core, params, beacon/engine: implement EIP 4788 BeaconRoot (#27849)

This change implements "EIP 4788 : Beacon block root in the EVM". It implements version-2 of EPI-4788, main difference being that the contract is an actual contract rather than a precompile, as in #27289.

beacon/engine/types.go

@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ func ExecutableDataToBlock(params ExecutableData, versionedHashes []common.Hash)
 		WithdrawalsHash: withdrawalsRoot,
 		ExcessBlobGas:   params.ExcessBlobGas,
 		BlobGasUsed:     params.BlobGasUsed,
+		// TODO BeaconRoot
 	}
 	block := types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).WithBody(txs, nil /* uncles */).WithWithdrawals(params.Withdrawals)
 	if block.Hash() != params.BlockHash {
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@ func BlockToExecutableData(block *types.Block, fees *big.Int, blobs []kzg4844.Bl
 		Withdrawals:   block.Withdrawals(),
 		BlobGasUsed:   block.BlobGasUsed(),
 		ExcessBlobGas: block.ExcessBlobGas(),
+		// TODO BeaconRoot
 	}
 	blobsBundle := BlobsBundleV1{
 		Commitments: make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0),

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go

@@ -69,25 +69,26 @@ type ommer struct {
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type stEnv -field-override stEnvMarshaling -out gen_stenv.go
 type stEnv struct {
-	Coinbase            common.Address                      `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
+	Coinbase              common.Address                      `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
-	Difficulty          *big.Int                            `json:"currentDifficulty"`
+	Difficulty            *big.Int                            `json:"currentDifficulty"`
-	Random              *big.Int                            `json:"currentRandom"`
+	Random                *big.Int                            `json:"currentRandom"`
-	ParentDifficulty    *big.Int                            `json:"parentDifficulty"`
+	ParentDifficulty      *big.Int                            `json:"parentDifficulty"`
-	ParentBaseFee       *big.Int                            `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+	ParentBaseFee         *big.Int                            `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-	ParentGasUsed       uint64                              `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
+	ParentGasUsed         uint64                              `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
-	ParentGasLimit      uint64                              `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
+	ParentGasLimit        uint64                              `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
-	GasLimit            uint64                              `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit              uint64                              `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
-	Number              uint64                              `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
+	Number                uint64                              `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
-	Timestamp           uint64                              `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
+	Timestamp             uint64                              `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
-	ParentTimestamp     uint64                              `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
+	ParentTimestamp       uint64                              `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
-	BlockHashes         map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
+	BlockHashes           map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
-	Ommers              []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
+	Ommers                []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
-	Withdrawals         []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
+	Withdrawals           []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
-	BaseFee             *big.Int                            `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+	BaseFee               *big.Int                            `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-	ParentUncleHash     common.Hash                         `json:"parentUncleHash"`
+	ParentUncleHash       common.Hash                         `json:"parentUncleHash"`
-	ExcessBlobGas       *uint64                             `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+	ExcessBlobGas         *uint64                             `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-	ParentExcessBlobGas *uint64                             `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+	ParentExcessBlobGas   *uint64                             `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-	ParentBlobGasUsed   *uint64                             `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+	ParentBlobGasUsed     *uint64                             `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+	ParentBeaconBlockRoot *common.Hash                        `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot"`
 }
 
 type stEnvMarshaling struct {
@@ -182,6 +183,10 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(new(big.Int).SetUint64(pre.Env.Number)) == 0 {
 		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
 	}
+	if beaconRoot := pre.Env.ParentBeaconBlockRoot; beaconRoot != nil {
+		evm := vm.NewEVM(vmContext, vm.TxContext{}, statedb, chainConfig, vmConfig)
+		core.ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(*beaconRoot, evm, statedb)
+	}
 	var blobGasUsed uint64
 	for i, tx := range txs {
 		if tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType && vmContext.ExcessBlobGas == nil {

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/gen_stenv.go

@@ -17,25 +17,26 @@ var _ = (*stEnvMarshaling)(nil)
 // MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
 func (s stEnv) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type stEnv struct {
-		Coinbase            common.UnprefixedAddress            `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
+		Coinbase              common.UnprefixedAddress            `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
-		Difficulty          *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentDifficulty"`
+		Difficulty            *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentDifficulty"`
-		Random              *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentRandom"`
+		Random                *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentRandom"`
-		ParentDifficulty    *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentDifficulty"`
+		ParentDifficulty      *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentDifficulty"`
-		ParentBaseFee       *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+		ParentBaseFee         *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-		ParentGasUsed       math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentGasUsed         math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
-		ParentGasLimit      math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
+		ParentGasLimit        math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
-		GasLimit            math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit              math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
-		Number              math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Number                math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Timestamp           math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
+		Timestamp             math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
-		ParentTimestamp     math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
+		ParentTimestamp       math.HexOrDecimal64                 `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
-		BlockHashes         map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
+		BlockHashes           map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
-		Ommers              []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
+		Ommers                []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
-		Withdrawals         []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
+		Withdrawals           []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
-		BaseFee             *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+		BaseFee               *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-		ParentUncleHash     common.Hash                         `json:"parentUncleHash"`
+		ParentUncleHash       common.Hash                         `json:"parentUncleHash"`
-		ExcessBlobGas       *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+		ExcessBlobGas         *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-		ParentExcessBlobGas *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+		ParentExcessBlobGas   *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-		ParentBlobGasUsed   *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentBlobGasUsed     *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentBeaconBlockRoot *common.Hash                        `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot"`
 	}
 	var enc stEnv
 	enc.Coinbase = common.UnprefixedAddress(s.Coinbase)
@@ -57,31 +58,33 @@ func (s stEnv) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	enc.ExcessBlobGas = (*math.HexOrDecimal64)(s.ExcessBlobGas)
 	enc.ParentExcessBlobGas = (*math.HexOrDecimal64)(s.ParentExcessBlobGas)
 	enc.ParentBlobGasUsed = (*math.HexOrDecimal64)(s.ParentBlobGasUsed)
+	enc.ParentBeaconBlockRoot = s.ParentBeaconBlockRoot
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
 func (s *stEnv) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type stEnv struct {
-		Coinbase            *common.UnprefixedAddress           `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
+		Coinbase              *common.UnprefixedAddress           `json:"currentCoinbase"   gencodec:"required"`
-		Difficulty          *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentDifficulty"`
+		Difficulty            *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentDifficulty"`
-		Random              *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentRandom"`
+		Random                *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentRandom"`
-		ParentDifficulty    *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentDifficulty"`
+		ParentDifficulty      *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentDifficulty"`
-		ParentBaseFee       *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+		ParentBaseFee         *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"parentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-		ParentGasUsed       *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentGasUsed         *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentGasUsed,omitempty"`
-		ParentGasLimit      *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
+		ParentGasLimit        *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentGasLimit,omitempty"`
-		GasLimit            *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit              *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentGasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
-		Number              *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Number                *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentNumber"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Timestamp           *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
+		Timestamp             *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"currentTimestamp"  gencodec:"required"`
-		ParentTimestamp     *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
+		ParentTimestamp       *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentTimestamp,omitempty"`
-		BlockHashes         map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
+		BlockHashes           map[math.HexOrDecimal64]common.Hash `json:"blockHashes,omitempty"`
-		Ommers              []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
+		Ommers                []ommer                             `json:"ommers,omitempty"`
-		Withdrawals         []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
+		Withdrawals           []*types.Withdrawal                 `json:"withdrawals,omitempty"`
-		BaseFee             *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
+		BaseFee               *math.HexOrDecimal256               `json:"currentBaseFee,omitempty"`
-		ParentUncleHash     *common.Hash                        `json:"parentUncleHash"`
+		ParentUncleHash       *common.Hash                        `json:"parentUncleHash"`
-		ExcessBlobGas       *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+		ExcessBlobGas         *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"excessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-		ParentExcessBlobGas *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
+		ParentExcessBlobGas   *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentExcessBlobGas,omitempty"`
-		ParentBlobGasUsed   *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentBlobGasUsed     *math.HexOrDecimal64                `json:"parentBlobGasUsed,omitempty"`
+		ParentBeaconBlockRoot *common.Hash                        `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot"`
 	}
 	var dec stEnv
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
@@ -148,5 +151,8 @@ func (s *stEnv) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.ParentBlobGasUsed != nil {
 		s.ParentBlobGasUsed = (*uint64)(dec.ParentBlobGasUsed)
 	}
+	if dec.ParentBeaconBlockRoot != nil {
+		s.ParentBeaconBlockRoot = dec.ParentBeaconBlockRoot
+	}
 	return nil
 }

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go

@@ -192,105 +192,20 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// Set the chain id
 	chainConfig.ChainID = big.NewInt(ctx.Int64(ChainIDFlag.Name))
 
-	var txsWithKeys []*txWithKey
+	if txs, err = loadTransactions(txStr, inputData, prestate.Env, chainConfig); err != nil {
-	if txStr != stdinSelector {
+		return err
-		inFile, err := os.Open(txStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed reading txs file: %v", err))
-		}
-		defer inFile.Close()
-		decoder := json.NewDecoder(inFile)
-		if strings.HasSuffix(txStr, ".rlp") {
-			var body hexutil.Bytes
-			if err := decoder.Decode(&body); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			var txs types.Transactions
-			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(body, &txs); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				txsWithKeys = append(txsWithKeys, &txWithKey{
-					key: nil,
-					tx:  tx,
-				})
-			}
-		} else {
-			if err := decoder.Decode(&txsWithKeys); err != nil {
-				return NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed unmarshaling txs-file: %v", err))
-			}
-		}
-	} else {
-		if len(inputData.TxRlp) > 0 {
-			// Decode the body of already signed transactions
-			body := common.FromHex(inputData.TxRlp)
-			var txs types.Transactions
-			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(body, &txs); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				txsWithKeys = append(txsWithKeys, &txWithKey{
-					key: nil,
-					tx:  tx,
-				})
-			}
-		} else {
-			// JSON encoded transactions
-			txsWithKeys = inputData.Txs
-		}
 	}
-	// We may have to sign the transactions.
+	if err := applyLondonChecks(&prestate.Env, chainConfig); err != nil {
-	signer := types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number)), prestate.Env.Timestamp)
+		return err
-
-	if txs, err = signUnsignedTransactions(txsWithKeys, signer); err != nil {
-		return NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed signing transactions: %v", err))
 	}
-	// Sanity check, to not `panic` in state_transition
+	if err := applyShanghaiChecks(&prestate.Env, chainConfig); err != nil {
-	if chainConfig.IsLondon(big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number))) {
+		return err
-		if prestate.Env.BaseFee != nil {
-			// Already set, base fee has precedent over parent base fee.
-		} else if prestate.Env.ParentBaseFee != nil && prestate.Env.Number != 0 {
-			parent := &types.Header{
-				Number:   new(big.Int).SetUint64(prestate.Env.Number - 1),
-				BaseFee:  prestate.Env.ParentBaseFee,
-				GasUsed:  prestate.Env.ParentGasUsed,
-				GasLimit: prestate.Env.ParentGasLimit,
-			}
-			prestate.Env.BaseFee = eip1559.CalcBaseFee(chainConfig, parent)
-		} else {
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("EIP-1559 config but missing 'currentBaseFee' in env section"))
-		}
 	}
-	if chainConfig.IsShanghai(big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number)), prestate.Env.Timestamp) && prestate.Env.Withdrawals == nil {
+	if err := applyMergeChecks(&prestate.Env, chainConfig); err != nil {
-		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("Shanghai config but missing 'withdrawals' in env section"))
+		return err
 	}
-	isMerged := chainConfig.TerminalTotalDifficulty != nil && chainConfig.TerminalTotalDifficulty.BitLen() == 0
+	if err := applyCancunChecks(&prestate.Env, chainConfig); err != nil {
-	env := prestate.Env
+		return err
-	if isMerged {
-		// post-merge:
-		// - random must be supplied
-		// - difficulty must be zero
-		switch {
-		case env.Random == nil:
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("post-merge requires currentRandom to be defined in env"))
-		case env.Difficulty != nil && env.Difficulty.BitLen() != 0:
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("post-merge difficulty must be zero (or omitted) in env"))
-		}
-		prestate.Env.Difficulty = nil
-	} else if env.Difficulty == nil {
-		// pre-merge:
-		// If difficulty was not provided by caller, we need to calculate it.
-		switch {
-		case env.ParentDifficulty == nil:
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("currentDifficulty was not provided, and cannot be calculated due to missing parentDifficulty"))
-		case env.Number == 0:
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("currentDifficulty needs to be provided for block number 0"))
-		case env.Timestamp <= env.ParentTimestamp:
-			return NewError(ErrorConfig, fmt.Errorf("currentDifficulty cannot be calculated -- currentTime (%d) needs to be after parent time (%d)",
-				env.Timestamp, env.ParentTimestamp))
-		}
-		prestate.Env.Difficulty = calcDifficulty(chainConfig, env.Number, env.Timestamp,
-			env.ParentTimestamp, env.ParentDifficulty, env.ParentUncleHash)
 	}
 	// Run the test and aggregate the result
 	s, result, err := prestate.Apply(vmConfig, chainConfig, txs, ctx.Int64(RewardFlag.Name), getTracer)
@@ -358,33 +273,149 @@ func (t *txWithKey) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 // and secondly to read them with the standard tx json format
 func signUnsignedTransactions(txs []*txWithKey, signer types.Signer) (types.Transactions, error) {
 	var signedTxs []*types.Transaction
-	for i, txWithKey := range txs {
+	for i, tx := range txs {
-		tx := txWithKey.tx
+		var (
-		key := txWithKey.key
+			v, r, s = tx.tx.RawSignatureValues()
-		v, r, s := tx.RawSignatureValues()
+			signed  *types.Transaction
-		if key != nil && v.BitLen()+r.BitLen()+s.BitLen() == 0 {
+			err     error
-			// This transaction needs to be signed
+		)
-			var (
+		if tx.key == nil || v.BitLen()+r.BitLen()+s.BitLen() != 0 {
-				signed *types.Transaction
-				err    error
-			)
-			if txWithKey.protected {
-				signed, err = types.SignTx(tx, signer, key)
-			} else {
-				signed, err = types.SignTx(tx, types.FrontierSigner{}, key)
-			}
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("tx %d: failed to sign tx: %v", i, err))
-			}
-			signedTxs = append(signedTxs, signed)
-		} else {
 			// Already signed
-			signedTxs = append(signedTxs, tx)
+			signedTxs = append(signedTxs, tx.tx)
+			continue
 		}
+		// This transaction needs to be signed
+		if tx.protected {
+			signed, err = types.SignTx(tx.tx, signer, tx.key)
+		} else {
+			signed, err = types.SignTx(tx.tx, types.FrontierSigner{}, tx.key)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("tx %d: failed to sign tx: %v", i, err))
+		}
+		signedTxs = append(signedTxs, signed)
 	}
 	return signedTxs, nil
 }
 
+func loadTransactions(txStr string, inputData *input, env stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) (types.Transactions, error) {
+	var txsWithKeys []*txWithKey
+	var signed types.Transactions
+	if txStr != stdinSelector {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(txStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed reading txs file: %v", err))
+		}
+		if strings.HasSuffix(txStr, ".rlp") { // A file containing an rlp list
+			var body hexutil.Bytes
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &body); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			// Already signed transactions
+			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(body, &signed); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return signed, nil
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &txsWithKeys); err != nil {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed unmarshaling txs-file: %v", err))
+		}
+	} else {
+		if len(inputData.TxRlp) > 0 {
+			// Decode the body of already signed transactions
+			body := common.FromHex(inputData.TxRlp)
+			// Already signed transactions
+			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(body, &signed); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return signed, nil
+		}
+		// JSON encoded transactions
+		txsWithKeys = inputData.Txs
+	}
+	// We may have to sign the transactions.
+	signer := types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, big.NewInt(int64(env.Number)), env.Timestamp)
+	return signUnsignedTransactions(txsWithKeys, signer)
+}
+
+func applyLondonChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
+	if !chainConfig.IsLondon(big.NewInt(int64(env.Number))) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Sanity check, to not `panic` in state_transition
+	if env.BaseFee != nil {
+		// Already set, base fee has precedent over parent base fee.
+		return nil
+	}
+	if env.ParentBaseFee == nil || env.Number == 0 {
+		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("EIP-1559 config but missing 'currentBaseFee' in env section"))
+	}
+	env.BaseFee = eip1559.CalcBaseFee(chainConfig, &types.Header{
+		Number:   new(big.Int).SetUint64(env.Number - 1),
+		BaseFee:  env.ParentBaseFee,
+		GasUsed:  env.ParentGasUsed,
+		GasLimit: env.ParentGasLimit,
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func applyShanghaiChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
+	if !chainConfig.IsShanghai(big.NewInt(int64(env.Number)), env.Timestamp) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if env.Withdrawals == nil {
+		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("Shanghai config but missing 'withdrawals' in env section"))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func applyMergeChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
+	isMerged := chainConfig.TerminalTotalDifficulty != nil && chainConfig.TerminalTotalDifficulty.BitLen() == 0
+	if !isMerged {
+		// pre-merge: If difficulty was not provided by caller, we need to calculate it.
+		if env.Difficulty != nil {
+			// already set
+			return nil
+		}
+		switch {
+		case env.ParentDifficulty == nil:
+			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("currentDifficulty was not provided, and cannot be calculated due to missing parentDifficulty"))
+		case env.Number == 0:
+			return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("currentDifficulty needs to be provided for block number 0"))
+		case env.Timestamp <= env.ParentTimestamp:
+			return NewError(ErrorConfig, fmt.Errorf("currentDifficulty cannot be calculated -- currentTime (%d) needs to be after parent time (%d)",
+				env.Timestamp, env.ParentTimestamp))
+		}
+		env.Difficulty = calcDifficulty(chainConfig, env.Number, env.Timestamp,
+			env.ParentTimestamp, env.ParentDifficulty, env.ParentUncleHash)
+		return nil
+	}
+	// post-merge:
+	// - random must be supplied
+	// - difficulty must be zero
+	switch {
+	case env.Random == nil:
+		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("post-merge requires currentRandom to be defined in env"))
+	case env.Difficulty != nil && env.Difficulty.BitLen() != 0:
+		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("post-merge difficulty must be zero (or omitted) in env"))
+	}
+	env.Difficulty = nil
+	return nil
+}
+
+func applyCancunChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
+	if !chainConfig.IsCancun(big.NewInt(int64(env.Number)), env.Timestamp) {
+		env.ParentBeaconBlockRoot = nil // un-set it if it has been set too early
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Post-cancun
+	// We require EIP-4788 beacon root to be set in the env
+	if env.ParentBeaconBlockRoot == nil {
+		return NewError(ErrorConfig, errors.New("post-cancun env requires parentBeaconBlockRoot to be set"))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type Alloc map[common.Address]core.GenesisAccount
 
 func (g Alloc) OnRoot(common.Hash) {}

cmd/evm/t8n_test.go

@@ -267,6 +267,14 @@ func TestT8n(t *testing.T) {
 			output: t8nOutput{alloc: true, result: true},
 			expOut: "exp.json",
 		},
+		{ // More cancun tests
+			base: "./testdata/29",
+			input: t8nInput{
+				"alloc.json", "txs.json", "env.json", "Cancun", "",
+			},
+			output: t8nOutput{alloc: true, result: true},
+			expOut: "exp.json",
+		},
 	} {
 		args := []string{"t8n"}
 		args = append(args, tc.output.get()...)

cmd/evm/testdata/28/env.json

@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@
     "parentBlobGasUsed" : "0x00",
     "blockHashes" : {
         "0" : "0x3a9b485972e7353edd9152712492f0c58d89ef80623686b6bf947a4a6dce6cb6"
-    }
+    },
+    "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0x0000beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00"
 }

cmd/evm/testdata/29/alloc.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+    "balance" : "0x016345785d8a0000",
+    "code" : "0x",
+    "nonce" : "0x00",
+    "storage" : {
+    }
+  },
+  "0xbEac00dDB15f3B6d645C48263dC93862413A222D" : {
+    "balance" : "0x1",
+    "code" : "0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe14604457602036146024575f5ffd5b620180005f350680545f35146037575f5ffd5b6201800001545f5260205ff35b6201800042064281555f359062018000015500",
+    "nonce" : "0x00",
+    "storage" : {
+    }
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/29/env.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+    "currentCoinbase" : "0x2adc25665018aa1fe0e6bc666dac8fc2697ff9ba",
+    "currentNumber" : "0x01",
+    "currentTimestamp" : "0x079e",
+    "currentGasLimit" : "0x7fffffffffffffff",
+    "previousHash" : "0x3a9b485972e7353edd9152712492f0c58d89ef80623686b6bf947a4a6dce6cb6",
+    "currentBlobGasUsed" : "0x00",
+    "parentTimestamp" : "0x03b6",
+    "parentDifficulty" : "0x00",
+    "parentUncleHash" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "currentRandom" : "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "withdrawals" : [
+    ],
+    "parentBaseFee" : "0x0a",
+    "parentGasUsed" : "0x00",
+    "parentGasLimit" : "0x7fffffffffffffff",
+    "parentExcessBlobGas" : "0x00",
+    "parentBlobGasUsed" : "0x00",
+    "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0x0000beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00"
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+{
+  "alloc": {
+    "0xbeac00ddb15f3b6d645c48263dc93862413a222d": {
+      "code": "0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe14604457602036146024575f5ffd5b620180005f350680545f35146037575f5ffd5b6201800001545f5260205ff35b6201800042064281555f359062018000015500",
+      "storage": {
+        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000079e": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000079e",
+        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001879e": "0x0000beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00"
+      },
+      "balance": "0x1"
+    },
+    "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+      "balance": "0x16345785d871db8",
+      "nonce": "0x1"
+    }
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "stateRoot": "0x2db9f6bc233e8fd0af2d8023404493a19b37d9d69ace71f4e73158851fced574",
+    "txRoot": "0x248074fabe112f7d93917f292b64932394f835bb98da91f21501574d58ec92ab",
+    "receiptsRoot": "0xf78dfb743fbd92ade140711c8bbc542b5e307f0ab7984eff35d751969fe57efa",
+    "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "receipts": [
+      {
+        "type": "0x2",
+        "root": "0x",
+        "status": "0x1",
+        "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "logs": null,
+        "transactionHash": "0x84f70aba406a55628a0620f26d260f90aeb6ccc55fed6ec2ac13dd4f727032ed",
+        "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+        "effectiveGasPrice": null,
+        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "transactionIndex": "0x0"
+      }
+    ],
+    "currentDifficulty": null,
+    "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+    "currentBaseFee": "0x9",
+    "withdrawalsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "currentExcessBlobGas": "0x0",
+    "currentBlobGasUsed": "0x0"
+  }
+}

cmd/evm/testdata/29/readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+## EIP 4788
+
+This test contains testcases for EIP-4788. The 4788-contract is 
+located at address `0xbeac00ddb15f3b6d645c48263dc93862413a222d`, and this test executes a simple transaction. It also
+implicitly invokes the system tx, which sets calls the contract and sets the 
+storage values
+```
+$ dir=./testdata/29/ && go run . t8n --state.fork=Cancun  --input.alloc=$dir/alloc.json --input.txs=$dir/txs.json --input.env=$dir/env.json --output.alloc=stdout
+INFO [08-15|20:07:56.335] Trie dumping started                     root=ecde45..2af8a7
+INFO [08-15|20:07:56.335] Trie dumping complete                    accounts=2 elapsed="225.848µs"
+INFO [08-15|20:07:56.335] Wrote file                               file=result.json
+{
+  "alloc": {
+    "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+      "balance": "0x16345785d871db8",
+      "nonce": "0x1"
+    },
+    "0xbeac00541d49391ed88abf392bfc1f4dea8c4143": {
+      "code": "0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe14604457602036146024575f5ffd5b620180005f350680545f35146037575f5ffd5b6201800001545f5260205ff35b6201800042064281555f359062018000015500",
+      "storage": {
+        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000079e": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000079e",
+        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001879e": "0x0000beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00beac00"
+      },
+      "balance": "0x
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```

cmd/evm/testdata/29/txs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[
+  {
+    "input" : "0x",
+    "gas" : "0x10000000",
+    "nonce" : "0x0",
+    "to" : "0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111",
+    "value" : "0x0",
+    "secretKey" : "0x45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+    "chainId" : "0x1",
+    "type" : "0x2",
+    "v": "0x0",
+    "r": "0x0",
+    "s": "0x0",
+    "maxFeePerGas" : "0xfa0",
+    "maxPriorityFeePerGas" : "0x0",
+    "accessList" : [
+    ]
+  }
+]

consensus/beacon/consensus.go

@@ -269,15 +269,21 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, pa
 	if !shanghai && header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid withdrawalsHash: have %x, expected nil", header.WithdrawalsHash)
 	}
-	// Verify the existence / non-existence of excessBlobGas
+	// Verify the existence / non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
 	cancun := chain.Config().IsCancun(header.Number, header.Time)
-	if !cancun && header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
+	if !cancun {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
+		switch {
-	}
+		case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
-	if !cancun && header.BlobGasUsed != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
+		case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
-	}
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
-	if cancun {
+		case header.BeaconRoot != nil:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid beaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.BeaconRoot)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if header.BeaconRoot == nil {
+			return errors.New("header is missing beaconRoot")
+		}
 		if err := eip4844.VerifyEIP4844Header(parent, header); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

core/genesis.go

@@ -487,6 +487,9 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block {
 			if head.BlobGasUsed == nil {
 				head.BlobGasUsed = new(uint64)
 			}
+			if head.BeaconRoot == nil {
+				head.BeaconRoot = new(common.Hash)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return types.NewBlock(head, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)).WithWithdrawals(withdrawals)

core/state_processor.go

@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 		vmenv   = vm.NewEVM(context, vm.TxContext{}, statedb, p.config, cfg)
 		signer  = types.MakeSigner(p.config, header.Number, header.Time)
 	)
+	if beaconRoot := block.BeaconRoot(); beaconRoot != nil {
+		ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(*beaconRoot, vmenv, statedb)
+	}
 	// Iterate over and process the individual transactions
 	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
 		msg, err := TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, header.BaseFee)
@@ -160,3 +163,23 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *commo
 	vmenv := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, vm.TxContext{BlobHashes: tx.BlobHashes()}, statedb, config, cfg)
 	return applyTransaction(msg, config, gp, statedb, header.Number, header.Hash(), tx, usedGas, vmenv)
 }
+
+// ProcessBeaconBlockRoot applies the EIP-4788 system call to the beacon block root
+// contract. This method is exported to be used in tests.
+func ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(beaconRoot common.Hash, vmenv *vm.EVM, statedb *state.StateDB) {
+	// If EIP-4788 is enabled, we need to invoke the beaconroot storage contract with
+	// the new root
+	msg := &Message{
+		From:      params.SystemAddress,
+		GasLimit:  30_000_000,
+		GasPrice:  common.Big0,
+		GasFeeCap: common.Big0,
+		GasTipCap: common.Big0,
+		To:        &params.BeaconRootsStorageAddress,
+		Data:      beaconRoot[:],
+	}
+	vmenv.Reset(NewEVMTxContext(msg), statedb)
+	statedb.AddAddressToAccessList(params.BeaconRootsStorageAddress)
+	_, _, _ = vmenv.Call(vm.AccountRef(msg.From), *msg.To, msg.Data, 30_000_000, common.Big0)
+	statedb.Finalise(true)
+}

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -410,6 +410,9 @@ func GenerateBadBlock(parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, txs types.Tr
 		used := uint64(nBlobs * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
 		header.ExcessBlobGas = &excess
 		header.BlobGasUsed = &used
+
+		beaconRoot := common.HexToHash("0xbeac00")
+		header.BeaconRoot = &beaconRoot
 	}
 	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
 	if config.IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time) {

core/types/block.go

@@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ type Header struct {
 
 	// ExcessBlobGas was added by EIP-4844 and is ignored in legacy headers.
 	ExcessBlobGas *uint64 `json:"excessBlobGas" rlp:"optional"`
+
+	// BeaconRoot was added by EIP-4788 and is ignored in legacy headers.
+	BeaconRoot *common.Hash `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot" rlp:"optional"`
 }
 
 // field type overrides for gencodec
@@ -297,6 +300,10 @@ func CopyHeader(h *Header) *Header {
 		cpy.BlobGasUsed = new(uint64)
 		*cpy.BlobGasUsed = *h.BlobGasUsed
 	}
+	if h.BeaconRoot != nil {
+		cpy.BeaconRoot = new(common.Hash)
+		*cpy.BeaconRoot = *h.BeaconRoot
+	}
 	return &cpy
 }
 
@@ -376,6 +383,8 @@ func (b *Block) BaseFee() *big.Int {
 	return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.BaseFee)
 }
 
+func (b *Block) BeaconRoot() *common.Hash { return b.header.BeaconRoot }
+
 func (b *Block) ExcessBlobGas() *uint64 {
 	var excessBlobGas *uint64
 	if b.header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {

core/types/gen_header_json.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ func (h Header) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		WithdrawalsHash *common.Hash    `json:"withdrawalsRoot" rlp:"optional"`
 		BlobGasUsed     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blobGasUsed" rlp:"optional"`
 		ExcessBlobGas   *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"excessBlobGas" rlp:"optional"`
+		BeaconRoot      *common.Hash    `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot" rlp:"optional"`
 		Hash            common.Hash     `json:"hash"`
 	}
 	var enc Header
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ func (h Header) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	enc.WithdrawalsHash = h.WithdrawalsHash
 	enc.BlobGasUsed = (*hexutil.Uint64)(h.BlobGasUsed)
 	enc.ExcessBlobGas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(h.ExcessBlobGas)
+	enc.BeaconRoot = h.BeaconRoot
 	enc.Hash = h.Hash()
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
 }
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ func (h *Header) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 		WithdrawalsHash *common.Hash    `json:"withdrawalsRoot" rlp:"optional"`
 		BlobGasUsed     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blobGasUsed" rlp:"optional"`
 		ExcessBlobGas   *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"excessBlobGas" rlp:"optional"`
+		BeaconRoot      *common.Hash    `json:"parentBeaconBlockRoot" rlp:"optional"`
 	}
 	var dec Header
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
@@ -157,5 +160,8 @@ func (h *Header) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		h.ExcessBlobGas = (*uint64)(dec.ExcessBlobGas)
 	}
+	if dec.BeaconRoot != nil {
+		h.BeaconRoot = dec.BeaconRoot
+	}
 	return nil
 }

core/types/gen_header_rlp.go

@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ func (obj *Header) EncodeRLP(_w io.Writer) error {
 	_tmp2 := obj.WithdrawalsHash != nil
 	_tmp3 := obj.BlobGasUsed != nil
 	_tmp4 := obj.ExcessBlobGas != nil
-	if _tmp1 || _tmp2 || _tmp3 || _tmp4 {
+	_tmp5 := obj.BeaconRoot != nil
+	if _tmp1 || _tmp2 || _tmp3 || _tmp4 || _tmp5 {
 		if obj.BaseFee == nil {
 			w.Write(rlp.EmptyString)
 		} else {
@@ -54,27 +55,34 @@ func (obj *Header) EncodeRLP(_w io.Writer) error {
 			w.WriteBigInt(obj.BaseFee)
 		}
 	}
-	if _tmp2 || _tmp3 || _tmp4 {
+	if _tmp2 || _tmp3 || _tmp4 || _tmp5 {
 		if obj.WithdrawalsHash == nil {
 			w.Write([]byte{0x80})
 		} else {
 			w.WriteBytes(obj.WithdrawalsHash[:])
 		}
 	}
-	if _tmp3 || _tmp4 {
+	if _tmp3 || _tmp4 || _tmp5 {
 		if obj.BlobGasUsed == nil {
 			w.Write([]byte{0x80})
 		} else {
 			w.WriteUint64((*obj.BlobGasUsed))
 		}
 	}
-	if _tmp4 {
+	if _tmp4 || _tmp5 {
 		if obj.ExcessBlobGas == nil {
 			w.Write([]byte{0x80})
 		} else {
 			w.WriteUint64((*obj.ExcessBlobGas))
 		}
 	}
+	if _tmp5 {
+		if obj.BeaconRoot == nil {
+			w.Write([]byte{0x80})
+		} else {
+			w.WriteBytes(obj.BeaconRoot[:])
+		}
+	}
 	w.ListEnd(_tmp0)
 	return w.Flush()
 }

params/protocol_params.go

@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@
 
 package params
 
-import "math/big"
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
 
 const (
 	GasLimitBoundDivisor uint64 = 1024               // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
@@ -179,4 +183,9 @@ var (
 	GenesisDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072) // Difficulty of the Genesis block.
 	MinimumDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072) // The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
 	DurationLimit          = big.NewInt(13)     // The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not.
+
+	// BeaconRootsStorageAddress is the address where historical beacon roots are stored as per EIP-4788
+	BeaconRootsStorageAddress = common.HexToAddress("0xbEac00dDB15f3B6d645C48263dC93862413A222D")
+	// SystemAddress is where the system-transaction is sent from as per EIP-4788
+	SystemAddress common.Address = common.HexToAddress("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe")
 )