65f3c1b46f
This changes the CI build to store the git commit and date into package internal/version instead of package main. Doing this essentially merges our two ways of tracking the go-ethereum version into a single place, achieving two objectives: - Bad block reports, which use version.Info(), will now have the git commit information even when geth is built in an environment such as launchpad.net where git access is unavailable. - For geth builds created by `go build ./cmd/geth` (i.e. not using `go run build/ci.go install`), git information stored by the go tool is now used in the p2p node name as well as in `geth version` and `geth version-check`. |
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| exec.go | ||
| main.go | ||
| README.md | ||
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Checkpoint-admin
Checkpoint-admin is a tool for updating checkpoint oracle status. It provides a series of functions including deploying checkpoint oracle contract, signing for new checkpoints, and updating checkpoints in the checkpoint oracle contract.
Checkpoint
In the LES protocol, there is an important concept called checkpoint. In simple terms, whenever a certain number of blocks are generated on the blockchain, a new checkpoint is generated which contains some important information such as
- Block hash at checkpoint
- Canonical hash trie root at checkpoint
- Bloom trie root at checkpoint
For a more detailed introduction to checkpoint, please see the LES spec.
Using this information, light clients can skip all historical block headers when synchronizing data and start synchronization from this checkpoint. Therefore, as long as the light client can obtain some latest and correct checkpoints, the amount of data and time for synchronization will be greatly reduced.
However, from a security perspective, the most critical step in a synchronization algorithm based on checkpoints is to determine whether the checkpoint used by the light client is correct. Otherwise, all blockchain data synchronized based on this checkpoint may be wrong. For this we provide two different ways to ensure the correctness of the checkpoint used by the light client.
Hardcoded checkpoint
There are several hardcoded checkpoints in the source code of the go-ethereum project. These checkpoints are updated by go-ethereum developers when new versions of software are released. Because light client users trust Geth developers to some extent, hardcoded checkpoints in the code can also be considered correct.
Checkpoint oracle
Hardcoded checkpoints can solve the problem of verifying the correctness of checkpoints (although this is a more centralized solution). But the pain point of this solution is that developers can only update checkpoints when a new version of software is released. In addition, light client users usually do not keep the Geth version they use always up to date. So hardcoded checkpoints used by users are generally stale. Therefore, it still needs to download a large amount of blockchain data during synchronization.
Checkpoint oracle is a more flexible solution. In simple terms, this is a smart contract that is deployed on the blockchain. The smart contract records several designated trusted signers. Whenever enough trusted signers have issued their signatures for the same checkpoint, it can be considered that the checkpoint has been authenticated by the signers. Checkpoints authenticated by trusted signers can be considered correct.
So this way, even without updating the software version, as long as the trusted signers regularly update the checkpoint in oracle on time, the light client can always use the latest and verified checkpoint for data synchronization.
Usage
Checkpoint-admin is a command line tool designed for checkpoint oracle. Users can easily deploy contracts and update checkpoints through this tool.
Install
go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/checkpoint-admin
Deploy
Deploy checkpoint oracle contract. --signers indicates the specified trusted signer, and --threshold indicates the minimum number of signatures required by trusted signers to update a checkpoint.
checkpoint-admin deploy --rpc <NODE_RPC_ENDPOINT> --clef <CLEF_ENDPOINT> --signer <SIGNER_TO_SIGN_TX> --signers <TRUSTED_SIGNER_LIST> --threshold 1
It is worth noting that checkpoint-admin only supports clef as a signer for transactions and plain text(checkpoint). For more clef usage, please see the clef tutorial .
Sign
Checkpoint-admin provides two different modes of signing. You can automatically obtain the current stable checkpoint and sign it interactively, and you can also use the information provided by the command line flags to sign checkpoint offline.
Interactive mode
checkpoint-admin sign --clef <CLEF_ENDPOINT> --signer <SIGNER_TO_SIGN_CHECKPOINT> --rpc <NODE_RPC_ENDPOINT>
It is worth noting that the connected Geth node can be a fullnode or a light client. If it is fullnode, you must enable the LES protocol. E.G. add --light.serv 50 to the startup command line flags.
Offline mode
checkpoint-admin sign --clef <CLEF_ENDPOINT> --signer <SIGNER_TO_SIGN_CHECKPOINT> --index <CHECKPOINT_INDEX> --hash <CHECKPOINT_HASH> --oracle <CHECKPOINT_ORACLE_ADDRESS>
CHECKPOINT_HASH is obtained based on this calculation method.
Publish
Collect enough signatures from different trusted signers for the same checkpoint and submit them to oracle to update the "authenticated" checkpoint in the contract.
checkpoint-admin publish --clef <CLEF_ENDPOINT> --rpc <NODE_RPC_ENDPOINT> --signer <SIGNER_TO_SIGN_TX> --index <CHECKPOINT_INDEX> --signatures <CHECKPOINT_SIGNATURE_LIST>
Status query
Check the latest status of checkpoint oracle.
checkpoint-admin status --rpc <NODE_RPC_ENDPOINT>
Enable checkpoint oracle in your private network
Currently, only the Ethereum mainnet and the default supported test networks (ropsten, rinkeby, goerli) activate this feature. If you want to activate this feature in your private network, you can overwrite the relevant checkpoint oracle settings through the configuration file after deploying the oracle contract.
- Get your node configuration file
geth dumpconfig OTHER_COMMAND_LINE_OPTIONS > config.toml - Edit the configuration file and add the following information
[Eth.CheckpointOracle]
Address = CHECKPOINT_ORACLE_ADDRESS
Signers = [TRUSTED_SIGNER_1, ..., TRUSTED_SIGNER_N]
Threshold = THRESHOLD
- Start geth with the modified configuration file
In the private network, all fullnodes and light clients need to be started using the same checkpoint oracle settings.