core/txpool: implement additional DoS defenses (#26648)

This adds two new rules to the transaction pool:

- A future transaction can not evict a pending transaction.
- A transaction can not overspend available funds of a sender.

---

Co-authored-by: dwn1998 <42262393+dwn1998@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

core/txpool/list.go

@@ -254,17 +254,19 @@ type list struct {
 	strict bool       // Whether nonces are strictly continuous or not
 	txs    *sortedMap // Heap indexed sorted hash map of the transactions
 
-	costcap *big.Int // Price of the highest costing transaction (reset only if exceeds balance)
+	costcap   *big.Int // Price of the highest costing transaction (reset only if exceeds balance)
-	gascap  uint64   // Gas limit of the highest spending transaction (reset only if exceeds block limit)
+	gascap    uint64   // Gas limit of the highest spending transaction (reset only if exceeds block limit)
+	totalcost *big.Int // Total cost of all transactions in the list
 }
 
 // newList create a new transaction list for maintaining nonce-indexable fast,
 // gapped, sortable transaction lists.
 func newList(strict bool) *list {
 	return &list{
-		strict:  strict,
+		strict:    strict,
-		txs:     newSortedMap(),
+		txs:       newSortedMap(),
-		costcap: new(big.Int),
+		costcap:   new(big.Int),
+		totalcost: new(big.Int),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -302,7 +304,11 @@ func (l *list) Add(tx *types.Transaction, priceBump uint64) (bool, *types.Transa
 		if tx.GasFeeCapIntCmp(thresholdFeeCap) < 0 || tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(thresholdTip) < 0 {
 			return false, nil
 		}
+		// Old is being replaced, subtract old cost
+		l.subTotalCost([]*types.Transaction{old})
 	}
+	// Add new tx cost to totalcost
+	l.totalcost.Add(l.totalcost, tx.Cost())
 	// Otherwise overwrite the old transaction with the current one
 	l.txs.Put(tx)
 	if cost := tx.Cost(); l.costcap.Cmp(cost) < 0 {
@@ -318,7 +324,9 @@ func (l *list) Add(tx *types.Transaction, priceBump uint64) (bool, *types.Transa
 // provided threshold. Every removed transaction is returned for any post-removal
 // maintenance.
 func (l *list) Forward(threshold uint64) types.Transactions {
-	return l.txs.Forward(threshold)
+	txs := l.txs.Forward(threshold)
+	l.subTotalCost(txs)
+	return txs
 }
 
 // Filter removes all transactions from the list with a cost or gas limit higher
@@ -357,6 +365,9 @@ func (l *list) Filter(costLimit *big.Int, gasLimit uint64) (types.Transactions,
 		}
 		invalids = l.txs.filter(func(tx *types.Transaction) bool { return tx.Nonce() > lowest })
 	}
+	// Reset total cost
+	l.subTotalCost(removed)
+	l.subTotalCost(invalids)
 	l.txs.reheap()
 	return removed, invalids
 }
@@ -364,7 +375,9 @@ func (l *list) Filter(costLimit *big.Int, gasLimit uint64) (types.Transactions,
 // Cap places a hard limit on the number of items, returning all transactions
 // exceeding that limit.
 func (l *list) Cap(threshold int) types.Transactions {
-	return l.txs.Cap(threshold)
+	txs := l.txs.Cap(threshold)
+	l.subTotalCost(txs)
+	return txs
 }
 
 // Remove deletes a transaction from the maintained list, returning whether the
@@ -376,9 +389,12 @@ func (l *list) Remove(tx *types.Transaction) (bool, types.Transactions) {
 	if removed := l.txs.Remove(nonce); !removed {
 		return false, nil
 	}
+	l.subTotalCost([]*types.Transaction{tx})
 	// In strict mode, filter out non-executable transactions
 	if l.strict {
-		return true, l.txs.Filter(func(tx *types.Transaction) bool { return tx.Nonce() > nonce })
+		txs := l.txs.Filter(func(tx *types.Transaction) bool { return tx.Nonce() > nonce })
+		l.subTotalCost(txs)
+		return true, txs
 	}
 	return true, nil
 }
@@ -391,7 +407,9 @@ func (l *list) Remove(tx *types.Transaction) (bool, types.Transactions) {
 // prevent getting into and invalid state. This is not something that should ever
 // happen but better to be self correcting than failing!
 func (l *list) Ready(start uint64) types.Transactions {
-	return l.txs.Ready(start)
+	txs := l.txs.Ready(start)
+	l.subTotalCost(txs)
+	return txs
 }
 
 // Len returns the length of the transaction list.
@@ -417,6 +435,14 @@ func (l *list) LastElement() *types.Transaction {
 	return l.txs.LastElement()
 }
 
+// subTotalCost subtracts the cost of the given transactions from the
+// total cost of all transactions.
+func (l *list) subTotalCost(txs []*types.Transaction) {
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		l.totalcost.Sub(l.totalcost, tx.Cost())
+	}
+}
+
 // priceHeap is a heap.Interface implementation over transactions for retrieving
 // price-sorted transactions to discard when the pool fills up. If baseFee is set
 // then the heap is sorted based on the effective tip based on the given base fee.
@@ -561,6 +587,7 @@ func (l *pricedList) underpricedFor(h *priceHeap, tx *types.Transaction) bool {
 
 // Discard finds a number of most underpriced transactions, removes them from the
 // priced list and returns them for further removal from the entire pool.
+// If noPending is set to true, we will only consider the floating list
 //
 // Note local transaction won't be considered for eviction.
 func (l *pricedList) Discard(slots int, force bool) (types.Transactions, bool) {

core/txpool/txpool.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package txpool
 
 import (
+	"container/heap"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
@@ -87,6 +88,14 @@ var (
 	// than some meaningful limit a user might use. This is not a consensus error
 	// making the transaction invalid, rather a DOS protection.
 	ErrOversizedData = errors.New("oversized data")
+
+	// ErrFutureReplacePending is returned if a future transaction replaces a pending
+	// transaction. Future transactions should only be able to replace other future transactions.
+	ErrFutureReplacePending = errors.New("future transaction tries to replace pending")
+
+	// ErrOverdraft is returned if a transaction would cause the senders balance to go negative
+	// thus invalidating a potential large number of transactions.
+	ErrOverdraft = errors.New("transaction would cause overdraft")
 )
 
 var (
@@ -639,9 +648,25 @@ func (pool *TxPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) error {
 	}
 	// Transactor should have enough funds to cover the costs
 	// cost == V + GP * GL
-	if pool.currentState.GetBalance(from).Cmp(tx.Cost()) < 0 {
+	balance := pool.currentState.GetBalance(from)
+	if balance.Cmp(tx.Cost()) < 0 {
 		return core.ErrInsufficientFunds
 	}
+
+	// Verify that replacing transactions will not result in overdraft
+	list := pool.pending[from]
+	if list != nil { // Sender already has pending txs
+		sum := new(big.Int).Add(tx.Cost(), list.totalcost)
+		if repl := list.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()); repl != nil {
+			// Deduct the cost of a transaction replaced by this
+			sum.Sub(sum, repl.Cost())
+		}
+		if balance.Cmp(sum) < 0 {
+			log.Trace("Replacing transactions would overdraft", "sender", from, "balance", pool.currentState.GetBalance(from), "required", sum)
+			return ErrOverdraft
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Ensure the transaction has more gas than the basic tx fee.
 	intrGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.To() == nil, true, pool.istanbul, pool.shanghai)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -678,6 +703,10 @@ func (pool *TxPool) add(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) (replaced bool, err e
 		invalidTxMeter.Mark(1)
 		return false, err
 	}
+
+	// already validated by this point
+	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx)
+
 	// If the transaction pool is full, discard underpriced transactions
 	if uint64(pool.all.Slots()+numSlots(tx)) > pool.config.GlobalSlots+pool.config.GlobalQueue {
 		// If the new transaction is underpriced, don't accept it
@@ -686,6 +715,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) add(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) (replaced bool, err e
 			underpricedTxMeter.Mark(1)
 			return false, ErrUnderpriced
 		}
+
 		// We're about to replace a transaction. The reorg does a more thorough
 		// analysis of what to remove and how, but it runs async. We don't want to
 		// do too many replacements between reorg-runs, so we cap the number of
@@ -706,17 +736,37 @@ func (pool *TxPool) add(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) (replaced bool, err e
 			overflowedTxMeter.Mark(1)
 			return false, ErrTxPoolOverflow
 		}
-		// Bump the counter of rejections-since-reorg
+
-		pool.changesSinceReorg += len(drop)
+		// If the new transaction is a future transaction it should never churn pending transactions
+		if pool.isFuture(from, tx) {
+			var replacesPending bool
+			for _, dropTx := range drop {
+				dropSender, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, dropTx)
+				if list := pool.pending[dropSender]; list != nil && list.Overlaps(dropTx) {
+					replacesPending = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			// Add all transactions back to the priced queue
+			if replacesPending {
+				for _, dropTx := range drop {
+					heap.Push(&pool.priced.urgent, dropTx)
+				}
+				log.Trace("Discarding future transaction replacing pending tx", "hash", hash)
+				return false, ErrFutureReplacePending
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Kick out the underpriced remote transactions.
 		for _, tx := range drop {
 			log.Trace("Discarding freshly underpriced transaction", "hash", tx.Hash(), "gasTipCap", tx.GasTipCap(), "gasFeeCap", tx.GasFeeCap())
 			underpricedTxMeter.Mark(1)
-			pool.removeTx(tx.Hash(), false)
+			dropped := pool.removeTx(tx.Hash(), false)
+			pool.changesSinceReorg += dropped
 		}
 	}
+
 	// Try to replace an existing transaction in the pending pool
-	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated
 	if list := pool.pending[from]; list != nil && list.Overlaps(tx) {
 		// Nonce already pending, check if required price bump is met
 		inserted, old := list.Add(tx, pool.config.PriceBump)
@@ -760,6 +810,20 @@ func (pool *TxPool) add(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) (replaced bool, err e
 	return replaced, nil
 }
 
+// isFuture reports whether the given transaction is immediately executable.
+func (pool *TxPool) isFuture(from common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) bool {
+	list := pool.pending[from]
+	if list == nil {
+		return pool.pendingNonces.get(from) != tx.Nonce()
+	}
+	// Sender has pending transactions.
+	if old := list.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()); old != nil {
+		return false // It replaces a pending transaction.
+	}
+	// Not replacing, check if parent nonce exists in pending.
+	return list.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()-1) == nil
+}
+
 // enqueueTx inserts a new transaction into the non-executable transaction queue.
 //
 // Note, this method assumes the pool lock is held!
@@ -996,11 +1060,12 @@ func (pool *TxPool) Has(hash common.Hash) bool {
 
 // removeTx removes a single transaction from the queue, moving all subsequent
 // transactions back to the future queue.
-func (pool *TxPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool) {
+// Returns the number of transactions removed from the pending queue.
+func (pool *TxPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool) int {
 	// Fetch the transaction we wish to delete
 	tx := pool.all.Get(hash)
 	if tx == nil {
-		return
+		return 0
 	}
 	addr, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated during insertion
 
@@ -1028,7 +1093,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool) {
 			pool.pendingNonces.setIfLower(addr, tx.Nonce())
 			// Reduce the pending counter
 			pendingGauge.Dec(int64(1 + len(invalids)))
-			return
+			return 1 + len(invalids)
 		}
 	}
 	// Transaction is in the future queue
@@ -1042,6 +1107,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool) {
 			delete(pool.beats, addr)
 		}
 	}
+	return 0
 }
 
 // requestReset requests a pool reset to the new head block.

core/txpool/txpool2_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+package txpool
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
+)
+
+func pricedValuedTransaction(nonce uint64, value int64, gaslimit uint64, gasprice *big.Int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
+	tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(value), gaslimit, gasprice, nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, key)
+	return tx
+}
+
+func count(t *testing.T, pool *TxPool) (pending int, queued int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	pending, queued = pool.stats()
+	if err := validatePoolInternals(pool); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
+	}
+	return pending, queued
+}
+
+func fillPool(t *testing.T, pool *TxPool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	// Create a number of test accounts, fund them and make transactions
+	executableTxs := types.Transactions{}
+	nonExecutableTxs := types.Transactions{}
+	for i := 0; i < 384; i++ {
+		key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+		pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey), big.NewInt(10000000000))
+		// Add executable ones
+		for j := 0; j < int(pool.config.AccountSlots); j++ {
+			executableTxs = append(executableTxs, pricedTransaction(uint64(j), 100000, big.NewInt(300), key))
+		}
+	}
+	// Import the batch and verify that limits have been enforced
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(executableTxs)
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(nonExecutableTxs)
+	pending, queued := pool.Stats()
+	slots := pool.all.Slots()
+	// sanity-check that the test prerequisites are ok (pending full)
+	if have, want := pending, slots; have != want {
+		t.Fatalf("have %d, want %d", have, want)
+	}
+	if have, want := queued, 0; have != want {
+		t.Fatalf("have %d, want %d", have, want)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("pool.config: GlobalSlots=%d, GlobalQueue=%d\n", pool.config.GlobalSlots, pool.config.GlobalQueue)
+	t.Logf("pending: %d queued: %d, all: %d\n", pending, queued, slots)
+}
+
+// Tests that if a batch high-priced of non-executables arrive, they do not kick out
+// executable transactions
+func TestTransactionFutureAttack(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
+	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed)}
+	config := testTxPoolConfig
+	config.GlobalQueue = 100
+	config.GlobalSlots = 100
+	pool := NewTxPool(config, eip1559Config, blockchain)
+	defer pool.Stop()
+	fillPool(t, pool)
+	pending, _ := pool.Stats()
+	// Now, future transaction attack starts, let's add a bunch of expensive non-executables, and see if the pending-count drops
+	{
+		key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+		pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey), big.NewInt(100000000000))
+		futureTxs := types.Transactions{}
+		for j := 0; j < int(pool.config.GlobalSlots+pool.config.GlobalQueue); j++ {
+			futureTxs = append(futureTxs, pricedTransaction(1000+uint64(j), 100000, big.NewInt(500), key))
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			pool.AddRemotesSync(futureTxs)
+			newPending, newQueued := count(t, pool)
+			t.Logf("pending: %d queued: %d, all: %d\n", newPending, newQueued, pool.all.Slots())
+		}
+	}
+	newPending, _ := pool.Stats()
+	// Pending should not have been touched
+	if have, want := newPending, pending; have < want {
+		t.Errorf("wrong pending-count, have %d, want %d (GlobalSlots: %d)",
+			have, want, pool.config.GlobalSlots)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that if a batch high-priced of non-executables arrive, they do not kick out
+// executable transactions
+func TestTransactionFuture1559(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
+	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed)}
+	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, eip1559Config, blockchain)
+	defer pool.Stop()
+
+	// Create a number of test accounts, fund them and make transactions
+	fillPool(t, pool)
+	pending, _ := pool.Stats()
+
+	// Now, future transaction attack starts, let's add a bunch of expensive non-executables, and see if the pending-count drops
+	{
+		key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+		pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey), big.NewInt(100000000000))
+		futureTxs := types.Transactions{}
+		for j := 0; j < int(pool.config.GlobalSlots+pool.config.GlobalQueue); j++ {
+			futureTxs = append(futureTxs, dynamicFeeTx(1000+uint64(j), 100000, big.NewInt(200), big.NewInt(101), key))
+		}
+		pool.AddRemotesSync(futureTxs)
+	}
+	newPending, _ := pool.Stats()
+	// Pending should not have been touched
+	if have, want := newPending, pending; have != want {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong pending-count, have %d, want %d (GlobalSlots: %d)",
+			have, want, pool.config.GlobalSlots)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that if a batch of balance-overdraft txs arrive, they do not kick out
+// executable transactions
+func TestTransactionZAttack(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
+	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed)}
+	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, eip1559Config, blockchain)
+	defer pool.Stop()
+	// Create a number of test accounts, fund them and make transactions
+	fillPool(t, pool)
+
+	countInvalidPending := func() int {
+		t.Helper()
+		var ivpendingNum int
+		pendingtxs, _ := pool.Content()
+		for account, txs := range pendingtxs {
+			cur_balance := new(big.Int).Set(pool.currentState.GetBalance(account))
+			for _, tx := range txs {
+				if cur_balance.Cmp(tx.Value()) <= 0 {
+					ivpendingNum++
+				} else {
+					cur_balance.Sub(cur_balance, tx.Value())
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if err := validatePoolInternals(pool); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
+		}
+		return ivpendingNum
+	}
+	ivPending := countInvalidPending()
+	t.Logf("invalid pending: %d\n", ivPending)
+
+	// Now, DETER-Z attack starts, let's add a bunch of expensive non-executables (from N accounts) along with balance-overdraft txs (from one account), and see if the pending-count drops
+	for j := 0; j < int(pool.config.GlobalQueue); j++ {
+		futureTxs := types.Transactions{}
+		key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+		pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey), big.NewInt(100000000000))
+		futureTxs = append(futureTxs, pricedTransaction(1000+uint64(j), 21000, big.NewInt(500), key))
+		pool.AddRemotesSync(futureTxs)
+	}
+
+	overDraftTxs := types.Transactions{}
+	{
+		key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+		pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey), big.NewInt(100000000000))
+		for j := 0; j < int(pool.config.GlobalSlots); j++ {
+			overDraftTxs = append(overDraftTxs, pricedValuedTransaction(uint64(j), 60000000000, 21000, big.NewInt(500), key))
+		}
+	}
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(overDraftTxs)
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(overDraftTxs)
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(overDraftTxs)
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(overDraftTxs)
+	pool.AddRemotesSync(overDraftTxs)
+
+	newPending, newQueued := count(t, pool)
+	newIvPending := countInvalidPending()
+	t.Logf("pool.all.Slots(): %d\n", pool.all.Slots())
+	t.Logf("pending: %d queued: %d, all: %d\n", newPending, newQueued, pool.all.Slots())
+	t.Logf("invalid pending: %d\n", newIvPending)
+
+	// Pending should not have been touched
+	if newIvPending != ivPending {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong invalid pending-count, have %d, want %d (GlobalSlots: %d, queued: %d)",
+			newIvPending, ivPending, pool.config.GlobalSlots, newQueued)
+	}
+}

core/txpool/txpool_test.go

@@ -158,6 +158,9 @@ func validatePoolInternals(pool *TxPool) error {
 		if nonce := pool.pendingNonces.get(addr); nonce != last+1 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("pending nonce mismatch: have %v, want %v", nonce, last+1)
 		}
+		if txs.totalcost.Cmp(common.Big0) < 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("totalcost went negative: %v", txs.totalcost)
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1105,7 +1108,7 @@ func TestPendingLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
 	account := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
-	testAddBalance(pool, account, big.NewInt(1000000))
+	testAddBalance(pool, account, big.NewInt(1000000000000))
 
 	// Keep track of transaction events to ensure all executables get announced
 	events := make(chan core.NewTxsEvent, testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5)
@@ -1584,7 +1587,7 @@ func TestRepricingKeepsLocals(t *testing.T) {
 	keys := make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 3)
 	for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
 		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
-		testAddBalance(pool, crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey), big.NewInt(1000*1000000))
+		testAddBalance(pool, crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey), big.NewInt(100000*1000000))
 	}
 	// Create transaction (both pending and queued) with a linearly growing gasprice
 	for i := uint64(0); i < 500; i++ {
@@ -1663,7 +1666,7 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
 
 	// Create a number of test accounts and fund them
-	keys := make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 4)
+	keys := make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 5)
 	for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
 		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
 		testAddBalance(pool, crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey), big.NewInt(1000000))
@@ -1699,6 +1702,10 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("adding underpriced pending transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrUnderpriced)
 	}
+	// Replace a future transaction with a future transaction
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[1])); err != nil { // +K1:1 => -K1:1 => Pend K0:0, K0:1, K2:0; Que K1:1
+		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
+	}
 	// Ensure that adding high priced transactions drops cheap ones, but not own
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(3), keys[1])); err != nil { // +K1:0 => -K1:1 => Pend K0:0, K0:1, K1:0, K2:0; Que -
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
@@ -1709,6 +1716,10 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(3, 100000, big.NewInt(5), keys[1])); err != nil { // +K1:3 => -K0:1 => Pend K1:0, K2:0; Que K1:2 K1:3
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
+	// Ensure that replacing a pending transaction with a future transaction fails
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(5, 100000, big.NewInt(6), keys[1])); err != ErrFutureReplacePending {
+		t.Fatalf("adding future replace transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrFutureReplacePending)
+	}
 	pending, queued = pool.Stats()
 	if pending != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("pending transactions mismatched: have %d, want %d", pending, 2)
@@ -1716,7 +1727,7 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	if queued != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("queued transactions mismatched: have %d, want %d", queued, 2)
 	}
-	if err := validateEvents(events, 1); err != nil {
+	if err := validateEvents(events, 2); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("additional event firing failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validatePoolInternals(pool); err != nil {
@@ -1878,11 +1889,11 @@ func TestUnderpricingDynamicFee(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	tx = pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(3), keys[1])
+	tx = pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(3), keys[1])
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != nil { // +K1:2, -K0:1 => Pend K0:0 K1:0, K2:0; Que K1:2
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	tx = dynamicFeeTx(3, 100000, big.NewInt(4), big.NewInt(1), keys[1])
+	tx = dynamicFeeTx(2, 100000, big.NewInt(4), big.NewInt(1), keys[1])
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != nil { // +K1:3, -K1:0 => Pend K0:0 K2:0; Que K1:2 K1:3
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -1893,7 +1904,7 @@ func TestUnderpricingDynamicFee(t *testing.T) {
 	if queued != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("queued transactions mismatched: have %d, want %d", queued, 2)
 	}
-	if err := validateEvents(events, 1); err != nil {
+	if err := validateEvents(events, 2); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("additional event firing failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validatePoolInternals(pool); err != nil {
@@ -2487,7 +2498,7 @@ func benchmarkBatchInsert(b *testing.B, size int, local bool) {
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
 	account := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
-	testAddBalance(pool, account, big.NewInt(1000000))
+	testAddBalance(pool, account, big.NewInt(1000000000000000000))
 
 	batches := make([]types.Transactions, b.N)
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {