go-ethereum/core/blockchain.go

// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
package core

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math/big"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pow"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
	"github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
)

var (
	chainlogger = logger.NewLogger("CHAIN")
	jsonlogger  = logger.NewJsonLogger()

	blockInsertTimer = metrics.NewTimer("chain/inserts")

	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("Genesis not found in chain")
)

const (
	headerCacheLimit    = 512
	bodyCacheLimit      = 256
	tdCacheLimit        = 1024
	blockCacheLimit     = 256
	maxFutureBlocks     = 256
	maxTimeFutureBlocks = 30
)

type BlockChain struct {
	chainDb      ethdb.Database
	processor    types.BlockProcessor
	eventMux     *event.TypeMux
	genesisBlock *types.Block
	// Last known total difficulty
	mu      sync.RWMutex
	chainmu sync.RWMutex
	tsmu    sync.RWMutex

	checkpoint    int           // checkpoint counts towards the new checkpoint
	currentHeader *types.Header // Current head of the header chain (may be above the block chain!)
	currentBlock  *types.Block  // Current head of the block chain

	headerCache  *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block headers
	bodyCache    *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block bodies
	bodyRLPCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block bodies in RLP encoded format
	tdCache      *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block total difficulties
	blockCache   *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent entire blocks
	futureBlocks *lru.Cache // future blocks are blocks added for later processing

	quit    chan struct{}
	running int32 // running must be called automically
	// procInterrupt must be atomically called
	procInterrupt int32 // interrupt signaler for block processing
	wg            sync.WaitGroup

	pow pow.PoW
}

func NewBlockChain(chainDb ethdb.Database, pow pow.PoW, mux *event.TypeMux) (*BlockChain, error) {
	headerCache, _ := lru.New(headerCacheLimit)
	bodyCache, _ := lru.New(bodyCacheLimit)
	bodyRLPCache, _ := lru.New(bodyCacheLimit)
	tdCache, _ := lru.New(tdCacheLimit)
	blockCache, _ := lru.New(blockCacheLimit)
	futureBlocks, _ := lru.New(maxFutureBlocks)

	bc := &BlockChain{
		chainDb:      chainDb,
		eventMux:     mux,
		quit:         make(chan struct{}),
		headerCache:  headerCache,
		bodyCache:    bodyCache,
		bodyRLPCache: bodyRLPCache,
		tdCache:      tdCache,
		blockCache:   blockCache,
		futureBlocks: futureBlocks,
		pow:          pow,
	}

	bc.genesisBlock = bc.GetBlockByNumber(0)
	if bc.genesisBlock == nil {
		reader, err := NewDefaultGenesisReader()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		bc.genesisBlock, err = WriteGenesisBlock(chainDb, reader)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("WARNING: Wrote default ethereum genesis block")
	}
	if err := bc.loadLastState(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// Check the current state of the block hashes and make sure that we do not have any of the bad blocks in our chain
	for hash, _ := range BadHashes {
		if header := bc.GetHeader(hash); header != nil {
			glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("Found bad hash, rewinding chain to block #%d [%x…]", header.Number, header.ParentHash[:4])
			bc.SetHead(header.Number.Uint64() - 1)
			glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln("Chain rewind was successful, resuming normal operation")
		}
	}
	// Take ownership of this particular state
	go bc.update()
	return bc, nil
}

// loadLastState loads the last known chain state from the database. This method
// assumes that the chain manager mutex is held.
func (self *BlockChain) loadLastState() error {
	// Restore the last known head block
	head := GetHeadBlockHash(self.chainDb)
	if head == (common.Hash{}) {
		// Corrupt or empty database, init from scratch
		self.Reset()
	} else {
		if block := self.GetBlock(head); block != nil {
			// Block found, set as the current head
			self.currentBlock = block
		} else {
			// Corrupt or empty database, init from scratch
			self.Reset()
		}
	}
	// Restore the last known head header
	self.currentHeader = self.currentBlock.Header()
	if head := GetHeadHeaderHash(self.chainDb); head != (common.Hash{}) {
		if header := self.GetHeader(head); header != nil {
			self.currentHeader = header
		}
	}
	// Issue a status log and return
	headerTd := self.GetTd(self.currentHeader.Hash())
	blockTd := self.GetTd(self.currentBlock.Hash())

	glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Last header: #%d [%x…] TD=%v", self.currentHeader.Number, self.currentHeader.Hash(), headerTd)
	glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Last block: #%d [%x…] TD=%v", self.currentBlock.Number(), self.currentBlock.Hash(), blockTd)

	return nil
}

// SetHead rewind the local chain to a new head entity. In the case of headers,
// everything above the new head will be deleted and the new one set. In the case
// of blocks though, the head may be further rewound if block bodies are missing
// (non-archive nodes after a fast sync).
func (bc *BlockChain) SetHead(head uint64) {
	bc.mu.Lock()
	defer bc.mu.Unlock()

	// Delete everything from the current header head (is above block head)
	for i := bc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64(); i > head; i-- {
		if hash := GetCanonicalHash(bc.chainDb, i); hash != (common.Hash{}) {
			DeleteCanonicalHash(bc.chainDb, i)
			DeleteHeader(bc.chainDb, hash)
			DeleteBody(bc.chainDb, hash)
			DeleteTd(bc.chainDb, hash)
		}
	}
	bc.currentHeader = GetHeader(bc.chainDb, GetCanonicalHash(bc.chainDb, head))

	// Rewind the block chain until a whole block is found
	for bc.GetBlockByNumber(head) == nil {
		head--
	}
	bc.currentBlock = bc.GetBlockByNumber(head)

	// Clear out any stale content from the caches
	bc.headerCache.Purge()
	bc.bodyCache.Purge()
	bc.bodyRLPCache.Purge()
	bc.blockCache.Purge()
	bc.futureBlocks.Purge()

	// Update all computed fields to the new head
	bc.insert(bc.currentBlock)
	bc.loadLastState()
}

func (self *BlockChain) GasLimit() *big.Int {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	return self.currentBlock.GasLimit()
}

func (self *BlockChain) LastBlockHash() common.Hash {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	return self.currentBlock.Hash()
}

// CurrentHeader retrieves the current head header of the canonical chain. The
// header is retrieved from the chain manager's internal cache, involving no
// database operations.
func (self *BlockChain) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	return self.currentHeader
}

// CurrentBlock retrieves the current head block of the canonical chain. The
// block is retrieved from the chain manager's internal cache, involving no
// database operations.
func (self *BlockChain) CurrentBlock() *types.Block {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	return self.currentBlock
}

func (self *BlockChain) Status() (td *big.Int, currentBlock common.Hash, genesisBlock common.Hash) {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	return self.GetTd(self.currentBlock.Hash()), self.currentBlock.Hash(), self.genesisBlock.Hash()
}

func (self *BlockChain) SetProcessor(proc types.BlockProcessor) {
	self.processor = proc
}

func (self *BlockChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
	return state.New(self.CurrentBlock().Root(), self.chainDb)
}

// Reset purges the entire blockchain, restoring it to its genesis state.
func (bc *BlockChain) Reset() {
	bc.ResetWithGenesisBlock(bc.genesisBlock)
}

// ResetWithGenesisBlock purges the entire blockchain, restoring it to the
// specified genesis state.
func (bc *BlockChain) ResetWithGenesisBlock(genesis *types.Block) {
	bc.mu.Lock()
	defer bc.mu.Unlock()

	// Dump the entire block chain and purge the caches
	for block := bc.currentBlock; block != nil; block = bc.GetBlock(block.ParentHash()) {
		DeleteBlock(bc.chainDb, block.Hash())
	}
	for header := bc.currentHeader; header != nil; header = bc.GetHeader(header.ParentHash) {
		DeleteBlock(bc.chainDb, header.Hash())
	}
	bc.headerCache.Purge()
	bc.bodyCache.Purge()
	bc.bodyRLPCache.Purge()
	bc.blockCache.Purge()
	bc.futureBlocks.Purge()

	// Prepare the genesis block and reinitialize the chain
	if err := WriteTd(bc.chainDb, genesis.Hash(), genesis.Difficulty()); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to write genesis block TD: %v", err)
	}
	if err := WriteBlock(bc.chainDb, genesis); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to write genesis block: %v", err)
	}
	bc.genesisBlock = genesis
	bc.insert(bc.genesisBlock)
	bc.currentBlock = bc.genesisBlock
	bc.currentHeader = bc.genesisBlock.Header()
}

// Export writes the active chain to the given writer.
func (self *BlockChain) Export(w io.Writer) error {
	if err := self.ExportN(w, uint64(0), self.currentBlock.NumberU64()); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// ExportN writes a subset of the active chain to the given writer.
func (self *BlockChain) ExportN(w io.Writer, first uint64, last uint64) error {
	self.mu.RLock()
	defer self.mu.RUnlock()

	if first > last {
		return fmt.Errorf("export failed: first (%d) is greater than last (%d)", first, last)
	}

	glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("exporting %d blocks...\n", last-first+1)

	for nr := first; nr <= last; nr++ {
		block := self.GetBlockByNumber(nr)
		if block == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("export failed on #%d: not found", nr)
		}

		if err := block.EncodeRLP(w); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// insert injects a new head block into the current block chain. This method
// assumes that the block is indeed a true head. It will also reset the head
// header to this very same block to prevent the headers from diverging on a
// different header chain.
//
// Note, this function assumes that the `mu` mutex is held!
func (bc *BlockChain) insert(block *types.Block) {
	// Add the block to the canonical chain number scheme and mark as the head
	if err := WriteCanonicalHash(bc.chainDb, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to insert block number: %v", err)
	}
	if err := WriteHeadBlockHash(bc.chainDb, block.Hash()); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to insert head block hash: %v", err)
	}
	if err := WriteHeadHeaderHash(bc.chainDb, block.Hash()); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to insert head header hash: %v", err)
	}
	// Update the internal state with the head block
	bc.currentBlock = block
	bc.currentHeader = block.Header()
}

// Accessors
func (bc *BlockChain) Genesis() *types.Block {
	return bc.genesisBlock
}

// HasHeader checks if a block header is present in the database or not, caching
// it if present.
func (bc *BlockChain) HasHeader(hash common.Hash) bool {
	return bc.GetHeader(hash) != nil
}

// GetHeader retrieves a block header from the database by hash, caching it if
// found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetHeader(hash common.Hash) *types.Header {
	// Short circuit if the header's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
	if header, ok := self.headerCache.Get(hash); ok {
		return header.(*types.Header)
	}
	header := GetHeader(self.chainDb, hash)
	if header == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Cache the found header for next time and return
	self.headerCache.Add(header.Hash(), header)
	return header
}

// GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number,
// caching it (associated with its hash) if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
	hash := GetCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, number)
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil
	}
	return self.GetHeader(hash)
}

// GetBody retrieves a block body (transactions and uncles) from the database by
// hash, caching it if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBody(hash common.Hash) *types.Body {
	// Short circuit if the body's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
	if cached, ok := self.bodyCache.Get(hash); ok {
		body := cached.(*types.Body)
		return body
	}
	body := GetBody(self.chainDb, hash)
	if body == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Cache the found body for next time and return
	self.bodyCache.Add(hash, body)
	return body
}

// GetBodyRLP retrieves a block body in RLP encoding from the database by hash,
// caching it if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBodyRLP(hash common.Hash) rlp.RawValue {
	// Short circuit if the body's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
	if cached, ok := self.bodyRLPCache.Get(hash); ok {
		return cached.(rlp.RawValue)
	}
	body := GetBodyRLP(self.chainDb, hash)
	if len(body) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	// Cache the found body for next time and return
	self.bodyRLPCache.Add(hash, body)
	return body
}

// GetTd retrieves a block's total difficulty in the canonical chain from the
// database by hash, caching it if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetTd(hash common.Hash) *big.Int {
	// Short circuit if the td's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
	if cached, ok := self.tdCache.Get(hash); ok {
		return cached.(*big.Int)
	}
	td := GetTd(self.chainDb, hash)
	if td == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Cache the found body for next time and return
	self.tdCache.Add(hash, td)
	return td
}

// HasBlock checks if a block is fully present in the database or not, caching
// it if present.
func (bc *BlockChain) HasBlock(hash common.Hash) bool {
	return bc.GetBlock(hash) != nil
}

// GetBlock retrieves a block from the database by hash, caching it if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBlock(hash common.Hash) *types.Block {
	// Short circuit if the block's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
	if block, ok := self.blockCache.Get(hash); ok {
		return block.(*types.Block)
	}
	block := GetBlock(self.chainDb, hash)
	if block == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Cache the found block for next time and return
	self.blockCache.Add(block.Hash(), block)
	return block
}

// GetBlockByNumber retrieves a block from the database by number, caching it
// (associated with its hash) if found.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBlockByNumber(number uint64) *types.Block {
	hash := GetCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, number)
	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return nil
	}
	return self.GetBlock(hash)
}

// GetBlockHashesFromHash retrieves a number of block hashes starting at a given
// hash, fetching towards the genesis block.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []common.Hash {
	// Get the origin header from which to fetch
	header := self.GetHeader(hash)
	if header == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Iterate the headers until enough is collected or the genesis reached
	chain := make([]common.Hash, 0, max)
	for i := uint64(0); i < max; i++ {
		if header = self.GetHeader(header.ParentHash); header == nil {
			break
		}
		chain = append(chain, header.Hash())
		if header.Number.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
			break
		}
	}
	return chain
}

// [deprecated by eth/62]
// GetBlocksFromHash returns the block corresponding to hash and up to n-1 ancestors.
func (self *BlockChain) GetBlocksFromHash(hash common.Hash, n int) (blocks []*types.Block) {
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		block := self.GetBlock(hash)
		if block == nil {
			break
		}
		blocks = append(blocks, block)
		hash = block.ParentHash()
	}
	return
}

// GetUnclesInChain retrieves all the uncles from a given block backwards until
// a specific distance is reached.
func (self *BlockChain) GetUnclesInChain(block *types.Block, length int) []*types.Header {
	uncles := []*types.Header{}
	for i := 0; block != nil && i < length; i++ {
		uncles = append(uncles, block.Uncles()...)
		block = self.GetBlock(block.ParentHash())
	}
	return uncles
}

func (bc *BlockChain) Stop() {
	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&bc.running, 0, 1) {
		return
	}
	close(bc.quit)
	atomic.StoreInt32(&bc.procInterrupt, 1)

	bc.wg.Wait()

	glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("Chain manager stopped")
}

func (self *BlockChain) procFutureBlocks() {
	blocks := make([]*types.Block, self.futureBlocks.Len())
	for i, hash := range self.futureBlocks.Keys() {
		block, _ := self.futureBlocks.Get(hash)
		blocks[i] = block.(*types.Block)
	}
	if len(blocks) > 0 {
		types.BlockBy(types.Number).Sort(blocks)
		self.InsertChain(blocks)
	}
}

type writeStatus byte

const (
	NonStatTy writeStatus = iota
	CanonStatTy
	SplitStatTy
	SideStatTy
)

// writeHeader writes a header into the local chain, given that its parent is
// already known. If the total difficulty of the newly inserted header becomes
// greater than the old known TD, the canonical chain is re-routed.
//
// Note: This method is not concurrent-safe with inserting blocks simultaneously
// into the chain, as side effects caused by reorganizations cannot be emulated
// without the real blocks. Hence, writing headers directly should only be done
// in two scenarios: pure-header mode of operation (light clients), or properly
// separated header/block phases (non-archive clients).
func (self *BlockChain) writeHeader(header *types.Header) error {
	self.wg.Add(1)
	defer self.wg.Done()

	// Calculate the total difficulty of the header
	ptd := self.GetTd(header.ParentHash)
	if ptd == nil {
		return ParentError(header.ParentHash)
	}
	td := new(big.Int).Add(header.Difficulty, ptd)

	// Make sure no inconsistent state is leaked during insertion
	self.mu.Lock()
	defer self.mu.Unlock()

	// If the total difficulty is higher than our known, add it to the canonical chain
	if td.Cmp(self.GetTd(self.currentHeader.Hash())) > 0 {
		// Delete any canonical number assignments above the new head
		for i := header.Number.Uint64() + 1; GetCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, i) != (common.Hash{}); i++ {
			DeleteCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, i)
		}
		// Overwrite any stale canonical number assignments
		head := self.GetHeader(header.ParentHash)
		for GetCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, head.Number.Uint64()) != head.Hash() {
			WriteCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, head.Hash(), head.Number.Uint64())
			head = self.GetHeader(head.ParentHash)
		}
		// Extend the canonical chain with the new header
		if err := WriteCanonicalHash(self.chainDb, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); err != nil {
			glog.Fatalf("failed to insert header number: %v", err)
		}
		if err := WriteHeadHeaderHash(self.chainDb, header.Hash()); err != nil {
			glog.Fatalf("failed to insert head header hash: %v", err)
		}
		self.currentHeader = types.CopyHeader(header)
	}
	// Irrelevant of the canonical status, write the header itself to the database
	if err := WriteTd(self.chainDb, header.Hash(), td); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to write header total difficulty: %v", err)
	}
	if err := WriteHeader(self.chainDb, header); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("filed to write header contents: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// InsertHeaderChain will attempt to insert the given header chain in to the
// local chain, possibly creating a dork. If an error is returned,  it will
// return the index number of the failing header as well an error describing
// what went wrong.
//
// The verify parameter can be used to fine tune whether nonce verification
// should be done or not. The reason behind the optional check is because some
// of the header retrieval mechanisms already need to verfy nonces, as well as
// because nonces can be verified sparsely, not needing to check each.
func (self *BlockChain) InsertHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header, verify bool) (int, error) {
	self.wg.Add(1)
	defer self.wg.Done()

	// Make sure only one thread manipulates the chain at once
	self.chainmu.Lock()
	defer self.chainmu.Unlock()

	// Collect some import statistics to report on
	stats := struct{ processed, ignored int }{}
	start := time.Now()

	// Start the parallel nonce verifier, with a fake nonce if not requested
	verifier := self.pow
	if !verify {
		verifier = FakePow{}
	}
	nonceAbort, nonceResults := verifyNoncesFromHeaders(verifier, chain)
	defer close(nonceAbort)

	// Iterate over the headers, inserting any new ones
	complete := make([]bool, len(chain))
	for i, header := range chain {
		// Short circuit insertion if shutting down
		if atomic.LoadInt32(&self.procInterrupt) == 1 {
			glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Premature abort during header chain processing")
			break
		}
		hash := header.Hash()

		// Accumulate verification results until the next header is verified
		for !complete[i] {
			if res := <-nonceResults; res.valid {
				complete[res.index] = true
			} else {
				header := chain[res.index]
				return res.index, &BlockNonceErr{
					Hash:   header.Hash(),
					Number: new(big.Int).Set(header.Number),
					Nonce:  header.Nonce.Uint64(),
				}
			}
		}
		if BadHashes[hash] {
			glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("Bad header %d [%x…], known bad hash", header.Number, hash)
			return i, BadHashError(hash)
		}
		// Write the header to the chain and get the status
		if self.HasHeader(hash) {
			stats.ignored++
			continue
		}
		if err := self.writeHeader(header); err != nil {
			return i, err
		}
		stats.processed++
	}
	// Report some public statistics so the user has a clue what's going on
	first, last := chain[0], chain[len(chain)-1]
	glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("imported %d header(s) (%d ignored) in %v. #%v [%x… / %x…]", stats.processed, stats.ignored,
		time.Since(start), last.Number, first.Hash().Bytes()[:4], last.Hash().Bytes()[:4])

	return 0, nil
}

// WriteBlock writes the block to the chain.
func (self *BlockChain) WriteBlock(block *types.Block) (status writeStatus, err error) {
	self.wg.Add(1)
	defer self.wg.Done()

	// Calculate the total difficulty of the block
	ptd := self.GetTd(block.ParentHash())
	if ptd == nil {
		return NonStatTy, ParentError(block.ParentHash())
	}
	td := new(big.Int).Add(block.Difficulty(), ptd)

	self.mu.RLock()
	cblock := self.currentBlock
	self.mu.RUnlock()

	// Compare the TD of the last known block in the canonical chain to make sure it's greater.
	// At this point it's possible that a different chain (fork) becomes the new canonical chain.
	if td.Cmp(self.GetTd(self.currentBlock.Hash())) > 0 {
		// chain fork
		if block.ParentHash() != cblock.Hash() {
			// during split we merge two different chains and create the new canonical chain
			err := self.reorg(cblock, block)
			if err != nil {
				return NonStatTy, err
			}
		}
		status = CanonStatTy

		self.mu.Lock()
		self.insert(block)
		self.mu.Unlock()
	} else {
		status = SideStatTy
	}

	if err := WriteTd(self.chainDb, block.Hash(), td); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("failed to write block total difficulty: %v", err)
	}
	if err := WriteBlock(self.chainDb, block); err != nil {
		glog.Fatalf("filed to write block contents: %v", err)
	}
	// Delete from future blocks
	self.futureBlocks.Remove(block.Hash())

	return
}

// InsertChain will attempt to insert the given chain in to the canonical chain or, otherwise, create a fork. It an error is returned
// it will return the index number of the failing block as well an error describing what went wrong (for possible errors see core/errors.go).
func (self *BlockChain) InsertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, error) {
	self.wg.Add(1)
	defer self.wg.Done()

	self.chainmu.Lock()
	defer self.chainmu.Unlock()

	// A queued approach to delivering events. This is generally
	// faster than direct delivery and requires much less mutex
	// acquiring.
	var (
		stats  struct{ queued, processed, ignored int }
		events = make([]interface{}, 0, len(chain))
		tstart = time.Now()

		nonceChecked = make([]bool, len(chain))
	)

	// Start the parallel nonce verifier.
	nonceAbort, nonceResults := verifyNoncesFromBlocks(self.pow, chain)
	defer close(nonceAbort)

	txcount := 0
	for i, block := range chain {
		if atomic.LoadInt32(&self.procInterrupt) == 1 {
			glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Premature abort during block chain processing")
			break
		}

		bstart := time.Now()
		// Wait for block i's nonce to be verified before processing
		// its state transition.
		for !nonceChecked[i] {
			r := <-nonceResults
			nonceChecked[r.index] = true
			if !r.valid {
				block := chain[r.index]
				return r.index, &BlockNonceErr{Hash: block.Hash(), Number: block.Number(), Nonce: block.Nonce()}
			}
		}

		if BadHashes[block.Hash()] {
			err := BadHashError(block.Hash())
			blockErr(block, err)
			return i, err
		}
		// Call in to the block processor and check for errors. It's likely that if one block fails
		// all others will fail too (unless a known block is returned).
		logs, receipts, err := self.processor.Process(block)
		if err != nil {
			if IsKnownBlockErr(err) {
				stats.ignored++
				continue
			}

			if err == BlockFutureErr {
				// Allow up to MaxFuture second in the future blocks. If this limit
				// is exceeded the chain is discarded and processed at a later time
				// if given.
				max := big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix() + maxTimeFutureBlocks)
				if block.Time().Cmp(max) == 1 {
					return i, fmt.Errorf("%v: BlockFutureErr, %v > %v", BlockFutureErr, block.Time(), max)
				}

				self.futureBlocks.Add(block.Hash(), block)
				stats.queued++
				continue
			}

			if IsParentErr(err) && self.futureBlocks.Contains(block.ParentHash()) {
				self.futureBlocks.Add(block.Hash(), block)
				stats.queued++
				continue
			}

			blockErr(block, err)

			go ReportBlock(block, err)

			return i, err
		}
		if err := PutBlockReceipts(self.chainDb, block, receipts); err != nil {
			glog.V(logger.Warn).Infoln("error writing block receipts:", err)
		}

		txcount += len(block.Transactions())
		// write the block to the chain and get the status
		status, err := self.WriteBlock(block)
		if err != nil {
			return i, err
		}
		switch status {
		case CanonStatTy:
			if glog.V(logger.Debug) {
				glog.Infof("[%v] inserted block #%d (%d TXs %v G %d UNCs) (%x...). Took %v\n", time.Now().UnixNano(), block.Number(), len(block.Transactions()), block.GasUsed(), len(block.Uncles()), block.Hash().Bytes()[0:4], time.Since(bstart))
			}
			events = append(events, ChainEvent{block, block.Hash(), logs})

			// This puts transactions in a extra db for rpc
			if err := PutTransactions(self.chainDb, block, block.Transactions()); err != nil {
				return i, err
			}
			// store the receipts
			if err := PutReceipts(self.chainDb, receipts); err != nil {
				return i, err
			}
			// Write map map bloom filters
			if err := WriteMipmapBloom(self.chainDb, block.NumberU64(), receipts); err != nil {
				return i, err
			}
		case SideStatTy:
			if glog.V(logger.Detail) {
				glog.Infof("inserted forked block #%d (TD=%v) (%d TXs %d UNCs) (%x...). Took %v\n", block.Number(), block.Difficulty(), len(block.Transactions()), len(block.Uncles()), block.Hash().Bytes()[0:4], time.Since(bstart))
			}
			events = append(events, ChainSideEvent{block, logs})

		case SplitStatTy:
			events = append(events, ChainSplitEvent{block, logs})
		}
		stats.processed++
	}

	if (stats.queued > 0 || stats.processed > 0 || stats.ignored > 0) && bool(glog.V(logger.Info)) {
		tend := time.Since(tstart)
		start, end := chain[0], chain[len(chain)-1]
		glog.Infof("imported %d block(s) (%d queued %d ignored) including %d txs in %v. #%v [%x / %x]\n", stats.processed, stats.queued, stats.ignored, txcount, tend, end.Number(), start.Hash().Bytes()[:4], end.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
	}
	go self.postChainEvents(events)

	return 0, nil
}

// reorgs takes two blocks, an old chain and a new chain and will reconstruct the blocks and inserts them
// to be part of the new canonical chain and accumulates potential missing transactions and post an
// event about them
func (self *BlockChain) reorg(oldBlock, newBlock *types.Block) error {
	self.mu.Lock()
	defer self.mu.Unlock()

	var (
		newChain    types.Blocks
		commonBlock *types.Block
		oldStart    = oldBlock
		newStart    = newBlock
		deletedTxs  types.Transactions
	)

	// first reduce whoever is higher bound
	if oldBlock.NumberU64() > newBlock.NumberU64() {
		// reduce old chain
		for oldBlock = oldBlock; oldBlock != nil && oldBlock.NumberU64() != newBlock.NumberU64(); oldBlock = self.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash()) {
			deletedTxs = append(deletedTxs, oldBlock.Transactions()...)
		}
	} else {
		// reduce new chain and append new chain blocks for inserting later on
		for newBlock = newBlock; newBlock != nil && newBlock.NumberU64() != oldBlock.NumberU64(); newBlock = self.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash()) {
			newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
		}
	}
	if oldBlock == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid old chain")
	}
	if newBlock == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid new chain")
	}

	numSplit := newBlock.Number()
	for {
		if oldBlock.Hash() == newBlock.Hash() {
			commonBlock = oldBlock
			break
		}
		newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
		deletedTxs = append(deletedTxs, oldBlock.Transactions()...)

		oldBlock, newBlock = self.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash()), self.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash())
		if oldBlock == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid old chain")
		}
		if newBlock == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid new chain")
		}
	}

	if glog.V(logger.Debug) {
		commonHash := commonBlock.Hash()
		glog.Infof("Chain split detected @ %x. Reorganising chain from #%v %x to %x", commonHash[:4], numSplit, oldStart.Hash().Bytes()[:4], newStart.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
	}

	var addedTxs types.Transactions
	// insert blocks. Order does not matter. Last block will be written in ImportChain itself which creates the new head properly
	for _, block := range newChain {
		// insert the block in the canonical way, re-writing history
		self.insert(block)
		// write canonical receipts and transactions
		if err := PutTransactions(self.chainDb, block, block.Transactions()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		receipts := GetBlockReceipts(self.chainDb, block.Hash())
		// write receipts
		if err := PutReceipts(self.chainDb, receipts); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// Write map map bloom filters
		if err := WriteMipmapBloom(self.chainDb, block.NumberU64(), receipts); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		addedTxs = append(addedTxs, block.Transactions()...)
	}

	// calculate the difference between deleted and added transactions
	diff := types.TxDifference(deletedTxs, addedTxs)
	// When transactions get deleted from the database that means the
	// receipts that were created in the fork must also be deleted
	for _, tx := range diff {
		DeleteReceipt(self.chainDb, tx.Hash())
		DeleteTransaction(self.chainDb, tx.Hash())
	}
	// Must be posted in a goroutine because of the transaction pool trying
	// to acquire the chain manager lock
	go self.eventMux.Post(RemovedTransactionEvent{diff})

	return nil
}

// postChainEvents iterates over the events generated by a chain insertion and
// posts them into the event mux.
func (self *BlockChain) postChainEvents(events []interface{}) {
	for _, event := range events {
		if event, ok := event.(ChainEvent); ok {
			// We need some control over the mining operation. Acquiring locks and waiting for the miner to create new block takes too long
			// and in most cases isn't even necessary.
			if self.LastBlockHash() == event.Hash {
				self.eventMux.Post(ChainHeadEvent{event.Block})
			}
		}
		// Fire the insertion events individually too
		self.eventMux.Post(event)
	}
}

func (self *BlockChain) update() {
	futureTimer := time.Tick(5 * time.Second)
	for {
		select {
		case <-futureTimer:
			self.procFutureBlocks()
		case <-self.quit:
			return
		}
	}
}

func blockErr(block *types.Block, err error) {
	if glog.V(logger.Error) {
		glog.Errorf("Bad block #%v (%s)\n", block.Number(), block.Hash().Hex())
		glog.Errorf("    %v", err)
	}
}