.originRoot, "to", ret.root, "err", err)
 			}
 			// Keep 128 diff layers in the memory, persistent layer is 129th.
 			// - head layer is paired with HEAD state
 			// - head-1 layer is paired with HEAD-1 state
 			// - head-127 layer(bottom-most diff layer) is paired with HEAD-127 state
-			if err := s.snaps.Cap(ret.root, TriesInMemory); err != nil {
+			if err := snap.Cap(ret.root, TriesInMemory); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to cap snapshot tree", "root", ret.root, "layers", TriesInMemory, "err", err)
 			}
 			s.SnapshotCommits += time.Since(start)
@@ -1336,6 +1289,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 			s.TrieDBCommits += time.Since(start)
 		}
 	}
+	s.reader, _ = s.db.Reader(s.originalRoot)
 	return ret, err
 }
 
@@ -1451,6 +1405,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) markUpdate(addr common.Address) {
 	s.mutations[addr].typ = update
 }
 
+// PointCache returns the point cache used by verkle tree.
 func (s *StateDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
 	return s.db.PointCache()
 }
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
index 153035b9c1..90250819e3 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
@@ -197,7 +197,6 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 		}
 		disk      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb       = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
-		sdb       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		byzantium = rand.Intn(2) == 0
 	)
 	defer disk.Close()
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 		if i != 0 {
 			root = roots[len(roots)-1]
 		}
-		state, err := New(root, sdb, snaps)
+		state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, snaps))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_test.go b/core/state/statedb_test.go
index a8ae6eb6d3..9441834c6a 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package state
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"math"
@@ -53,8 +52,9 @@ func TestUpdateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil)
+		sdb = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 	)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, tdb), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 
 	// Update it with some accounts
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	finalDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	transNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(transDb, nil)
 	finalNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(finalDb, nil)
-	transState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(transDb, transNdb), nil)
-	finalState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(finalDb, finalNdb), nil)
+	transState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(transNdb, nil))
+	finalState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(finalNdb, nil))
 
 	modify := func(state *StateDB, addr common.Address, i, tweak byte) {
 		state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(uint64(11*i)+uint64(tweak)), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/15549.
 func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a random state test to copy and modify "independently"
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCopyWithDirtyJournal tests if Copy can correct create a equal copied
 // stateDB with dirty journal present.
 func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Fill up the initial states
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	root, _ := orig.Commit(0, true)
-	orig, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	orig, _ = New(root, db)
 
 	// modify all in memory without finalizing
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 // It then proceeds to make changes to S1. Those changes are _not_ supposed
 // to affect S2. This test checks that the copy properly deep-copies the objectstate
 func TestCopyObjectState(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Fill up the initial states
 	for i := byte(0); i < 5; i++ {
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ func (test *snapshotTest) String() string {
 func (test *snapshotTest) run() bool {
 	// Run all actions and create snapshots.
 	var (
-		state, _     = New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		state, _     = New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		snapshotRevs = make([]int, len(test.snapshots))
 		sindex       = 0
 		checkstates  = make([]*StateDB, len(test.snapshots))
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ func TestTouchDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newStateEnv()
 	s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.Address{})
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
-	s.state, _ = New(root, s.state.db, s.state.snaps)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, s.state.db)
 
 	snapshot := s.state.Snapshot()
 	s.state.AddBalance(common.Address{}, new(uint256.Int), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ func TestTouchDelete(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCopyOfCopy tests that modified objects are carried over to the copy, and the copy of the copy.
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/15225#issuecomment-380191512
 func TestCopyOfCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("aaaa")
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
@@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ func TestCopyOfCopy(t *testing.T) {
 //
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20106.
 func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	tdb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
+	tdb := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Commit state, ensure states can be loaded from disk
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, false)
-	state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 	if balance := state.GetBalance(addr); balance.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(42)) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("state post-commit balance mismatch: have %v, want %v", balance, 42)
 	}
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 //
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20106.
 func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -876,8 +876,8 @@ func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestCommitCopy tests the copy from a committed state is not fully functional.
 func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
 
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, db)
 	state.SetState(addr, skey2, sval2)
 	state.Commit(1, true)
 
@@ -915,10 +915,10 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected code: have %x", code)
 	}
 	// Miss slots because of non-functional trie after commit
-	if val := copied.GetState(addr, skey1); val != (common.Hash{}) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", sval1)
+	if val := copied.GetState(addr, skey1); val != sval1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
-	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey1); val != (common.Hash{}) {
+	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey1); val != sval1 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
 	// Slots cached in the stateDB, available after commit
@@ -928,9 +928,6 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey2); val != sval2 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
-	if !errors.Is(copied.Error(), trie.ErrCommitted) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected state error, %v", copied.Error())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDeleteCreateRevert tests a weird state transition corner case that we hit
@@ -943,13 +940,13 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 // first, but the journal wiped the entire state object on create-revert.
 func TestDeleteCreateRevert(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create an initial state with a single contract
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, false)
-	state, _ = New(root, state.db, state.snaps)
+	state, _ = New(root, state.db)
 
 	// Simulate self-destructing in one transaction, then create-reverting in another
 	state.SelfDestruct(addr)
@@ -961,7 +958,7 @@ func TestDeleteCreateRevert(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Commit the entire state and make sure we don't crash and have the correct state
 	root, _ = state.Commit(0, true)
-	state, _ = New(root, state.db, state.snaps)
+	state, _ = New(root, state.db)
 
 	if state.getStateObject(addr) != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("self-destructed contract came alive")
@@ -992,10 +989,10 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			CleanCacheSize: 0,
 		}}) // disable caching
 	}
-	db := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memDb, tdb)
+	db := NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 
 	var root common.Hash
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	{
 		state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -1009,7 +1006,7 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		tdb.Commit(root, false)
 	}
 	// Create a new state on the old root
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, db)
 	// Now we clear out the memdb
 	it := memDb.NewIterator(nil, nil)
 	for it.Next() {
@@ -1042,9 +1039,8 @@ func TestStateDBAccessList(t *testing.T) {
 		return common.HexToHash(a)
 	}
 
-	memDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	db := NewDatabase(memDb)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 	state.accessList = newAccessList()
 
 	verifyAddrs := func(astrings ...string) {
@@ -1213,9 +1209,9 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a state trie with many accounts and slots
 	var (
 		memdb    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		triedb   = triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, nil)
-		statedb  = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memdb, triedb)
-		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults)
+		statedb  = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 	)
 	for a := byte(0); a < 10; a++ {
 		state.CreateAccount(common.Address{a})
@@ -1227,15 +1223,15 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to commit state trie: %v", err)
 	}
-	triedb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
-	if err := triedb.Cap(1024); err != nil {
+	tdb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
+	if err := tdb.Cap(1024); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to cap trie dirty cache: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := triedb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+	if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to commit state trie: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Reopen the state trie from flushed disk and verify it
-	state, err = New(root, NewDatabase(memdb), nil)
+	state, err = New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to reopen state trie: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -1249,9 +1245,8 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestStateDBTransientStorage(t *testing.T) {
-	memDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	db := NewDatabase(memDb)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	key := common.Hash{0x01}
 	value := common.Hash{0x02}
@@ -1286,9 +1281,9 @@ func TestDeleteStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
-		db       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapshot.Config{CacheSize: 10}, disk, tdb, types.EmptyRootHash)
-		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, snaps)
+		db       = NewDatabase(tdb, snaps)
+		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr     = common.HexToAddress("0x1")
 	)
 	// Initialize account and populate storage
@@ -1300,9 +1295,10 @@ func TestDeleteStorage(t *testing.T) {
 		state.SetState(addr, slot, value)
 	}
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
+
 	// Init phase done, create two states, one with snap and one without
-	fastState, _ := New(root, db, snaps)
-	slowState, _ := New(root, db, nil)
+	fastState, _ := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, snaps))
+	slowState, _ := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, nil))
 
 	obj := fastState.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
 	storageRoot := obj.data.Root
@@ -1340,8 +1336,8 @@ func TestStorageDirtiness(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb        = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
-		db         = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
-		state, _   = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+		db         = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+		state, _   = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr       = common.HexToAddress("0x1")
 		checkDirty = func(key common.Hash, value common.Hash, dirty bool) {
 			obj := state.getStateObject(addr)
diff --git a/core/state/sync_test.go b/core/state/sync_test.go
index b7039c9e1c..cc15422c0c 100644
--- a/core/state/sync_test.go
+++ b/core/state/sync_test.go
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ func makeTestState(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, Database, *triedb.Database, c
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	nodeDb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, config)
-	sdb := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, nodeDb)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	sdb := NewDatabase(nodeDb, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 
 	// Fill it with some arbitrary data
 	var accounts []*testAccount
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func checkStateAccounts(t *testing.T, db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root com
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
 	// Check root availability and state contents
-	state, err := New(root, NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &config), nil)
+	state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, &config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create state trie at %x: %v", root, err)
 	}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func checkStateConsistency(db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root common.Hash) e
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
-	state, err := New(root, NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, config), nil)
+	state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go b/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
index a0a9d4110b..529b42d39c 100644
--- a/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
+++ b/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func filledStateDB() *StateDB {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -67,8 +67,11 @@ func TestUseAfterTerminate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestVerklePrefetcher(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
-	state, err := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	disk := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(disk, triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	sdb := NewDatabase(db, nil)
+
+	state, err := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to initialize state: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -82,9 +85,9 @@ func TestVerklePrefetcher(t *testing.T) {
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
 
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, sdb)
 	sRoot := state.GetStorageRoot(addr)
-	fetcher := newTriePrefetcher(db, root, "", false)
+	fetcher := newTriePrefetcher(sdb, root, "", false)
 
 	// Read account
 	fetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, root, common.Address{}, [][]byte{
diff --git a/core/state_processor_test.go b/core/state_processor_test.go
index 3ed0eb7579..9678f2828c 100644
--- a/core/state_processor_test.go
+++ b/core/state_processor_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	t.Run("MPT", func(t *testing.T) {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		test(statedb)
 	})
 	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -610,7 +609,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		cacheConfig := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
 		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
 		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 		test(statedb)
 	})
 }
diff --git a/core/stateless.go b/core/stateless.go
index e3168747cf..f323cc2e8e 100644
--- a/core/stateless.go
+++ b/core/stateless.go
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ import (
 func ExecuteStateless(config *params.ChainConfig, witness *stateless.Witness) (common.Hash, common.Hash, error) {
 	// Create and populate the state database to serve as the stateless backend
 	memdb := witness.MakeHashDB()
-
-	db, err := state.New(witness.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil)
+	db, err := state.New(witness.Root(), state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, err
 	}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index d658a6daf4..feccb17922 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -33,14 +33,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -545,7 +543,7 @@ func TestOpenDrops(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(gapper.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(dangler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(filler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -676,7 +674,7 @@ func TestOpenIndex(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.Commit(0, true)
 
@@ -776,7 +774,7 @@ func TestOpenHeap(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -856,7 +854,7 @@ func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
 	// with a high cap to ensure everything was persisted previously
 	for _, datacap := range []uint64{2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize), 100 * (txAvgSize + blobSize)} {
 		// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data, but cap it to 2 blob transaction
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -1266,7 +1264,7 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 			keys  = make(map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey)
 			addrs = make(map[string]common.Address)
 		)
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		for acc, seed := range tt.seeds {
 			// Generate a new random key/address for the seed account
 			keys[acc], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -1328,7 +1326,7 @@ func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
 		basefee    = uint64(1050)
 		blobfee    = uint64(105)
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(testChainConfig)
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		chain      = &testBlockChain{
 			config:  testChainConfig,
 			basefee: uint256.NewInt(basefee),
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool2_test.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool2_test.go
index fd961d1d92..1377479da1 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool2_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool2_test.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func TestTransactionFutureAttack(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalQueue = 100
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ func TestTransactionFutureAttack(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionFuture1559(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
 	pool.Init(testTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), makeAddressReserver())
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ func TestTransactionFuture1559(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionZAttack(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
 	pool.Init(testTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), makeAddressReserver())
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ func TestTransactionZAttack(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkFutureAttack(b *testing.B) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalQueue = 100
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
index c86991c942..39673d176d 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ func setupPool() (*LegacyPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
 }
 
 func setupPoolWithConfig(config *params.ChainConfig) (*LegacyPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(config, 10000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ func (c *testChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
 	// a state change between those fetches.
 	stdb := c.statedb
 	if *c.trigger {
-		c.statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		c.statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		// simulate that the new head block included tx0 and tx1
 		c.statedb.SetNonce(c.address, 2)
 		c.statedb.SetBalance(c.address, new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(params.Ether), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ func TestStateChangeDuringReset(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		key, _     = crypto.GenerateKey()
 		address    = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		trigger    = false
 	)
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ func TestChainFork(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 	resetState := func() {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(100000000000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 		pool.chain = newTestBlockChain(pool.chainconfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ func TestDoubleNonce(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 	resetState := func() {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(100000000000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 		pool.chain = newTestBlockChain(pool.chainconfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
@@ -697,7 +696,7 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the postponing with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ func testQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1003,7 +1002,7 @@ func testQueueTimeLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	evictionInterval = time.Millisecond * 100
 
 	// Create the pool to test the non-expiration enforcement
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1189,7 +1188,7 @@ func TestPendingGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1291,7 +1290,7 @@ func TestCapClearsFromAll(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1326,7 +1325,7 @@ func TestPendingMinimumAllowance(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1375,7 +1374,7 @@ func TestRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -1495,7 +1494,7 @@ func TestMinGasPriceEnforced(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 10000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	txPoolConfig := DefaultConfig
@@ -1668,7 +1667,7 @@ func TestRepricingKeepsLocals(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -1742,7 +1741,7 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1857,7 +1856,7 @@ func TestStableUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -2090,7 +2089,7 @@ func TestDeduplication(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -2157,7 +2156,7 @@ func TestReplacement(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -2363,7 +2362,7 @@ func testJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	os.Remove(journal)
 
 	// Create the original pool to inject transaction into the journal
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -2464,7 +2463,7 @@ func TestStatusCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the status retrievals with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
index 02fc94840d..babe9a5b6a 100644
--- a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func TestEIP2200(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, tt := range eip2200Tests {
 		address := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 		statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.input))
 		statedb.SetState(address, common.Hash{}, common.BytesToHash([]byte{tt.original}))
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ func TestCreateGas(t *testing.T) {
 		var gasUsed = uint64(0)
 		doCheck := func(testGas int) bool {
 			address := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
-			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 			statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 			statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.code))
 			statedb.Finalise(true)
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index e17e913aa3..a3f9ee81d1 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -582,7 +581,7 @@ func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
 
 func TestOpTstore(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		statedb, _     = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _     = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		env            = NewEVM(BlockContext{}, TxContext{}, statedb, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
 		stack          = newstack()
 		mem            = NewMemory()
diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
index ff4977d728..a1369648da 100644
--- a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func TestLoopInterrupt(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for i, tt := range loopInterruptTests {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 		statedb.SetCode(address, common.Hex2Bytes(tt))
 		statedb.Finalise(true)
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
index 1181e5fccd..f83ed682cd 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func Execute(code, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, *state.StateDB, error) {
 	setDefaults(cfg)
 
 	if cfg.State == nil {
-		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	}
 	var (
 		address = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ func Create(input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, common.Address, uint64, error) {
 	setDefaults(cfg)
 
 	if cfg.State == nil {
-		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	}
 	var (
 		vmenv  = NewEnv(cfg)
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
index f56d4a7452..9046dad5fe 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/asm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	address := common.HexToAddress("0xaa")
 	state.SetCode(address, []byte{
 		byte(vm.PUSH1), 10,
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ func BenchmarkCall(b *testing.B) {
 }
 func benchmarkEVM_Create(bench *testing.B, code string) {
 	var (
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		sender     = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("sender"))
 		receiver   = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("receiver"))
 	)
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_SWAP1(b *testing.B) {
 		return contract
 	}
 
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	contractAddr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
 	b.Run("10k", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_RETURN(b *testing.B) {
 		return contract
 	}
 
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	contractAddr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
 	for _, n := range []uint64{1_000, 10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000} {
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ func TestBlockhash(t *testing.T) {
 func benchmarkNonModifyingCode(gas uint64, code []byte, name string, tracerCode string, b *testing.B) {
 	cfg := new(Config)
 	setDefaults(cfg)
-	cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	cfg.GasLimit = gas
 	if len(tracerCode) > 0 {
 		tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(tracerCode, new(tracers.Context), nil)
@@ -880,7 +879,7 @@ func TestRuntimeJSTracer(t *testing.T) {
 	main := common.HexToAddress("0xaa")
 	for i, jsTracer := range jsTracers {
 		for j, tc := range tests {
-			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 			statedb.SetCode(main, tc.code)
 			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xbb"), calleeCode)
 			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xcc"), calleeCode)
@@ -922,7 +921,7 @@ func TestJSTracerCreateTx(t *testing.T) {
 	exit: function(res) { this.exits++ }}`
 	code := []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), 0, byte(vm.PUSH1), 0, byte(vm.RETURN)}
 
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(jsTracer, new(tracers.Context), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/eth/api_debug_test.go b/eth/api_debug_test.go
index 750cee5e44..cfb8829b5c 100644
--- a/eth/api_debug_test.go
+++ b/eth/api_debug_test.go
@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ func TestAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	var (
-		statedb = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-		sdb, _  = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		mdb     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		statedb = state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(mdb, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}), nil)
+		sdb, _  = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 		addrs   = [AccountRangeMaxResults * 2]common.Address{}
 		m       = map[common.Address]bool{}
 	)
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func TestAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	root, _ := sdb.Commit(0, true)
-	sdb, _ = state.New(root, statedb, nil)
+	sdb, _ = state.New(root, statedb)
 
 	trie, err := statedb.OpenTrie(root)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -135,12 +136,12 @@ func TestEmptyAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	var (
-		statedb = state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
-		st, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		statedb = state.NewDatabaseForTesting()
+		st, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 	)
 	// Commit(although nothing to flush) and re-init the statedb
 	st.Commit(0, true)
-	st, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+	st, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 
 	results := st.RawDump(&state.DumpConfig{
 		SkipCode:          true,
@@ -161,8 +162,10 @@ func TestStorageRangeAt(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a state where account 0x010000... has a few storage entries.
 	var (
-		db     = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-		sdb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+		mdb    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		tdb    = triedb.NewDatabase(mdb, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+		db     = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+		sdb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr   = common.Address{0x01}
 		keys   = []common.Hash{ // hashes of Keys of storage
 			common.HexToHash("340dd630ad21bf010b4e676dbfa9ba9a02175262d1fa356232cfde6cb5b47ef2"),
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ func TestStorageRangeAt(t *testing.T) {
 		sdb.SetState(addr, *entry.Key, entry.Value)
 	}
 	root, _ := sdb.Commit(0, false)
-	sdb, _ = state.New(root, db, nil)
+	sdb, _ = state.New(root, db)
 
 	// Check a few combinations of limit and start/end.
 	tests := []struct {
diff --git a/eth/state_accessor.go b/eth/state_accessor.go
index 7b6f5ba150..cb5a233a83 100644
--- a/eth/state_accessor.go
+++ b/eth/state_accessor.go
@@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
 			// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 			// please re-enable it for better performance.
-			database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
-			if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database, nil); err == nil {
+			tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
+			database = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+			if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database); err == nil {
 				log.Info("Found disk backend for state trie", "root", block.Root(), "number", block.Number())
 				return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 			}
@@ -86,13 +87,13 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 		// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 		// please re-enable it for better performance.
 		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
-		database = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(eth.chainDb, tdb)
+		database = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 
 		// If we didn't check the live database, do check state over ephemeral database,
 		// otherwise we would rewind past a persisted block (specific corner case is
 		// chain tracing from the genesis).
 		if !readOnly {
-			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database)
 			if err == nil {
 				return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 			}
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			}
 			current = parent
 
-			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database)
 			if err == nil {
 				break
 			}
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("stateAtBlock commit failed, number %d root %v: %w",
 				current.NumberU64(), current.Root().Hex(), err)
 		}
-		statedb, err = state.New(root, database, nil)
+		statedb, err = state.New(root, database)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("state reset after block %d failed: %v", current.NumberU64(), err)
 		}
diff --git a/miner/miner_test.go b/miner/miner_test.go
index 779626c045..b92febdd12 100644
--- a/miner/miner_test.go
+++ b/miner/miner_test.go
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func createMiner(t *testing.T) *Miner {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't create new chain %v", err)
 	}
-	statedb, _ := state.New(bc.Genesis().Root(), bc.StateCache(), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(bc.Genesis().Root(), bc.StateCache())
 	blockchain := &testBlockChain{bc.Genesis().Root(), chainConfig, statedb, 10000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := legacypool.New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index 2bf0056cbc..cf0ce9777f 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func (t *StateTest) Run(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bo
 	if logs := rlpHash(st.StateDB.Logs()); logs != common.Hash(post.Logs) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("post state logs hash mismatch: got %x, want %x", logs, post.Logs)
 	}
-	st.StateDB, _ = state.New(root, st.StateDB.Database(), st.Snapshots)
+	st.StateDB, _ = state.New(root, st.StateDB.Database())
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 		tconf.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb)
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce)
@@ -486,7 +486,8 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 		}
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapconfig, db, triedb, root)
 	}
-	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb, snaps)
+	sdb = state.NewDatabase(triedb, snaps)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb)
 	return StateTestState{statedb, triedb, snaps}
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/database.go b/triedb/database.go
index aecb900f31..c1e6f9af4e 100644
--- a/triedb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ type backend interface {
 // types of node backend as an entrypoint. It's responsible for all interactions
 // relevant with trie nodes and node preimages.
 type Database struct {
+	disk      ethdb.Database
 	config    *Config        // Configuration for trie database
 	preimages *preimageStore // The store for caching preimages
 	backend   backend        // The backend for managing trie nodes
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ func NewDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 		preimages = newPreimageStore(diskdb)
 	}
 	db := &Database{
+		disk:      diskdb,
 		config:    config,
 		preimages: preimages,
 	}
@@ -327,3 +329,8 @@ func (db *Database) SetBufferSize(size int) error {
 func (db *Database) IsVerkle() bool {
 	return db.config.IsVerkle
 }
+
+// Disk returns the underlying disk database.
+func (db *Database) Disk() ethdb.Database {
+	return db.disk
+}