tornadocontrib/go-ethereum
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

consensus/clique: Proof of Authority (#3753)

Browse Source 
This PR is a prototype implementation of plugable consensus engines and the
Clique PoA protocol ethereum/EIPs#225
This commit is contained in:
Péter Szilágyi 2017-04-10 13:24:12 +03:00 committed by Felix Lange
parent bfe5eb7f8c
commit feeccdf4ec
12 changed files with 1576 additions and 124 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

97
consensus/clique/api.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
)
// API is a user facing RPC API to allow controlling the signer and voting
// mechanisms of the proof-of-authority scheme.
type API struct {
chain consensus.ChainReader
clique *Clique
}
// GetSnapshot retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
func (api *API) GetSnapshot(number *rpc.BlockNumber) (interface{}, error) {
// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
var header *types.Header
if number == nil || *number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
} else {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(number.Int64()))
}
// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return its snapshot
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
return api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
}
// GetSigners retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
func (api *API) GetSigners(number *rpc.BlockNumber) ([]common.Address, error) {
// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
var header *types.Header
if number == nil || *number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
} else {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(number.Int64()))
}
// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return the signers from its snapshot
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
snap, err := api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return snap.signers(), nil
}
// Proposals returns the current proposals the node tries to uphold and vote on.
func (api *API) Proposals() map[common.Address]bool {
api.clique.lock.RLock()
defer api.clique.lock.RUnlock()
proposals := make(map[common.Address]bool)
for address, auth := range api.clique.proposals {
proposals[address] = auth
}
return proposals
}
// Propose injects a new authorization proposal that the signer will attempt to
// push through.
func (api *API) Propose(address common.Address, auth bool) {
api.clique.lock.Lock()
defer api.clique.lock.Unlock()
api.clique.proposals[address] = auth
}
// Discard drops a currently running proposal, stopping the signer from casting
// further votes (either for or against).
func (api *API) Discard(address common.Address) {
api.clique.lock.Lock()
defer api.clique.lock.Unlock()
delete(api.clique.proposals, address)
}

638
consensus/clique/clique.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"math/big"
"math/rand"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/sha3"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
)
const (
checkpointInterval = 1024 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
inmemorySnapshots = 128 // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
inmemorySignatures = 1024 // Number of recent blocks to keep in memory
wiggleTime = 500 * time.Millisecond // Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
)
// Clique proof-of-authority protocol constants.
var (
epochLength = uint64(30000) // Default number of blocks after which to checkpoint and reset the pending votes
blockPeriod = uint64(15) // Default minimum difference between two consecutive block's timestamps
extraVanity = 32 // Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
extraSeal = 65 // Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer seal
nonceAuthVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0xffffffffffffffff") // Magic nonce number to vote on adding a new signer
nonceDropVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0x0000000000000000") // Magic nonce number to vote on removing a signer.
uncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil) // Always Keccak256(RLP([])) as uncles are meaningless outside of PoW.
diffInTurn = big.NewInt(2) // Block difficulty for in-turn signatures
diffNoTurn = big.NewInt(1) // Block difficulty for out-of-turn signatures
)
// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
// errUnknownBlock is returned when the list of signers is requested for a block
// that is not part of the local blockchain.
errUnknownBlock = errors.New("unknown block")
// errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition
// block has a beneficiary set to non zeroes.
errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary = errors.New("beneficiary in checkpoint block non-zero")
// errInvalidVote is returned if a nonce value is something else that the two
// allowed constants of 0x00..0 or 0xff..f.
errInvalidVote = errors.New("vote nonce not 0x00..0 or 0xff..f")
// errInvalidCheckpointVote is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition block
// has a vote nonce set to non zeroes.
errInvalidCheckpointVote = errors.New("vote nonce in checkpoint block non-zero")
// errMissingVanity is returned if a block's extra-data section is shorter than
// 32 bytes, which is required to store the signer vanity.
errMissingVanity = errors.New("extra-data 32 byte vanity prefix missing")
// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte suffix signature missing")
// errExtraSigners is returned if non-checkpoint block contain signer data in
// their extra-data fields.
errExtraSigners = errors.New("non-checkpoint block contains extra signer list")
// drrInvalidCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains an
// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes, or not the correct
// ones).
drrInvalidCheckpointSigners = errors.New("invalid signer list on checkpoint block")
// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non zero.
errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")
// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")
// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block is not either
// of 1 or 2, or if the value does not match the turn of the signer.
errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")
// ErrInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
ErrInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
// errInvalidVotingChain is returned if an authorization list is attempted to
// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
errInvalidVotingChain = errors.New("invalid voting chain")
// errUnauthorized is returned if a header is signed by a non authorized entity.
errUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
)
// SignerFn is a signer callback function to request a hash to be signed by a
// backing account.
type SignerFn func(accounts.Account, []byte) ([]byte, error)
// sigHash returns the hash which is used as input for the proof-of-authority
// signing. It is the hash of the entire header apart from the 65 byte signature
// contained at the end of the extra data.
//
// Note, the method requires the extra data to be at least 65 bytes, otherwise it
// panics. This is done to avoid accidentally using both forms (signature present
// or not), which could be abused to produce different hashes for the same header.
func sigHash(header *types.Header) (hash common.Hash) {
hasher := sha3.NewKeccak256()
rlp.Encode(hasher, []interface{}{
header.ParentHash,
header.UncleHash,
header.Coinbase,
header.Root,
header.TxHash,
header.ReceiptHash,
header.Bloom,
header.Difficulty,
header.Number,
header.GasLimit,
header.GasUsed,
header.Time,
header.Extra[:len(header.Extra)-65], // Yes, this will panic if extra is too short
header.MixDigest,
header.Nonce,
})
hasher.Sum(hash[:0])
return hash
}
// ecrecover extracts the Ethereum account address from a signed header.
func ecrecover(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
// Retrieve the signature from the header extra-data
if len(header.Extra) < extraSeal {
return common.Address{}, errMissingSignature
}
signature := header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:]
// Recover the public key and the Ethereum address
pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(sigHash(header).Bytes(), signature)
if err != nil {
return common.Address{}, err
}
var signer common.Address
copy(signer[:], crypto.Keccak256(pubkey[1:])[12:])
return signer, nil
}
// Clique is the proof-of-authority consensus engine proposed to support the
// Ethereum testnet following the Ropsten attacks.
type Clique struct {
config *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine configuration parameters
db ethdb.Database // Database to store and retrieve snapshot checkpoints
recents *lru.ARCCache // Snapshots for recent block to speed up reorgs
signatures *lru.ARCCache // Signatures of recent blocks to speed up mining
proposals map[common.Address]bool // Current list of proposals we are pushing
signer common.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
signFn SignerFn // Signer function to authorize hashes with
lock sync.RWMutex // Protects the signer fields
}
// New creates a Clique proof-of-authority consensus engine with the initial
// signers set to the ones provided by the user.
func New(config *params.CliqueConfig, db ethdb.Database) *Clique {
// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
conf := *config
if conf.Epoch == 0 {
conf.Epoch = epochLength
}
if conf.Period == 0 {
conf.Period = blockPeriod
}
// Allocate the snapshot caches and create the engine
recents, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySnapshots)
signatures, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySignatures)
return &Clique{
config: &conf,
db: db,
recents: recents,
signatures: signatures,
proposals: make(map[common.Address]bool),
}
}
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.
func (c *Clique) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, seal bool) error {
return c.verifyHeader(chain, header, nil)
}
// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers. The
// method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and a results channel to
// retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of the input slice).
func (c *Clique) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainReader, headers []*types.Header, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
abort := make(chan struct{})
results := make(chan error, len(headers))
go func() {
for i, header := range headers {
err := c.verifyHeader(chain, header, headers[:i])
select {
case <-abort:
return
case results <- err:
}
}
}()
return abort, results
}
// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.The
// caller may optionally pass in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid
// looking those up from the database. This is useful for concurrently verifying
// a batch of new headers.
func (c *Clique) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
if header.Number == nil {
return errUnknownBlock
}
number := header.Number.Uint64()
// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
if header.Time.Cmp(big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())) > 0 {
return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
}
// Checkpoint blocks need to enforce zero beneficiary
checkpoint := (number % c.config.Epoch) == 0
if checkpoint && header.Coinbase != (common.Address{}) {
return errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary
}
// Nonces must be 0x00..0 or 0xff..f, zeroes enforced on checkpoints
if !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote) && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
return errInvalidVote
}
if checkpoint && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
return errInvalidCheckpointVote
}
// Check that the extra-data contains both the vanity and signature
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
return errMissingVanity
}
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity+extraSeal {
return errMissingSignature
}
// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
signersBytes := len(header.Extra) - extraVanity - extraSeal
if !checkpoint && signersBytes != 0 {
return errExtraSigners
}
if checkpoint && signersBytes%common.AddressLength != 0 {
return drrInvalidCheckpointSigners
}
// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
if header.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
return errInvalidMixDigest
}
// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
if header.UncleHash != uncleHash {
return errInvalidUncleHash
}
// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
if number > 0 {
if header.Difficulty == nil || (header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0) {
return errInvalidDifficulty
}
}
// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)
}
// verifyCascadingFields verifies all the header fields that are not standalone,
// rather depend on a batch of previous headers. The caller may optionally pass
// in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid looking those up from the
// database. This is useful for concurrently verifying a batch of new headers.
func (c *Clique) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
// The genesis block is the always valid dead-end
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return nil
}
// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to it's parent
var parent *types.Header
if len(parents) > 0 {
parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
} else {
parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
}
if parent == nil || parent.Number.Uint64() != number-1 || parent.Hash() != header.ParentHash {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
if parent.Time.Uint64()+c.config.Period > header.Time.Uint64() {
return ErrInvalidTimestamp
}
// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// If the block is a checkpoint block, verify the signer list
if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
signers := make([]byte, len(snap.Signers)*common.AddressLength)
for i, signer := range snap.signers() {
copy(signers[i*common.AddressLength:], signer[:])
}
extraSuffix := len(header.Extra) - extraSeal
if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra[extraVanity:extraSuffix], signers) {
return drrInvalidCheckpointSigners
}
}
// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
return c.verifySeal(chain, header, parents)
}
// snapshot retrieves the authorization snapshot at a given point in time.
func (c *Clique) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainReader, number uint64, hash common.Hash, parents []*types.Header) (*snapshot, error) {
// Search for a snapshot in memory or on disk for checkpoints
var (
headers []*types.Header
snap *snapshot
)
for snap == nil {
// If an in-memory snapshot was found, use that
if s, ok := c.recents.Get(hash); ok {
snap = s.(*snapshot)
break
}
// If an on-disk checkpoint snapshot can be found, use that
if number%checkpointInterval == 0 {
if s, err := loadSnapshot(c.config, c.db, hash); err == nil {
log.Trace("Loaded voting snapshot form disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
snap = s
break
}
}
// If we're at block zero, make a snapshot
if number == 0 {
genesis := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(0)
if err := c.VerifyHeader(chain, genesis, false); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
signers := make([]common.Address, (len(genesis.Extra)-extraVanity-extraSeal)/common.AddressLength)
for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
copy(signers[i][:], genesis.Extra[extraVanity+i*common.AddressLength:])
}
snap = newSnapshot(c.config, 0, genesis.Hash(), signers)
if err := snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
log.Trace("Stored genesis voting snapshot to disk")
break
}
// No snapshot for this header, gather the header and move backward
var header *types.Header
if len(parents) > 0 {
// If we have explicit parents, pick from there (enforced)
header = parents[len(parents)-1]
if header.Hash() != hash || header.Number.Uint64() != number {
return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
parents = parents[:len(parents)-1]
} else {
// No explicit parents (or no more left), reach out to the database
header = chain.GetHeader(hash, number)
if header == nil {
return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
}
headers = append(headers, header)
number, hash = number-1, header.ParentHash
}
// Previous snapshot found, apply any pending headers on top of it
for i := 0; i < len(headers)/2; i++ {
headers[i], headers[len(headers)-1-i] = headers[len(headers)-1-i], headers[i]
}
snap, err := snap.apply(headers)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)
// If we've generated a new checkpoint snapshot, save to disk
if snap.Number%checkpointInterval == 0 && len(headers) > 0 {
if err = snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
log.Trace("Stored voting snapshot to disk", "number", snap.Number, "hash", snap.Hash)
}
return snap, err
}
// VerifyUncles implements consensus.Engine, always returning an error for any
// uncles as this consensus mechanism doesn't permit uncles.
func (c *Clique) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
return errors.New("uncles not allowed")
}
return nil
}
// VerifySeal implements consensus.Engine, checking whether the signature contained
// in the header satisfies the consensus protocol requirements.
func (c *Clique) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
return c.verifySeal(chain, header, nil)
}
// verifySeal checks whether the signature contained in the header satisfies the
// consensus protocol requirements. The method accepts an optional list of parent
// headers that aren't yet part of the local blockchain to generate the snapshots
// from.
func (c *Clique) verifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
// Verifying the genesis block is not supported
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return errUnknownBlock
}
// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
if err != nil {
return err
}
c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)
// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
signer, err := ecrecover(header)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
return errUnauthorized
}
for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
// Signer is among recents, only fail if the current block doens't shift it out
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
return errUnauthorized
}
}
}
// Ensure that the difficulty corresponts to the turn-ness of the signer
inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
return errInvalidDifficulty
}
if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
return errInvalidDifficulty
}
return nil
}
// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, preparing all the consensus fields of the
// header for running the transactions on top.
func (c *Clique) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
// If the block isn't a checkpoint, cast a random vote (good enough fror now)
header.Coinbase = common.Address{}
header.Nonce = types.BlockNonce{}
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number%c.config.Epoch != 0 {
c.lock.RLock()
if len(c.proposals) > 0 {
addresses := make([]common.Address, 0, len(c.proposals))
for address := range c.proposals {
addresses = append(addresses, address)
}
header.Coinbase = addresses[rand.Intn(len(addresses))]
if c.proposals[header.Coinbase] {
copy(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
} else {
copy(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote)
}
}
c.lock.RUnlock()
}
// Assemble the voting snapshot and set the correct difficulty
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
header.Difficulty = diffNoTurn
if snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), c.signer) {
header.Difficulty = diffInTurn
}
// Ensure the extra data has all it's components
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x00}, extraVanity-len(header.Extra))...)
}
header.Extra = header.Extra[:extraVanity]
if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
for _, signer := range snap.signers() {
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, signer[:]...)
}
}
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, make([]byte, extraSeal)...)
// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
header.MixDigest = common.Hash{}
// Ensure the timestamp has the correct delay
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
if parent == nil {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
header.Time = new(big.Int).Add(parent.Time, new(big.Int).SetUint64(c.config.Period))
if header.Time.Int64() < time.Now().Unix() {
header.Time = big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())
}
return nil
}
// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set, nor block
// rewards given, and returns the final block.
func (c *Clique) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as is and uncles are dropped
header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
header.UncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil)
// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
return types.NewBlock(header, txs, nil, receipts), nil
}
// Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
// with.
func (c *Clique) Authorize(signer common.Address, signFn SignerFn) {
c.lock.Lock()
defer c.lock.Unlock()
c.signer = signer
c.signFn = signFn
}
// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to create a sealed block using
// the local signing credentials.
func (c *Clique) Seal(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) (*types.Block, error) {
header := block.Header()
// Sealing the genesis block is not supported
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
// Don't hold the signer fields for the entire sealing procedure
c.lock.RLock()
signer, signFn := c.signer, c.signFn
c.lock.RUnlock()
// Bail out if we're unauthorized to sign a block
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if _, authorized := snap.Signers[signer]; !authorized {
return nil, errUnauthorized
}
// If we're amongs the recent signers, wait for the next block
for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
// Signer is among recents, only wait if the current block doens't shift it out
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
log.Info("Signed recently, must wait for others")
<-stop
return nil, nil
}
}
}
// Sweet, the protocol permits us to sign the block, wait for our time
delay := time.Unix(header.Time.Int64(), 0).Sub(time.Now())
if header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) == 0 {
// It's not our turn explicitly to sign, delay it a bit
wiggle := time.Duration(len(snap.Signers)/2+1) * wiggleTime
delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(wiggle)))
log.Trace("Out-of-turn signing requested", "wiggle", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle))
}
log.Trace("Waiting for slot to sign and propagate", "delay", common.PrettyDuration(delay))
select {
case <-stop:
return nil, nil
case <-time.After(delay):
}
// Sign all the things!
sighash, err := signFn(accounts.Account{Address: signer}, sigHash(header).Bytes())
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sighash)
return block.WithSeal(header), nil
}
// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC API to allow
// controlling the signer voting.
func (c *Clique) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []rpc.API {
return []rpc.API{{
Namespace: "clique",
Version: "1.0",
Service: &API{chain: chain, clique: c},
Public: false,
}}
}

299
consensus/clique/snapshot.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// vote represents a single vote that an authorized signer made to modify the
// list of authorizations.
type vote struct {
Signer common.Address `json:"signer"` // Authorized signer that cast this vote
Block uint64 `json:"block"` // Block number the vote was cast in (expire old votes)
Address common.Address `json:"address"` // Account being voted on to change its authorization
Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether to authorize or deauthorize the voted account
}
// tally is a simple vote tally to keep the current score of votes. Votes that
// go against the proposal aren't counted since it's equivalent to not voting.
type tally struct {
Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether the vote it about authorizing or kicking someone
Votes int `json:"votes"` // Number of votes until now wanting to pass the proposal
}
// snapshot is the state of the authorization voting at a given point in time.
type snapshot struct {
config *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine parameters to fine tune behavior
Number uint64 `json:"number"` // Block number where the snapshot was created
Hash common.Hash `json:"hash"` // Block hash where the snapshot was created
Signers map[common.Address]struct{} `json:"signers"` // Set of authorized signers at this moment
Recents map[uint64]common.Address `json:"recents"` // Set of recent signers for spam protections
Votes []*vote `json:"votes"` // List of votes cast in chronological order
Tally map[common.Address]tally `json:"tally"` // Current vote tally to avoid recalculating
}
// newSnapshot create a new snapshot with the specified startup parameters. This
// method does not initialize the set of recent signers, so only ever use if for
// the genesis block.
func newSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, number uint64, hash common.Hash, signers []common.Address) *snapshot {
snap := &snapshot{
config: config,
Number: number,
Hash: hash,
Signers: make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
Recents: make(map[uint64]common.Address),
Tally: make(map[common.Address]tally),
}
for _, signer := range signers {
snap.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
}
return snap
}
// loadSnapshot loads an existing snapshot from the database.
func loadSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, db ethdb.Database, hash common.Hash) (*snapshot, error) {
blob, err := db.Get(append([]byte("clique-"), hash[:]...))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snap := new(snapshot)
if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, snap); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snap.config = config
return snap, nil
}
// store inserts the snapshot into the database.
func (s *snapshot) store(db ethdb.Database) error {
blob, err := json.Marshal(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return db.Put(append([]byte("clique-"), s.Hash[:]...), blob)
}
// copy creates a deep copy of the snapshot, though not the individual votes.
func (s *snapshot) copy() *snapshot {
cpy := &snapshot{
config: s.config,
Number: s.Number,
Hash: s.Hash,
Signers: make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
Recents: make(map[uint64]common.Address),
Votes: make([]*vote, len(s.Votes)),
Tally: make(map[common.Address]tally),
}
for signer := range s.Signers {
cpy.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
}
for block, signer := range s.Recents {
cpy.Recents[block] = signer
}
for address, tally := range s.Tally {
cpy.Tally[address] = tally
}
copy(cpy.Votes, s.Votes)
return cpy
}
// cast adds a new vote into the tally.
func (s *snapshot) cast(address common.Address, authorize bool) bool {
// Ensure the vote is meaningful
_, signer := s.Signers[address]
if (signer && authorize) || (!signer && !authorize) {
return false
}
// Cast the vote into an existing or new tally
if old, ok := s.Tally[address]; ok {
old.Votes++
s.Tally[address] = old
} else {
s.Tally[address] = tally{Authorize: authorize, Votes: 1}
}
return true
}
// uncast removes a previously cast vote from the tally.
func (s *snapshot) uncast(address common.Address, authorize bool) bool {
// If there's no tally, it's a dangling vote, just drop
tally, ok := s.Tally[address]
if !ok {
return false
}
// Ensure we only revert counted votes
if tally.Authorize != authorize {
return false
}
// Otherwise revert the vote
if tally.Votes > 1 {
tally.Votes--
s.Tally[address] = tally
} else {
delete(s.Tally, address)
}
return true
}
// apply creates a new authorization snapshot by applying the given headers to
// the original one.
func (s *snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header) (*snapshot, error) {
// Allow passing in no headers for cleaner code
if len(headers) == 0 {
return s, nil
}
// Sanity check that the headers can be applied
for i := 0; i < len(headers)-1; i++ {
if headers[i+1].Number.Uint64() != headers[i].Number.Uint64()+1 {
return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
}
}
if headers[0].Number.Uint64() != s.Number+1 {
return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
}
// Iterate through the headers and create a new snapshot
snap := s.copy()
for _, header := range headers {
// Remove any votes on checkpoint blocks
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number%s.config.Epoch == 0 {
snap.Votes = nil
snap.Tally = make(map[common.Address]tally)
}
// Delete the oldest signer from the recent list to allow it signing again
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
}
// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
signer, err := ecrecover(header)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
return nil, errUnauthorized
}
for _, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
return nil, errUnauthorized
}
}
snap.Recents[number] = signer
// Header authorized, discard any previous votes from the signer
for i, vote := range snap.Votes {
if vote.Signer == signer && vote.Address == header.Coinbase {
// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
snap.uncast(vote.Address, vote.Authorize)
// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
break // only one vote allowed
}
}
// Tally up the new vote from the signer
var authorize bool
switch {
case bytes.Compare(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote) == 0:
authorize = true
case bytes.Compare(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) == 0:
authorize = false
default:
return nil, errInvalidVote
}
if snap.cast(header.Coinbase, authorize) {
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes, &vote{
Signer: signer,
Block: number,
Address: header.Coinbase,
Authorize: authorize,
})
}
// If the vote passed, update the list of signers
if tally := snap.Tally[header.Coinbase]; tally.Votes > len(snap.Signers)/2 {
if tally.Authorize {
snap.Signers[header.Coinbase] = struct{}{}
} else {
delete(snap.Signers, header.Coinbase)
// Signer list shrunk, delete any leftover recent caches
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
}
// Discard any previous votes the deauthorized signer cast
for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
if snap.Votes[i].Signer == header.Coinbase {
// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
snap.uncast(snap.Votes[i].Address, snap.Votes[i].Authorize)
// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
i--
}
}
}
// Discard any previous votes around the just changed account
for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
if snap.Votes[i].Address == header.Coinbase {
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
i--
}
}
delete(snap.Tally, header.Coinbase)
}
}
snap.Number += uint64(len(headers))
snap.Hash = headers[len(headers)-1].Hash()
return snap, nil
}
// signers retrieves the list of authorized signers in ascending order.
func (s *snapshot) signers() []common.Address {
signers := make([]common.Address, 0, len(s.Signers))
for signer := range s.Signers {
signers = append(signers, signer)
}
for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
for j := i + 1; j < len(signers); j++ {
if bytes.Compare(signers[i][:], signers[j][:]) > 0 {
signers[i], signers[j] = signers[j], signers[i]
}
}
}
return signers
}
// inturn returns if a signer at a given block height is in-turn or not.
func (s *snapshot) inturn(number uint64, signer common.Address) bool {
signers, offset := s.signers(), 0
for offset < len(signers) && signers[offset] != signer {
offset++
}
return (number % uint64(len(signers))) == uint64(offset)
}

404
consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"crypto/ecdsa"
"math/big"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
type testerVote struct {
signer string
voted string
auth bool
}
// testerAccountPool is a pool to maintain currently active tester accounts,
// mapped from textual names used in the tests below to actual Ethereum private
// keys capable of signing transactions.
type testerAccountPool struct {
accounts map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey
}
func newTesterAccountPool() *testerAccountPool {
return &testerAccountPool{
accounts: make(map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey),
}
}
func (ap *testerAccountPool) sign(header *types.Header, signer string) {
// Ensure we have a persistent key for the signer
if ap.accounts[signer] == nil {
ap.accounts[signer], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
}
// Sign the header and embed the signature in extra data
sig, _ := crypto.Sign(sigHash(header).Bytes(), ap.accounts[signer])
copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-65:], sig)
}
func (ap *testerAccountPool) address(account string) common.Address {
// Ensure we have a persistent key for the account
if ap.accounts[account] == nil {
ap.accounts[account], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
}
// Resolve and return the Ethereum address
return crypto.PubkeyToAddress(ap.accounts[account].PublicKey)
}
// testerChainReader implements consensus.ChainReader to access the genesis
// block. All other methods and requests will panic.
type testerChainReader struct {
db ethdb.Database
}
func (r *testerChainReader) Config() *params.ChainConfig { panic("not supported") }
func (r *testerChainReader) CurrentHeader() *types.Header { panic("not supported") }
func (r *testerChainReader) GetHeader(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Header { panic("not supported") }
func (r *testerChainReader) GetBlock(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Block { panic("not supported") }
func (r *testerChainReader) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
if number == 0 {
return core.GetHeader(r.db, core.GetCanonicalHash(r.db, 0), 0)
}
panic("not supported")
}
// Tests that voting is evaluated correctly for various simple and complex scenarios.
func TestVoting(t *testing.T) {
// Define the various voting scenarios to test
tests := []struct {
epoch uint64
signers []string
votes []testerVote
results []string
}{
{
// Single signer, no votes cast
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{{signer: "A"}},
results: []string{"A"},
}, {
// Single signer, voting to add two others (only accept first, second needs 2 votes)
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Two signers, voting to add three others (only accept first two, third needs 3 votes already)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "E", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "E", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Single signer, dropping itself (weird, but one less cornercase by explicitly allowing this)
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "A", auth: false},
},
results: []string{},
}, {
// Two signers, actually needing mutual consent to drop either of them (not fulfilled)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Two signers, actually needing mutual consent to drop either of them (fulfilled)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A"},
}, {
// Three signers, two of them deciding to drop the third
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Four signers, consensus of two not being enough to drop anyone
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Four signers, consensus of three already being enough to drop someone
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Authorizations are counted once per signer per target
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Authorizing multiple accounts concurrently is permitted
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Deauthorizations are counted once per signer per target
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Deauthorizing multiple accounts concurrently is permitted
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Votes from deauthorized signers are discarded immediately (deauth votes)
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "C", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Votes from deauthorized signers are discarded immediately (auth votes)
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "C", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Cascading changes are not allowed, only the the account being voted on may change
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Changes reaching consensus out of bounds (via a deauth) execute on touch
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "C", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Changes reaching consensus out of bounds (via a deauth) may go out of consensus on first touch
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Ensure that pending votes don't survive authorization status changes. This
// corner case can only appear if a signer is quickly added, remove and then
// readded (or the inverse), while one of the original voters dropped. If a
// past vote is left cached in the system somewhere, this will interfere with
// the final signer outcome.
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Authorize F, 3 votes needed
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "C", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "D", voted: "F", auth: false}, // Deauthorize F, 4 votes needed (leave A's previous vote "unchanged")
{signer: "E", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "D", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Almost authorize F, 2/3 votes needed
{signer: "E", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "A", auth: false}, // Deauthorize A, 3 votes needed
{signer: "C", voted: "A", auth: false},
{signer: "D", voted: "A", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Finish authorizing F, 3/3 votes needed
},
results: []string{"B", "C", "D", "E", "F"},
}, {
// Epoch transitions reset all votes to allow chain checkpointing
epoch: 3,
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A"}, // Checkpoint block, (don't vote here, it's validated outside of snapshots)
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
},
}
// Run through the scenarios and test them
for i, tt := range tests {
// Create the account pool and generate the initial set of signers
accounts := newTesterAccountPool()
signers := make([]common.Address, len(tt.signers))
for j, signer := range tt.signers {
signers[j] = accounts.address(signer)
}
for j := 0; j < len(signers); j++ {
for k := j + 1; k < len(signers); k++ {
if bytes.Compare(signers[j][:], signers[k][:]) > 0 {
signers[j], signers[k] = signers[k], signers[j]
}
}
}
// Create the genesis block with the initial set of signers
genesis := &core.Genesis{
ExtraData: make([]byte, extraVanity+common.AddressLength*len(signers)+extraSeal),
}
for j, signer := range signers {
copy(genesis.ExtraData[extraVanity+j*common.AddressLength:], signer[:])
}
// Create a pristine blockchain with the genesis injected
db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
genesis.Commit(db)
// Assemble a chain of headers from the cast votes
headers := make([]*types.Header, len(tt.votes))
for j, vote := range tt.votes {
headers[j] = &types.Header{
Number: big.NewInt(int64(j) + 1),
Time: big.NewInt(int64(j) * int64(blockPeriod)),
Coinbase: accounts.address(vote.voted),
Extra: make([]byte, extraVanity+extraSeal),
}
if j > 0 {
headers[j].ParentHash = headers[j-1].Hash()
}
if vote.auth {
copy(headers[j].Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
}
accounts.sign(headers[j], vote.signer)
}
// Pass all the headers through clique and ensure tallying succeeds
head := headers[len(headers)-1]
snap, err := New(&params.CliqueConfig{Epoch: tt.epoch}, db).snapshot(&testerChainReader{db: db}, head.Number.Uint64(), head.Hash(), headers)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("test %d: failed to create voting snapshot: %v", i, err)
continue
}
// Verify the final list of signers against the expected ones
signers = make([]common.Address, len(tt.results))
for j, signer := range tt.results {
signers[j] = accounts.address(signer)
}
for j := 0; j < len(signers); j++ {
for k := j + 1; k < len(signers); k++ {
if bytes.Compare(signers[j][:], signers[k][:]) > 0 {
signers[j], signers[k] = signers[k], signers[j]
}
}
}
result := snap.signers()
if len(result) != len(signers) {
t.Errorf("test %d: signers mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, result, signers)
continue
}
for j := 0; j < len(result); j++ {
if !bytes.Equal(result[j][:], signers[j][:]) {
t.Errorf("test %d, signer %d: signer mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, j, result[j], signers[j])
}
}
}
}

8
consensus/errors.go
View File

@ -23,14 +23,6 @@ var (
// that is unknown.
ErrUnknownAncestor = errors.New("unknown ancestor")
// ErrLargeBlockTime is returned if the value of the timestamp is beyond
// any reasonable value.
ErrLargeBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp too big")
// ErrZeroBlockTime is returned if the block's timestamp is the same as the one
// its parent has.
ErrZeroBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp equals parent's")
// ErrFutureBlock is returned when a block's timestamp is in the future according
// to the current node.
ErrFutureBlock = errors.New("block in the future")

48
consensus/ethash/consensus.go
View File

@ -41,16 +41,22 @@ var (
maxUncles = 2 // Maximum number of uncles allowed in a single block
)
// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
ErrInvalidChain = errors.New("invalid header chain")
ErrTooManyUncles = errors.New("too many uncles")
ErrDuplicateUncle = errors.New("duplicate uncle")
ErrUncleIsAncestor = errors.New("uncle is ancestor")
ErrDanglingUncle = errors.New("uncle's parent is not ancestor")
ErrNonceOutOfRange = errors.New("nonce out of range")
ErrInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("non-positive difficulty")
ErrInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("invalid mix digest")
ErrInvalidPoW = errors.New("invalid proof-of-work")
errInvalidChain = errors.New("invalid header chain")
errLargeBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp too big")
errZeroBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp equals parent's")
errTooManyUncles = errors.New("too many uncles")
errDuplicateUncle = errors.New("duplicate uncle")
errUncleIsAncestor = errors.New("uncle is ancestor")
errDanglingUncle = errors.New("uncle's parent is not ancestor")
errNonceOutOfRange = errors.New("nonce out of range")
errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("non-positive difficulty")
errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("invalid mix digest")
errInvalidPoW = errors.New("invalid proof-of-work")
)
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainReader, headers []*type
for index := range inputs {
// If we've found a bad block already before this, stop validating
if bad := atomic.LoadUint64(&badblock); bad != 0 && bad <= headers[index].Number.Uint64() {
outputs <- result{index: index, err: ErrInvalidChain}
outputs <- result{index: index, err: errInvalidChain}
continue
}
// We need to look up the first parent
@ -194,7 +200,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Blo
}
// Verify that there are at most 2 uncles included in this block
if len(block.Uncles()) > maxUncles {
return ErrTooManyUncles
return errTooManyUncles
}
// Gather the set of past uncles and ancestors
uncles, ancestors := set.New(), make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
@ -219,16 +225,16 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Blo
// Make sure every uncle is rewarded only once
hash := uncle.Hash()
if uncles.Has(hash) {
return ErrDuplicateUncle
return errDuplicateUncle
}
uncles.Add(hash)
// Make sure the uncle has a valid ancestry
if ancestors[hash] != nil {
return ErrUncleIsAncestor
return errUncleIsAncestor
}
if ancestors[uncle.ParentHash] == nil || uncle.ParentHash == block.ParentHash() {
return ErrDanglingUncle
return errDanglingUncle
}
if err := ethash.verifyHeader(chain, uncle, ancestors[uncle.ParentHash], true, true); err != nil {
return err
@ -249,7 +255,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header, parent *
// Verify the header's timestamp
if uncle {
if header.Time.Cmp(math.MaxBig256) > 0 {
return consensus.ErrLargeBlockTime
return errLargeBlockTime
}
} else {
if header.Time.Cmp(big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())) > 0 {
@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header, parent *
}
}
if header.Time.Cmp(parent.Time) <= 0 {
return consensus.ErrZeroBlockTime
return errZeroBlockTime
}
// Verify the block's difficulty based in it's timestamp and parent's difficulty
expected := CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), header.Time.Uint64(), parent.Time.Uint64(), parent.Number, parent.Difficulty)
@ -403,7 +409,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Head
if ethash.fakeMode {
time.Sleep(ethash.fakeDelay)
if ethash.fakeFail == header.Number.Uint64() {
return ErrInvalidPoW
return errInvalidPoW
}
return nil
}
@ -415,11 +421,11 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Head
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number/epochLength >= uint64(len(cacheSizes)) {
// Go < 1.7 cannot calculate new cache/dataset sizes (no fast prime check)
return ErrNonceOutOfRange
return errNonceOutOfRange
}
// Ensure that we have a valid difficulty for the block
if header.Difficulty.Sign() <= 0 {
return ErrInvalidDifficulty
return errInvalidDifficulty
}
// Recompute the digest and PoW value and verify against the header
cache := ethash.cache(number)
@ -430,11 +436,11 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Head
}
digest, result := hashimotoLight(size, cache, header.HashNoNonce().Bytes(), header.Nonce.Uint64())
if !bytes.Equal(header.MixDigest[:], digest) {
return ErrInvalidMixDigest
return errInvalidMixDigest
}
target := new(big.Int).Div(maxUint256, header.Difficulty)
if new(big.Int).SetBytes(result).Cmp(target) > 0 {
return ErrInvalidPoW
return errInvalidPoW
}
return nil
}

5
core/blockchain_test.go
View File

@ -532,13 +532,10 @@ func testInsertNonceError(t *testing.T, full bool) {
blockchain.hc.engine = blockchain.engine
failRes, err = blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1)
}
// Check that the returned error indicates the nonce failure.
// Check that the returned error indicates the failure.
if failRes != failAt {
t.Errorf("test %d: failure index mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, failRes, failAt)
}
if err != ethash.ErrInvalidPoW {
t.Fatalf("test %d: error mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, ethash.ErrInvalidPoW)
}
// Check that all no blocks after the failing block have been inserted.
for j := 0; j < i-failAt; j++ {
if full {

14
eth/backend.go
View File

@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/clique"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@ -230,6 +231,11 @@ func CreateDB(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *Config, name string) (ethdb.Data
// CreateConsensusEngine creates the required type of consensus engine instance for an Ethereum service
func CreateConsensusEngine(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, db ethdb.Database) consensus.Engine {
// If proof-of-authority is requested, set it up
if chainConfig.Clique != nil {
return clique.New(chainConfig.Clique, db)
}
// Otherwise assume proof-of-work
switch {
case config.PowFake:
log.Warn("Ethash used in fake mode")
@ -333,6 +339,14 @@ func (s *Ethereum) StartMining(local bool) error {
log.Error("Cannot start mining without etherbase", "err", err)
return fmt.Errorf("etherbase missing: %v", err)
}
if clique, ok := s.engine.(*clique.Clique); ok {
wallet, err := s.accountManager.Find(accounts.Account{Address: eb})
if wallet == nil || err != nil {
log.Error("Etherbase account unavailable locally", "err", err)
return fmt.Errorf("singer missing: %v", err)
}
clique.Authorize(eb, wallet.SignHash)
}
if local {
// If local (CPU) mining is started, we can disable the transaction rejection
// mechanism introduced to speed sync times. CPU mining on mainnet is ludicrous

41
internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
View File

@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package web3ext
var Modules = map[string]string{
"admin": Admin_JS,
"chequebook": Chequebook_JS,
"clique": Clique_JS,
"debug": Debug_JS,
"eth": Eth_JS,
"miner": Miner_JS,
@ -29,8 +30,10 @@ var Modules = map[string]string{
"shh": Shh_JS,
"swarmfs": SWARMFS_JS,
"txpool": TxPool_JS,
}
const Chequebook_JS = `
web3._extend({
property: 'chequebook',
@ -63,6 +66,44 @@ web3._extend({
});
`
const Clique_JS = `
web3._extend({
property: 'clique',
methods:
[
new web3._extend.Method({
name: 'getSnapshot',
call: 'clique_getSnapshot',
params: 1,
inputFormatter: [null]
}),
new web3._extend.Method({
name: 'getSigners',
call: 'clique_getSigners',
params: 1,
inputFormatter: [null]
}),
new web3._extend.Method({
name: 'propose',
call: 'clique_propose',
params: 2
}),
new web3._extend.Method({
name: 'discard',
call: 'clique_discard',
params: 1
})
],
properties:
[
new web3._extend.Property({
name: 'proposals',
getter: 'clique_proposals'
}),
]
});
`
const Admin_JS = `
web3._extend({
property: 'admin',

43
mobile/geth.go
View File

@ -55,10 +55,6 @@ type NodeConfig struct {
// decide if remote peers should be accepted or not.
EthereumNetworkID int
// EthereumChainConfig is the default parameters of the blockchain to use. If no
// configuration is specified, it defaults to the main network.
EthereumChainConfig *ChainConfig
// EthereumGenesis is the genesis JSON to use to seed the blockchain with. An
// empty genesis state is equivalent to using the mainnet's state.
EthereumGenesis string
@ -84,7 +80,6 @@ var defaultNodeConfig = &NodeConfig{
MaxPeers: 25,
EthereumEnabled: true,
EthereumNetworkID: 1,
EthereumChainConfig: MainnetChainConfig(),
EthereumDatabaseCache: 16,
}
@ -94,18 +89,6 @@ func NewNodeConfig() *NodeConfig {
return &config
}
// SetMainnet sets up the node for use on the Ethereum mainnet.
func (cfg *NodeConfig) SetMainnet() {
cfg.EthereumGenesis = ""
cfg.EthereumChainConfig = MainnetChainConfig()
}
// SetTestnet sets up the node for use on the Ethereum testnet.
func (cfg *NodeConfig) SetTestnet() {
cfg.EthereumGenesis = TestnetGenesis()
cfg.EthereumChainConfig = TestnetChainConfig()
}
// Node represents a Geth Ethereum node instance.
type Node struct {
node *node.Node
@ -144,27 +127,19 @@ func NewNode(datadir string, config *NodeConfig) (stack *Node, _ error) {
var genesis *core.Genesis
if config.EthereumGenesis != "" {
// Parse the user supplied genesis spec if not mainnet
genesis = new(core.Genesis)
if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(config.EthereumGenesis), genesis); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid EthereumGenesis: %v", err)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid genesis spec: %v", err)
}
// If we have the testnet, hard code the chain configs too
if config.EthereumGenesis == TestnetGenesis() {
genesis.Config = params.TestnetChainConfig
if config.EthereumNetworkID == 1 {
config.EthereumNetworkID = 3
}
}
if config.EthereumChainConfig != nil {
if genesis == nil {
genesis = core.DefaultGenesisBlock()
}
genesis.Config = &params.ChainConfig{
ChainId: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.ChainID),
HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.HomesteadBlock),
DAOForkBlock: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.DAOForkBlock),
DAOForkSupport: config.EthereumChainConfig.DAOForkSupport,
EIP150Block: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.EIP150Block),
EIP150Hash: config.EthereumChainConfig.EIP150Hash.hash,
EIP155Block: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.EIP155Block),
EIP158Block: big.NewInt(config.EthereumChainConfig.EIP158Block),
}
}
// Register the Ethereum protocol if requested
if config.EthereumEnabled {
ethConf := &eth.Config{
@ -173,7 +148,7 @@ func NewNode(datadir string, config *NodeConfig) (stack *Node, _ error) {
DatabaseCache: config.EthereumDatabaseCache,
NetworkId: config.EthereumNetworkID,
GasPrice: new(big.Int).SetUint64(20 * params.Shannon),
GpoBlocks: 5,
GpoBlocks: 10,
GpoPercentile: 50,
EthashCacheDir: "ethash",
EthashCachesInMem: 2,

46
mobile/params.go
View File

@ -26,40 +26,12 @@ import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// MainnetChainConfig returns the chain configurations for the main Ethereum network.
func MainnetChainConfig() *ChainConfig {
return &ChainConfig{
ChainID: params.MainNetChainID.Int64(),
HomesteadBlock: params.MainNetHomesteadBlock.Int64(),
DAOForkBlock: params.MainNetDAOForkBlock.Int64(),
DAOForkSupport: true,
EIP150Block: params.MainNetHomesteadGasRepriceBlock.Int64(),
EIP150Hash: Hash{params.MainNetHomesteadGasRepriceHash},
EIP155Block: params.MainNetSpuriousDragon.Int64(),
EIP158Block: params.MainNetSpuriousDragon.Int64(),
}
}
// MainnetGenesis returns the JSON spec to use for the main Ethereum network. It
// is actually empty since that defaults to the hard coded binary genesis block.
func MainnetGenesis() string {
return ""
}
// TestnetChainConfig returns the chain configurations for the Ethereum test network.
func TestnetChainConfig() *ChainConfig {
return &ChainConfig{
ChainID: params.TestNetChainID.Int64(),
HomesteadBlock: params.TestNetHomesteadBlock.Int64(),
DAOForkBlock: 0,
DAOForkSupport: false,
EIP150Block: params.TestNetHomesteadGasRepriceBlock.Int64(),
EIP150Hash: Hash{params.TestNetHomesteadGasRepriceHash},
EIP155Block: params.TestNetSpuriousDragon.Int64(),
EIP158Block: params.TestNetSpuriousDragon.Int64(),
}
}
// TestnetGenesis returns the JSON spec to use for the Ethereum test network.
func TestnetGenesis() string {
enc, err := json.Marshal(core.DefaultTestnetGenesisBlock())
@ -69,24 +41,6 @@ func TestnetGenesis() string {
return string(enc)
}
// ChainConfig is the core config which determines the blockchain settings.
type ChainConfig struct {
ChainID int64 // Chain ID for replay protection
HomesteadBlock int64 // Homestead switch block
DAOForkBlock int64 // TheDAO hard-fork switch block
DAOForkSupport bool // Whether the nodes supports or opposes the DAO hard-fork
EIP150Block int64 // Homestead gas reprice switch block
EIP150Hash Hash // Homestead gas reprice switch block hash
EIP155Block int64 // Replay protection switch block
EIP158Block int64 // Empty account pruning switch block
}
// NewChainConfig creates a new chain configuration that transitions immediately
// to homestead and has no notion of the DAO fork (ideal for a private network).
func NewChainConfig() *ChainConfig {
return new(ChainConfig)
}
// FoundationBootnodes returns the enode URLs of the P2P bootstrap nodes operated
// by the foundation running the V5 discovery protocol.
func FoundationBootnodes() *Enodes {

55
params/config.go
View File

@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ var (
EIP150Hash: MainNetHomesteadGasRepriceHash,
EIP155Block: MainNetSpuriousDragon,
EIP158Block: MainNetSpuriousDragon,
Ethash: new(EthashConfig),
}
// TestnetChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the ropsten test network.
@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ var (
EIP150Hash: common.HexToHash("0x41941023680923e0fe4d74a34bdac8141f2540e3ae90623718e47d66d1ca4a2d"),
EIP155Block: big.NewInt(10),
EIP158Block: big.NewInt(10),
Ethash: new(EthashConfig),
}
// AllProtocolChanges contains every protocol change (EIPs)
@ -57,8 +59,8 @@ var (
// means that all fields must be set at all times. This forces
// anyone adding flags to the config to also have to set these
// fields.
AllProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)}
TestChainConfig = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)}
AllProtocolChanges = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1337), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), new(EthashConfig), nil}
TestChainConfig = &ChainConfig{big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(0), nil, false, big.NewInt(0), common.Hash{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), new(EthashConfig), nil}
)
// ChainConfig is the core config which determines the blockchain settings.
@ -69,21 +71,53 @@ var (
type ChainConfig struct {
ChainId *big.Int `json:"chainId"` // Chain id identifies the current chain and is used for replay protection
HomesteadBlock *big.Int `json:"homesteadBlock"` // Homestead switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already homestead)
DAOForkBlock *big.Int `json:"daoForkBlock"` // TheDAO hard-fork switch block (nil = no fork)
DAOForkSupport bool `json:"daoForkSupport"` // Whether the nodes supports or opposes the DAO hard-fork
HomesteadBlock *big.Int `json:"homesteadBlock,omitempty"` // Homestead switch block (nil = no fork, 0 = already homestead)
DAOForkBlock *big.Int `json:"daoForkBlock,omitempty"` // TheDAO hard-fork switch block (nil = no fork)
DAOForkSupport bool `json:"daoForkSupport,omitempty"` // Whether the nodes supports or opposes the DAO hard-fork
// EIP150 implements the Gas price changes (https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/150)
EIP150Block *big.Int `json:"eip150Block"` // EIP150 HF block (nil = no fork)
EIP150Hash common.Hash `json:"eip150Hash"` // EIP150 HF hash (fast sync aid)
EIP150Block *big.Int `json:"eip150Block,omitempty"` // EIP150 HF block (nil = no fork)
EIP150Hash common.Hash `json:"eip150Hash,omitempty"` // EIP150 HF hash (fast sync aid)
EIP155Block *big.Int `json:"eip155Block"` // EIP155 HF block
EIP158Block *big.Int `json:"eip158Block"` // EIP158 HF block
EIP155Block *big.Int `json:"eip155Block,omitempty"` // EIP155 HF block
EIP158Block *big.Int `json:"eip158Block,omitempty"` // EIP158 HF block
// Various consensus engines
Ethash *EthashConfig `json:"ethash,omitempty"`
Clique *CliqueConfig `json:"clique,omitempty"`
}
// EthashConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-work based sealing.
type EthashConfig struct{}
// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
func (c *EthashConfig) String() string {
return "ethash"
}
// CliqueConfig is the consensus engine configs for proof-of-authority based sealing.
type CliqueConfig struct {
Period uint64 `json:"period"` // Number of seconds between blocks to enforce
Epoch uint64 `json:"epoch"` // Epoch length to reset votes and checkpoint
}
// String implements the stringer interface, returning the consensus engine details.
func (c *CliqueConfig) String() string {
return "clique"
}
// String implements the fmt.Stringer interface.
func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v Homestead: %v DAO: %v DAOSupport: %v EIP150: %v EIP155: %v EIP158: %v}",
var engine interface{}
switch {
case c.Ethash != nil:
engine = c.Ethash
case c.Clique != nil:
engine = c.Clique
default:
engine = "unknown"
}
return fmt.Sprintf("{ChainID: %v Homestead: %v DAO: %v DAOSupport: %v EIP150: %v EIP155: %v EIP158: %v Engine: %v}",
c.ChainId,
c.HomesteadBlock,
c.DAOForkBlock,
@ -91,6 +125,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
c.EIP150Block,
c.EIP155Block,
c.EIP158Block,
engine,
)
}