slog: faster and less memory-consumption (#28621)

These changes improves the performance of the non-coloured terminal formatting, _quite a lot_. 

```
name               old time/op    new time/op    delta
TerminalHandler-8    10.2µs ±15%     5.4µs ± 9%  -47.02%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name               old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
TerminalHandler-8    2.17kB ± 0%    0.40kB ± 0%  -81.46%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name               old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
TerminalHandler-8      33.0 ± 0%       5.0 ± 0%  -84.85%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
```

I tried to _somewhat_ organize the commits, but the it might still be a bit chaotic. Some core insights: 

- The function `terminalHandler.Handl` uses a mutex, and writes all output immediately to 'upstream'. Thus, it can reuse a scratch-buffer every time. 
- This buffer can be propagated internally, making all the internal formatters either write directly to it,
- OR, make  use of the `tmp := buf.AvailableBuffer()` in some cases, where a byte buffer "extra capacity" can be temporarily used. 
- The `slog` package  uses `Attr` by value. It makes sense to minimize operating on them, since iterating / collecting into a new slice, iterating again etc causes copy-on-heap. Better to operate on them only once. 
- If we want to do padding, it's better to copy from a constant `space`-buffer than to invoke `bytes.Repeat` every single time.

internal/testlog/testlog.go

@@ -183,8 +183,7 @@ func (h *bufHandler) terminalFormat(r slog.Record) string {
 	}
 
 	for _, attr := range attrs {
-		rawVal := attr.Value.Any()
+		fmt.Fprintf(buf, " %s=%s", attr.Key, string(log.FormatSlogValue(attr.Value, true, nil)))
-		fmt.Fprintf(buf, " %s=%s", attr.Key, log.FormatLogfmtValue(rawVal, true))
 	}
 	buf.WriteByte('\n')
 	return buf.String()

log/format.go

@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	timeFormat        = "2006-01-02T15:04:05-0700"
-	termTimeFormat    = "01-02|15:04:05.000"
 	floatFormat       = 'f'
 	termMsgJust       = 40
 	termCtxMaxPadding = 40
 )
 
+// 40 spaces
+var spaces = []byte("                                        ")
+
 type Format interface {
 	Format(r slog.Record) []byte
 }
@@ -44,37 +46,47 @@ type TerminalStringer interface {
 	TerminalString() string
 }
 
-func (h *TerminalHandler) TerminalFormat(r slog.Record, usecolor bool) []byte {
+func (h *TerminalHandler) TerminalFormat(buf []byte, r slog.Record, usecolor bool) []byte {
 	msg := escapeMessage(r.Message)
-	var color = 0
+	var color = ""
 	if usecolor {
 		switch r.Level {
 		case LevelCrit:
-			color = 35
+			color = "\x1b[35m"
 		case slog.LevelError:
-			color = 31
+			color = "\x1b[31m"
 		case slog.LevelWarn:
-			color = 33
+			color = "\x1b[33m"
 		case slog.LevelInfo:
-			color = 32
+			color = "\x1b[32m"
 		case slog.LevelDebug:
-			color = 36
+			color = "\x1b[36m"
 		case LevelTrace:
-			color = 34
+			color = "\x1b[34m"
 		}
 	}
-
+	if buf == nil {
-	b := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		buf = make([]byte, 0, 30+termMsgJust)
-	lvl := LevelAlignedString(r.Level)
-	if color > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(b, "\x1b[%dm%s\x1b[0m[%s] %s ", color, lvl, r.Time.Format(termTimeFormat), msg)
-	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s[%s] %s ", lvl, r.Time.Format(termTimeFormat), msg)
 	}
+	b := bytes.NewBuffer(buf)
+
+	if color != "" { // Start color
+		b.WriteString(color)
+		b.WriteString(LevelAlignedString(r.Level))
+		b.WriteString("\x1b[0m")
+	} else {
+		b.WriteString(LevelAlignedString(r.Level))
+	}
+	b.WriteString("[")
+	writeTimeTermFormat(b, r.Time)
+	b.WriteString("] ")
+	b.WriteString(msg)
+
 	// try to justify the log output for short messages
-	length := utf8.RuneCountInString(msg)
+	//length := utf8.RuneCountInString(msg)
-	if r.NumAttrs() > 0 && length < termMsgJust {
+	length := len(msg)
-		b.Write(bytes.Repeat([]byte{' '}, termMsgJust-length))
+	if (r.NumAttrs()+len(h.attrs)) > 0 && length < termMsgJust {
+		b.Write(spaces[:termMsgJust-length])
 	}
 	// print the keys logfmt style
 	h.logfmt(b, r, color)
@@ -82,150 +94,139 @@ func (h *TerminalHandler) TerminalFormat(r slog.Record, usecolor bool) []byte {
 	return b.Bytes()
 }
 
-func (h *TerminalHandler) logfmt(buf *bytes.Buffer, r slog.Record, color int) {
+func (h *TerminalHandler) logfmt(buf *bytes.Buffer, r slog.Record, color string) {
-	attrs := []slog.Attr{}
+	// tmp is a temporary buffer we use, until bytes.Buffer.AvailableBuffer() (1.21)
-	r.Attrs(func(attr slog.Attr) bool {
+	// can be used.
-		attrs = append(attrs, attr)
+	var tmp = make([]byte, 40)
-		return true
+	writeAttr := func(attr slog.Attr, first, last bool) {
-	})
+		buf.WriteByte(' ')
 
-	attrs = append(h.attrs, attrs...)
+		if color != "" {
-
+			buf.WriteString(color)
-	for i, attr := range attrs {
+			//buf.Write(appendEscapeString(buf.AvailableBuffer(), attr.Key))
-		if i != 0 {
+			buf.Write(appendEscapeString(tmp[:0], attr.Key))
-			buf.WriteByte(' ')
+			buf.WriteString("\x1b[0m=")
-		}
-
-		key := escapeString(attr.Key)
-		rawVal := attr.Value.Any()
-		val := FormatLogfmtValue(rawVal, true)
-
-		// XXX: we should probably check that all of your key bytes aren't invalid
-		// TODO (jwasinger) above comment was from log15 code.  what does it mean?  check that key bytes are ascii characters?
-		padding := h.fieldPadding[key]
-
-		length := utf8.RuneCountInString(val)
-		if padding < length && length <= termCtxMaxPadding {
-			padding = length
-			h.fieldPadding[key] = padding
-		}
-		if color > 0 {
-			fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\x1b[%dm%s\x1b[0m=", color, key)
 		} else {
-			buf.WriteString(key)
+			//buf.Write(appendEscapeString(buf.AvailableBuffer(), attr.Key))
+			buf.Write(appendEscapeString(tmp[:0], attr.Key))
 			buf.WriteByte('=')
 		}
-		buf.WriteString(val)
+		//val := FormatSlogValue(attr.Value, true, buf.AvailableBuffer())
-		if i < r.NumAttrs()-1 && padding > length {
+		val := FormatSlogValue(attr.Value, true, tmp[:0])
-			buf.Write(bytes.Repeat([]byte{' '}, padding-length))
+
+		padding := h.fieldPadding[attr.Key]
+
+		length := utf8.RuneCount(val)
+		if padding < length && length <= termCtxMaxPadding {
+			padding = length
+			h.fieldPadding[attr.Key] = padding
+		}
+		buf.Write(val)
+		if !last && padding > length {
+			buf.Write(spaces[:padding-length])
 		}
 	}
+	var n = 0
+	var nAttrs = len(h.attrs) + r.NumAttrs()
+	for _, attr := range h.attrs {
+		writeAttr(attr, n == 0, n == nAttrs-1)
+		n++
+	}
+	r.Attrs(func(attr slog.Attr) bool {
+		writeAttr(attr, n == 0, n == nAttrs-1)
+		n++
+		return true
+	})
 	buf.WriteByte('\n')
 }
 
-// formatValue formats a value for serialization
+// FormatSlogValue formats a slog.Value for serialization
-func FormatLogfmtValue(value interface{}, term bool) (result string) {
+func FormatSlogValue(v slog.Value, term bool, tmp []byte) (result []byte) {
-	if value == nil {
+	var value any
-		return "<nil>"
-	}
 	defer func() {
 		if err := recover(); err != nil {
 			if v := reflect.ValueOf(value); v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.IsNil() {
-				result = "<nil>"
+				result = []byte("<nil>")
 			} else {
 				panic(err)
 			}
 		}
 	}()
 
-	switch v := value.(type) {
+	switch v.Kind() {
-	case time.Time:
+	case slog.KindString:
+		return appendEscapeString(tmp, v.String())
+	case slog.KindAny:
+		value = v.Any()
+	case slog.KindInt64: // All int-types (int8 ,int16 etc) wind up here
+		return appendInt64(tmp, v.Int64())
+	case slog.KindUint64: // All uint-types (int8 ,int16 etc) wind up here
+		return appendUint64(tmp, v.Uint64(), false)
+	case slog.KindFloat64:
+		return strconv.AppendFloat(tmp, v.Float64(), floatFormat, 3, 64)
+	case slog.KindBool:
+		return strconv.AppendBool(tmp, v.Bool())
+	case slog.KindDuration:
+		value = v.Duration()
+	case slog.KindTime:
 		// Performance optimization: No need for escaping since the provided
 		// timeFormat doesn't have any escape characters, and escaping is
 		// expensive.
-		return v.Format(timeFormat)
+		return v.Time().AppendFormat(tmp, timeFormat)
-
+	default:
+		value = v.Any()
+	}
+	if value == nil {
+		return []byte("<nil>")
+	}
+	switch v := value.(type) {
 	case *big.Int:
 		// Big ints get consumed by the Stringer clause, so we need to handle
 		// them earlier on.
 		if v == nil {
-			return "<nil>"
+			return append(tmp, []byte("<nil>")...)
 		}
-		return formatLogfmtBigInt(v)
+		return appendBigInt(tmp, v)
 
 	case *uint256.Int:
 		// Uint256s get consumed by the Stringer clause, so we need to handle
 		// them earlier on.
 		if v == nil {
-			return "<nil>"
+			return append(tmp, []byte("<nil>")...)
 		}
-		return formatLogfmtUint256(v)
+		return appendU256(tmp, v)
-	}
-	if term {
-		if s, ok := value.(TerminalStringer); ok {
-			// Custom terminal stringer provided, use that
-			return escapeString(s.TerminalString())
-		}
-	}
-	switch v := value.(type) {
 	case error:
-		return escapeString(v.Error())
+		return appendEscapeString(tmp, v.Error())
+	case TerminalStringer:
+		if term {
+			return appendEscapeString(tmp, v.TerminalString()) // Custom terminal stringer provided, use that
+		}
 	case fmt.Stringer:
-		return escapeString(v.String())
+		return appendEscapeString(tmp, v.String())
-	case bool:
-		return strconv.FormatBool(v)
-	case float32:
-		return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(v), floatFormat, 3, 64)
-	case float64:
-		return strconv.FormatFloat(v, floatFormat, 3, 64)
-	case int8:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10)
-	case uint8:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10)
-	case int16:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10)
-	case uint16:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10)
-	// Larger integers get thousands separators.
-	case int:
-		return FormatLogfmtInt64(int64(v))
-	case int32:
-		return FormatLogfmtInt64(int64(v))
-	case int64:
-		return FormatLogfmtInt64(v)
-	case uint:
-		return FormatLogfmtUint64(uint64(v))
-	case uint32:
-		return FormatLogfmtUint64(uint64(v))
-	case uint64:
-		return FormatLogfmtUint64(v)
-	case string:
-		return escapeString(v)
-	default:
-		return escapeString(fmt.Sprintf("%+v", value))
 	}
+
+	// We can use the 'tmp' as a scratch-buffer, to first format the
+	// value, and in a second step do escaping.
+	internal := fmt.Appendf(tmp, "%+v", value)
+	return appendEscapeString(tmp, string(internal))
 }
 
-// FormatLogfmtInt64 formats n with thousand separators.
+// appendInt64 formats n with thousand separators and writes into buffer dst.
-func FormatLogfmtInt64(n int64) string {
+func appendInt64(dst []byte, n int64) []byte {
 	if n < 0 {
-		return formatLogfmtUint64(uint64(-n), true)
+		return appendUint64(dst, uint64(-n), true)
 	}
-	return formatLogfmtUint64(uint64(n), false)
+	return appendUint64(dst, uint64(n), false)
 }
 
-// FormatLogfmtUint64 formats n with thousand separators.
+// appendUint64 formats n with thousand separators and writes into buffer dst.
-func FormatLogfmtUint64(n uint64) string {
+func appendUint64(dst []byte, n uint64, neg bool) []byte {
-	return formatLogfmtUint64(n, false)
-}
-
-func formatLogfmtUint64(n uint64, neg bool) string {
 	// Small numbers are fine as is
 	if n < 100000 {
 		if neg {
-			return strconv.Itoa(-int(n))
+			return strconv.AppendInt(dst, -int64(n), 10)
 		} else {
-			return strconv.Itoa(int(n))
+			return strconv.AppendInt(dst, int64(n), 10)
 		}
 	}
 	// Large numbers should be split
@@ -250,16 +251,21 @@ func formatLogfmtUint64(n uint64, neg bool) string {
 		out[i] = '-'
 		i--
 	}
-	return string(out[i+1:])
+	return append(dst, out[i+1:]...)
 }
 
-// formatLogfmtBigInt formats n with thousand separators.
+// FormatLogfmtUint64 formats n with thousand separators.
-func formatLogfmtBigInt(n *big.Int) string {
+func FormatLogfmtUint64(n uint64) string {
+	return string(appendUint64(nil, n, false))
+}
+
+// appendBigInt formats n with thousand separators and writes to dst.
+func appendBigInt(dst []byte, n *big.Int) []byte {
 	if n.IsUint64() {
-		return FormatLogfmtUint64(n.Uint64())
+		return appendUint64(dst, n.Uint64(), false)
 	}
 	if n.IsInt64() {
-		return FormatLogfmtInt64(n.Int64())
+		return appendInt64(dst, n.Int64())
 	}
 
 	var (
@@ -284,54 +290,48 @@ func formatLogfmtBigInt(n *big.Int) string {
 			comma++
 		}
 	}
-	return string(buf[i+1:])
+	return append(dst, buf[i+1:]...)
 }
 
-// formatLogfmtUint256 formats n with thousand separators.
+// appendU256 formats n with thousand separators.
-func formatLogfmtUint256(n *uint256.Int) string {
+func appendU256(dst []byte, n *uint256.Int) []byte {
 	if n.IsUint64() {
-		return FormatLogfmtUint64(n.Uint64())
+		return appendUint64(dst, n.Uint64(), false)
 	}
-	var (
+	res := []byte(n.PrettyDec(','))
-		text  = n.Dec()
+	return append(dst, res...)
-		buf   = make([]byte, len(text)+len(text)/3)
-		comma = 0
-		i     = len(buf) - 1
-	)
-	for j := len(text) - 1; j >= 0; j, i = j-1, i-1 {
-		c := text[j]
-
-		switch {
-		case c == '-':
-			buf[i] = c
-		case comma == 3:
-			buf[i] = ','
-			i--
-			comma = 0
-			fallthrough
-		default:
-			buf[i] = c
-			comma++
-		}
-	}
-	return string(buf[i+1:])
 }
 
-// escapeString checks if the provided string needs escaping/quoting, and
+// appendEscapeString writes the string s to the given writer, with
-// calls strconv.Quote if needed
+// escaping/quoting if needed.
-func escapeString(s string) string {
+func appendEscapeString(dst []byte, s string) []byte {
 	needsQuoting := false
+	needsEscaping := false
 	for _, r := range s {
-		// We quote everything below " (0x22) and above~ (0x7E), plus equal-sign
+		// If it contains spaces or equal-sign, we need to quote it.
-		if r <= '"' || r > '~' || r == '=' {
+		if r == ' ' || r == '=' {
 			needsQuoting = true
+			continue
+		}
+		// We need to escape it, if it contains
+		// - character " (0x22) and lower (except space)
+		// - characters above ~ (0x7E), plus equal-sign
+		if r <= '"' || r > '~' {
+			needsEscaping = true
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	if !needsQuoting {
+	if needsEscaping {
-		return s
+		return strconv.AppendQuote(dst, s)
 	}
-	return strconv.Quote(s)
+	// No escaping needed, but we might have to place within quote-marks, in case
+	// it contained a space
+	if needsQuoting {
+		dst = append(dst, '"')
+		dst = append(dst, []byte(s)...)
+		return append(dst, '"')
+	}
+	return append(dst, []byte(s)...)
 }
 
 // escapeMessage checks if the provided string needs escaping/quoting, similarly
@@ -356,3 +356,45 @@ func escapeMessage(s string) string {
 	}
 	return strconv.Quote(s)
 }
+
+// writeTimeTermFormat writes on the format "01-02|15:04:05.000"
+func writeTimeTermFormat(buf *bytes.Buffer, t time.Time) {
+	_, month, day := t.Date()
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, int(month), 2)
+	buf.WriteByte('-')
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, day, 2)
+	buf.WriteByte('|')
+	hour, min, sec := t.Clock()
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, hour, 2)
+	buf.WriteByte(':')
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, min, 2)
+	buf.WriteByte(':')
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, sec, 2)
+	ns := t.Nanosecond()
+	buf.WriteByte('.')
+	writePosIntWidth(buf, ns/1e6, 3)
+}
+
+// writePosIntWidth writes non-negative integer i to the buffer, padded on the left
+// by zeroes to the given width. Use a width of 0 to omit padding.
+// Adapted from golang.org/x/exp/slog/internal/buffer/buffer.go
+func writePosIntWidth(b *bytes.Buffer, i, width int) {
+	// Cheap integer to fixed-width decimal ASCII.
+	// Copied from log/log.go.
+	if i < 0 {
+		panic("negative int")
+	}
+	// Assemble decimal in reverse order.
+	var bb [20]byte
+	bp := len(bb) - 1
+	for i >= 10 || width > 1 {
+		width--
+		q := i / 10
+		bb[bp] = byte('0' + i - q*10)
+		bp--
+		i = q
+	}
+	// i < 10
+	bb[bp] = byte('0' + i)
+	b.Write(bb[bp:])
+}

log/format_test.go

@@ -5,18 +5,20 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )
 
-var sink string
+var sink []byte
 
 func BenchmarkPrettyInt64Logfmt(b *testing.B) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 100)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		sink = FormatLogfmtInt64(rand.Int63())
+		sink = appendInt64(buf, rand.Int63())
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkPrettyUint64Logfmt(b *testing.B) {
+	buf := make([]byte, 100)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		sink = FormatLogfmtUint64(rand.Uint64())
+		sink = appendUint64(buf, rand.Uint64(), false)
 	}
 }

log/handler.go

@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ type TerminalHandler struct {
 	// fieldPadding is a map with maximum field value lengths seen until now
 	// to allow padding log contexts in a bit smarter way.
 	fieldPadding map[string]int
+
+	buf []byte
 }
 
 // NewTerminalHandler returns a handler which formats log records at all levels optimized for human readability on
@@ -110,7 +112,9 @@ func NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(wr io.Writer, lvl slog.Level, useColor bool) *T
 func (h *TerminalHandler) Handle(_ context.Context, r slog.Record) error {
 	h.mu.Lock()
 	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-	h.wr.Write(h.TerminalFormat(r, h.useColor))
+	buf := h.TerminalFormat(h.buf, r, h.useColor)
+	h.wr.Write(buf)
+	h.buf = buf[:0]
 	return nil
 }
 

log/logger_test.go

@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@ package log
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
 )
 
@@ -51,3 +56,119 @@ func BenchmarkTraceLogging(b *testing.B) {
 		Trace("a message", "v", i)
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkTerminalHandler(b *testing.B) {
+	l := NewLogger(NewTerminalHandler(io.Discard, false))
+	benchmarkLogger(b, l)
+}
+func BenchmarkLogfmtHandler(b *testing.B) {
+	l := NewLogger(LogfmtHandler(io.Discard))
+	benchmarkLogger(b, l)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkJSONHandler(b *testing.B) {
+	l := NewLogger(JSONHandler(io.Discard))
+	benchmarkLogger(b, l)
+}
+
+func benchmarkLogger(b *testing.B, l Logger) {
+	var (
+		bb     = make([]byte, 10)
+		tt     = time.Now()
+		bigint = big.NewInt(100)
+		nilbig *big.Int
+		err    = fmt.Errorf("Oh nooes it's crap")
+	)
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		l.Info("This is a message",
+			"foo", int16(i),
+			"bytes", bb,
+			"bonk", "a string with text",
+			"time", tt,
+			"bigint", bigint,
+			"nilbig", nilbig,
+			"err", err)
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+}
+
+func TestLoggerOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	type custom struct {
+		A string
+		B int8
+	}
+	var (
+		customA   = custom{"Foo", 12}
+		customB   = custom{"Foo\nLinebreak", 122}
+		bb        = make([]byte, 10)
+		tt        = time.Time{}
+		bigint    = big.NewInt(100)
+		nilbig    *big.Int
+		err       = fmt.Errorf("Oh nooes it's crap")
+		lazy      = Lazy{Fn: func() interface{} { return "lazy value" }}
+		smallUint = uint256.NewInt(500_000)
+		bigUint   = &uint256.Int{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}
+	)
+
+	out := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	glogHandler := NewGlogHandler(NewTerminalHandler(out, false))
+	glogHandler.Verbosity(LevelInfo)
+	NewLogger(glogHandler).Info("This is a message",
+		"foo", int16(123),
+		"bytes", bb,
+		"bonk", "a string with text",
+		"time", tt,
+		"bigint", bigint,
+		"nilbig", nilbig,
+		"err", err,
+		"struct", customA,
+		"struct", customB,
+		"ptrstruct", &customA,
+		"lazy", lazy,
+		"smalluint", smallUint,
+		"bigUint", bigUint)
+
+	have := out.String()
+	t.Logf("output %v", out.String())
+	want := `INFO [11-07|19:14:33.821] This is a message                        foo=123 bytes="[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]" bonk="a string with text" time=0001-01-01T00:00:00+0000 bigint=100 nilbig=<nil> err="Oh nooes it's crap" struct="{A:Foo B:12}" struct="{A:Foo\nLinebreak B:122}" ptrstruct="&{A:Foo B:12}" lazy="lazy value" smalluint=500,000 bigUint=1,600,660,942,523,603,594,864,898,306,482,794,244,293,965,082,972,225,630,372,095
+`
+	if !bytes.Equal([]byte(have)[25:], []byte(want)[25:]) {
+		t.Errorf("Error\nhave: %q\nwant: %q", have, want)
+	}
+}
+
+const termTimeFormat = "01-02|15:04:05.000"
+
+func BenchmarkAppendFormat(b *testing.B) {
+	var now = time.Now()
+	b.Run("fmt time.Format", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			fmt.Fprintf(io.Discard, "%s", now.Format(termTimeFormat))
+		}
+	})
+	b.Run("time.AppendFormat", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			now.AppendFormat(nil, termTimeFormat)
+		}
+	})
+	var buf = new(bytes.Buffer)
+	b.Run("time.Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			writeTimeTermFormat(buf, now)
+			buf.Reset()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestTermTimeFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	var now = time.Now()
+	want := now.AppendFormat(nil, termTimeFormat)
+	var b = new(bytes.Buffer)
+	writeTimeTermFormat(b, now)
+	have := b.Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(have, want) {
+		t.Errorf("have != want\nhave: %q\nwant: %q\n", have, want)
+	}
+}