Merge branch 'llamanodes:main' into main

2023-02-10 16:34:10 +00:00 · 2023-02-10 16:34:10 +00:00 · 67765d2bd5
commit 67765d2bd5
parent a0e257c8cb 3ec45a806b
38 changed files with 1283 additions and 918 deletions
--- a/.dockerignore
+++ b/.dockerignore
@ -6,5 +6,6 @@ perf.data.old
 /data/
 /docker-compose*
 /Dockerfile
+/Jenkinsfile
 /redis-cell-server/
 /target
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@ -11,5 +11,9 @@ members = [
 [profile.release]
 # `debug = true` so that sentry can give us line numbers
 debug = true
+
+[profile.faster_release]
+inherits = "release"
+
 # spend longer compiling for a slightly faster binary
 codegen-units = 1
--- a/45
+++ b/45
@ -1,21 +1,52 @@
-FROM rust:1-bullseye as builder
+#
+# cargo-nextest
+# We only pay the installation cost once, 
+# it will be cached from the second build onwards
+#
+FROM rust:1-bullseye AS builder

+WORKDIR /app
+ENV CARGO_TERM_COLOR always
+
+# a next-generation test runner for Rust projects.
+# TODO: more mount type cache?
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
+    cargo install cargo-nextest
+
+# foundry is needed to run tests
 ENV PATH /root/.foundry/bin:$PATH
 RUN curl -L https://foundry.paradigm.xyz | bash && foundryup

-WORKDIR /usr/src/web3_proxy
+# copy the application
 COPY . .
+
+# test the application with cargo-nextest
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
-    --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/src/web3_proxy/target \
-    cargo test &&\
-    cargo install --locked --no-default-features --root /opt/bin --path ./web3_proxy
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/app/target \
+    cargo nextest run

-FROM debian:bullseye-slim
+# build the application
+# using a "release" profile (which install does) is **very** important
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/app/target \
+    cargo install --locked --no-default-features --profile faster_release --root /opt/bin --path ./web3_proxy

-COPY --from=builder /opt/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
+#
+# We do not need the Rust toolchain to run the binary!
+#
+FROM debian:bullseye-slim AS runtime
+
+# Create llama user to avoid running container with root
+RUN mkdir /llama \
+    && adduser --home /llama --shell /sbin/nologin --gecos '' --no-create-home --disabled-password --uid 1001 llama \
+    && chown -R llama /llama
+
+USER llama

 ENTRYPOINT ["web3_proxy_cli"]
 CMD [ "--config", "/web3-proxy.toml", "proxyd" ]

 # TODO: lower log level when done with prototyping
 ENV RUST_LOG "warn,web3_proxy=debug,web3_proxy_cli=debug"
+
+COPY --from=builder /opt/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
--- a/174
+++ b/174
@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+def buildAndPush() {
+    // env.BRANCH_NAME is set to the git branch name by default
+    // env.REGISTRY is the repository url for this pipeline
+    // env.GIT_SHORT is the git short hash of the currently checked out repo
+    // env.LATEST_BRANCH is the branch name that gets tagged latest
+    // env.ARCH is the system architecture. some apps can be generic (amd64, arm64),
+    // but apps that compile for specific hardware (like web3-proxy) will need more specific tags (amd64_epyc2, arm64_graviton2, intel_xeon3, etc.)
+
+    // TODO: check that this system actually matches the given arch
+    sh '''#!/bin/bash
+        set -eux -o pipefail
+
+        [ -n "$GIT_SHORT" ]
+        [ -n "$GIT_SHORT" ]
+        [ -n "$REGISTRY" ]
+        [ -n "$ARCH" ]
+
+        # deterministic mtime on .git keeps Dockerfiles that do 'ADD . .' or similar
+        # without this, the build process always thinks the directory has changes
+        git restore-mtime
+        touch -t "$(git show -s --date=format:'%Y%m%d%H%M.%S' --format=%cd HEAD)" .git
+
+        function buildAndPush {
+            image=$1
+            buildcache=$2
+
+            buildctl build \
+                --frontend=dockerfile.v0 \
+                --local context=. \
+                --local dockerfile=. \
+                --output "type=image,name=${image},push=true" \
+                --export-cache type=s3,region=us-east-2,bucket=llamarpc-buildctl-cache,name=${buildcache} \
+                --import-cache type=s3,region=us-east-2,bucket=llamarpc-buildctl-cache,name=${buildcache} \
+            ;
+        }
+
+        BUILDCACHE="${REGISTRY}:buildcache_${ARCH}"
+
+        # build and push a docker image tagged with the short git commit
+        buildAndPush "${REGISTRY}:git_${GIT_SHORT}_${ARCH}" "${BUILDCACHE}"
+
+        # push an image tagged with the branch
+        # since buildAndPush just ran above, this should be very quick
+        # TODO: maybe replace slashes in the name with dashes or underscores
+        buildAndPush "${REGISTRY}:branch_${BRANCH_NAME}_${ARCH}" "${BUILDCACHE}"
+
+        if [ "${BRANCH_NAME}" = "${LATEST_BRANCH}" ]; then
+            buildAndPush "${REGISTRY}:latest_${ARCH}" "${BUILDCACHE}"
+        fi
+    '''
+}
+
+pipeline {
+    agent any
+    options {
+        ansiColor('xterm')
+    }
+    environment {
+        // AWS_ECR_URL needs to be set in jenkin's config.
+        // AWS_ECR_URL could really be any docker registry. we just use ECR so that we don't have to manage it
+        REGISTRY="${AWS_ECR_URL}/web3-proxy"
+
+        // branch that should get tagged with "latest_$arch" (stable, main, master, etc.)
+        LATEST_BRANCH="main"
+
+        // non-buildkit builds are officially deprecated
+        // buildkit is much faster and handles caching much better than the default build process.
+        DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
+
+        GIT_SHORT="${GIT_COMMIT.substring(0,8)}"
+    }
+    stages {
+        stage('build and push') {
+            parallel {
+                stage('build and push amd64_epyc2 image') {
+                    agent {
+                        label 'amd64_epyc2'
+                    }
+                    environment {
+                        ARCH="amd64_epyc2"
+                    }
+                    steps {
+                        script {
+                            buildAndPush()
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                stage('build and push amd64_epyc3 image') {
+                    agent {
+                        label 'amd64_epyc3'
+                    }
+                    environment {
+                        ARCH="amd64_epyc3"
+                    }
+                    steps {
+                        script {
+                            buildAndPush()
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                stage('Build and push arm64_graviton1 image') {
+                    agent {
+                        label 'arm64_graviton1'
+                    }
+                    environment {
+                        ARCH="arm64_graviton1"
+                    }
+                    steps {
+                        script {
+                            buildAndPush()
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                stage('Build and push arm64_graviton2 image') {
+                    agent {
+                        label 'arm64_graviton2'
+                    }
+                    environment {
+                        ARCH="arm64_graviton2"
+                    }
+                    steps {
+                        script {
+                            buildAndPush()
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                stage('Build and push intel_xeon3 image') {
+                    agent {
+                        label 'intel_xeon3'
+                    }
+                    environment {
+                        ARCH="intel_xeon3"
+                    }
+                    steps {
+                        script {
+                            buildAndPush()
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        stage('create (experimental) manifest') {
+            agent any
+            steps {
+                script {
+                    sh '''#!/bin/bash
+                        set -eux -o pipefail
+
+                        [ -n "$BRANCH_NAME" ]
+                        [ -n "$GIT_SHORT" ]
+                        [ -n "$LATEST_BRANCH" ]
+                        [ -n "$REGISTRY" ]
+
+                        function manifest {
+                            repo=$1
+
+                            docker manifest create "${repo}" --amend "${repo}_arm64_graviton2" --amend "${repo}_amd64_epyc2" --amend "${repo}_intel_xeon3"
+
+                            docker manifest push --purge "${repo}"
+                        }
+
+                        manifest "${REGISTRY}:git_${GIT_SHORT}"
+                        manifest "${REGISTRY}:branch_${BRANCH_NAME}"
+
+                        if [ "${BRANCH_NAME}" = "${LATEST_BRANCH}" ]; then
+                            manifest "${REGISTRY}:latest"
+                        fi
+                    '''
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Options:
 Start the server with the defaults (listen on `http://localhost:8544` and use `./config/development.toml` which uses the database and cache running under docker and proxies to a bunch of public nodes:

 ```
-cargo run --release -- daemon
+cargo run --release -- proxyd
 ```

 ## Common commands
--- a/TODO.md
+++ b/TODO.md
@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ These are roughly in order of completition
 - [x] cache the status page for a second
 - [x] request accounting for websockets
 - [x] database merge scripts
- [x] test that sets up a Web3Connection and asks "has_block" for old and new blocks
- [x] test that sets up Web3Connections with 2 nodes. one behind by several blocks. and see what the "next" server shows as
+- [x] test that sets up a Web3Rpc and asks "has_block" for old and new blocks
+- [x] test that sets up Web3Rpcs with 2 nodes. one behind by several blocks. and see what the "next" server shows as
 - [x] ethspam on bsc and polygon gives 1/4 errors. fix whatever is causing this
  - bugfix! we were using the whole connection list instead of just the synced connection list when picking servers. oops!
 - [x] actually block unauthenticated requests instead of emitting warning of "allowing without auth during development!"
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ These are not yet ordered. There might be duplicates. We might not actually need
  - we were caching too aggressively
 - [x] BUG! if sending transactions gets "INTERNAL_ERROR: existing tx with same hash", create a success message
  - we just want to be sure that the server has our tx and in this case, it does.
-  - ERROR http_request:request:try_send_all_upstream_servers: web3_proxy::rpcs::request: bad response! err=JsonRpcClientError(JsonRpcError(JsonRpcError { code: -32000, message: "INTERNAL_ERROR: existing tx with same hash", data: None })) method=eth_sendRawTransaction rpc=local_erigon_alpha_archive id=01GF4HV03Y4ZNKQV8DW5NDQ5CG method=POST authorized_request=User(Some(SqlxMySqlPoolConnection), AuthorizedKey { ip: 10.11.12.15, origin: None, user_key_id: 4, log_revert_chance: 0.0000 }) self=Web3Connections { conns: {"local_erigon_alpha_archive_ws": Web3Connection { name: "local_erigon_alpha_archive_ws", blocks: "all", .. }, "local_geth_ws": Web3Connection { name: "local_geth_ws", blocks: 64, .. }, "local_erigon_alpha_archive": Web3Connection { name: "local_erigon_alpha_archive", blocks: "all", .. }}, .. } authorized_request=Some(User(Some(SqlxMySqlPoolConnection), AuthorizedKey { ip: 10.11.12.15, origin: None, user_key_id: 4, log_revert_chance: 0.0000 })) request=JsonRpcRequest { id: RawValue(39), method: "eth_sendRawTransaction", .. } request_metadata=Some(RequestMetadata { datetime: 2022-10-11T22:14:57.406829095Z, period_seconds: 60, request_bytes: 633, backend_requests: 0, no_servers: 0, error_response: false, response_bytes: 0, response_millis: 0 }) block_needed=None
+  - ERROR http_request:request:try_send_all_upstream_servers: web3_proxy::rpcs::request: bad response! err=JsonRpcClientError(JsonRpcError(JsonRpcError { code: -32000, message: "INTERNAL_ERROR: existing tx with same hash", data: None })) method=eth_sendRawTransaction rpc=local_erigon_alpha_archive id=01GF4HV03Y4ZNKQV8DW5NDQ5CG method=POST authorized_request=User(Some(SqlxMySqlPoolConnection), AuthorizedKey { ip: 10.11.12.15, origin: None, user_key_id: 4, log_revert_chance: 0.0000 }) self=Web3Rpcs { conns: {"local_erigon_alpha_archive_ws": Web3Rpc { name: "local_erigon_alpha_archive_ws", blocks: "all", .. }, "local_geth_ws": Web3Rpc { name: "local_geth_ws", blocks: 64, .. }, "local_erigon_alpha_archive": Web3Rpc { name: "local_erigon_alpha_archive", blocks: "all", .. }}, .. } authorized_request=Some(User(Some(SqlxMySqlPoolConnection), AuthorizedKey { ip: 10.11.12.15, origin: None, user_key_id: 4, log_revert_chance: 0.0000 })) request=JsonRpcRequest { id: RawValue(39), method: "eth_sendRawTransaction", .. } request_metadata=Some(RequestMetadata { datetime: 2022-10-11T22:14:57.406829095Z, period_seconds: 60, request_bytes: 633, backend_requests: 0, no_servers: 0, error_response: false, response_bytes: 0, response_millis: 0 }) block_needed=None
 - [x] serde collect unknown fields in config instead of crash
 - [x] upgrade user tier by address
 - [x] all_backend_connections skips syncing servers
@ -324,6 +324,12 @@ These are not yet ordered. There might be duplicates. We might not actually need
 - [x] improve waiting for sync when rate limited
 - [x] improve pager duty errors for smarter deduping
 - [x] add create_key cli command
+- [x] short lived cache on /health
+- [x] cache /status for longer
+- [x] sort connections during eth_sendRawTransaction
+- [x] block all admin_ rpc commands
+- [x] remove the "metered" crate now that we save aggregate queries?
+- [x] add archive depth to app config
 - [-] proxy mode for benchmarking all backends
 - [-] proxy mode for sending to multiple backends
 - [-] let users choose a % of reverts to log (or maybe x/second). someone like curve logging all reverts will be a BIG database very quickly
@ -375,7 +381,6 @@ These are not yet ordered. There might be duplicates. We might not actually need
 - [ ] cli commands to search users by key
 - [ ] cli flag to set prometheus port
 - [ ] flamegraphs show 25% of the time to be in moka-housekeeper. tune that
- [ ] remove the "metered" crate now that we save aggregate queries?
 - [ ] remove/change the "active_requests" counter? maybe only once we have dynamic soft limits?
 - [ ] refactor so configs can change while running
  - this will probably be a rather large change, but is necessary when we have autoscaling
@ -551,10 +556,10 @@ in another repo: event subscriber
 - [ ] weird flapping fork could have more useful logs. like, howd we get to 1/1/4 and fork. geth changed its mind 3 times?
  - should we change our code to follow the same consensus rules as geth? our first seen still seems like a reasonable choice
  -  other chains might change all sorts of things about their fork choice rules
-    2022-07-22T23:52:18.593956Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 1 possible heads. 1/1/4 rpcs have 0xa906…5bc1 rpc=Web3Connection { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8546", data: 64, .. } new_block_num=15195517
-    2022-07-22T23:52:18.983441Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 1 possible heads. 1/1/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Connection { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8546", data: 64, .. } new_block_num=15195517
-    2022-07-22T23:52:19.350720Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 2 possible heads. 1/2/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Connection { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8549", data: "archive", .. } new_block_num=15195517
-    2022-07-22T23:52:26.041140Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 2 possible heads. 2/4/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Connection { url: "http://127.0.0.1:8549", data: "archive", .. } new_block_num=15195517
+    2022-07-22T23:52:18.593956Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 1 possible heads. 1/1/4 rpcs have 0xa906…5bc1 rpc=Web3Rpc { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8546", data: 64, .. } new_block_num=15195517
+    2022-07-22T23:52:18.983441Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 1 possible heads. 1/1/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Rpc { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8546", data: 64, .. } new_block_num=15195517
+    2022-07-22T23:52:19.350720Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 2 possible heads. 1/2/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Rpc { url: "ws://127.0.0.1:8549", data: "archive", .. } new_block_num=15195517
+    2022-07-22T23:52:26.041140Z  WARN block_receiver: web3_proxy::connections: chain is forked! 2 possible heads. 2/4/4 rpcs have 0x70e8…48e0 rpc=Web3Rpc { url: "http://127.0.0.1:8549", data: "archive", .. } new_block_num=15195517
  - [ ] threshold should check actual available request limits (if any) instead of just the soft limit
 - [ ] foreign key on_update and on_delete
 - [ ] database creation timestamps
--- a/config/minimal.toml
+++ b/config/minimal.toml
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[app]
+chain_id = 1
+
+# no database
+# no influxdb
+# no redis
+# no sentry
+# no public limits means anon gets full access
+
+# no thundering herd protection
+min_sum_soft_limit = 1
+min_synced_rpcs = 1
+
+# 1GB of cache
+response_cache_max_bytes = 1_000_000_000
+
+[balanced_rpcs]
+
+    [balanced_rpcs.llama_public_wss]
+    # TODO: what should we do if all rpcs are disabled? warn and wait for a config change?
+    disabled = false
+    display_name = "LlamaNodes WSS"
+    url = "wss://eth.llamarpc.com/"
+    soft_limit = 1_000
+    tier = 0
+
+    [balanced_rpcs.llama_public_https]
+    disabled = false
+    display_name = "LlamaNodes HTTPS"
+    url = "https://eth.llamarpc.com/"
+    soft_limit = 1_000
+    tier = 0
--- a/deferred-rate-limiter/Cargo.toml
+++ b/deferred-rate-limiter/Cargo.toml
@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ edition = "2021"
 [dependencies]
 redis-rate-limiter = { path = "../redis-rate-limiter" }

-anyhow = "1.0.68"
+anyhow = "1.0.69"
 hashbrown = "0.13.2"
 log = "0.4.17"
-moka = { version = "0.9.6", default-features = false, features = ["future"] }
-tokio = "1.24.2"
+moka = { version = "0.9.7", default-features = false, features = ["future"] }
+tokio = "1.25.0"
--- a/entities/Cargo.toml
+++ b/entities/Cargo.toml
@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ path = "src/mod.rs"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

 [dependencies]
-sea-orm = "0.10.7"
+sea-orm = "0.11.0"
 serde = "1.0.152"
-uuid = "1.2.2"
+uuid = "1.3.0"
 ethers = "1.0.2"
 ulid = "1.0.0"
--- a/migration/Cargo.toml
+++ b/migration/Cargo.toml
@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ name = "migration"
 path = "src/lib.rs"

 [dependencies]
-tokio = { version = "1.24.2", features = ["full", "tracing"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.25.0", features = ["full", "tracing"] }

 [dependencies.sea-orm-migration]
-version = "0.10.7"
+version = "0.11.0"
 features = [
  # Enable at least one `ASYNC_RUNTIME` and `DATABASE_DRIVER` feature if you want to run migration via CLI.
  # View the list of supported features at https://www.sea-ql.org/SeaORM/docs/install-and-config/database-and-async-runtime.
--- a/redis-rate-limiter/Cargo.toml
+++ b/redis-rate-limiter/Cargo.toml
@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ authors = ["Bryan Stitt <bryan@stitthappens.com>"]
 edition = "2021"

 [dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.68"
+anyhow = "1.0.69"
 deadpool-redis = { version = "0.11.1", features = ["rt_tokio_1", "serde"] }
-tokio = "1.24.2"
+tokio = "1.25.0"
--- a/web3_proxy/Cargo.toml
+++ b/web3_proxy/Cargo.toml
@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ thread-fast-rng = { path = "../thread-fast-rng" }
 # TODO: import chrono from sea-orm so we always have the same version
 # TODO: make sure this time version matches siwe. PR to put this in their prelude

-anyhow = { version = "1.0.68", features = ["backtrace"] }
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.69", features = ["backtrace"] }
 argh = "0.1.10"
 axum = { version = "0.6.4", features = ["headers", "ws"] }
-axum-client-ip = "0.3.1"
+axum-client-ip = "0.4.0"
 axum-macros = "0.3.2"
 chrono = "0.4.23"
 counter = "0.5.7"
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ env_logger = "0.10.0"
 ethers = { version = "1.0.2", default-features = false, features = ["rustls", "ws"] }
 fdlimit = "0.2.1"
 flume = "0.10.14"
-futures = { version = "0.3.25", features = ["thread-pool"] }
+futures = { version = "0.3.26", features = ["thread-pool"] }
 gethostname = "0.4.1"
 glob = "0.3.1"
 handlebars = "4.3.6"
@ -48,28 +48,28 @@ http = "0.2.8"
 ipnet = "2.7.1"
 itertools = "0.10.5"
 log = "0.4.17"
-metered = { version = "0.9.0", features = ["serialize"] }
-moka = { version = "0.9.6", default-features = false, features = ["future"] }
-notify = "5.0.0"
+moka = { version = "0.9.7", default-features = false, features = ["future"] }
+notify = "5.1.0"
 num = "0.4.0"
 num-traits = "0.2.15"
 pagerduty-rs = { version = "0.1.6", default-features = false, features = ["async", "rustls", "sync"] }
 parking_lot = { version = "0.12.1", features = ["arc_lock"] }
+prettytable = "*"
 proctitle = "0.1.1"
 regex = "1.7.1"
 reqwest = { version = "0.11.14", default-features = false, features = ["json", "tokio-rustls"] }
 rustc-hash = "1.1.0"
-sentry = { version = "0.29.2", default-features = false, features = ["backtrace", "contexts", "panic", "anyhow", "reqwest", "rustls", "log", "sentry-log"] }
+sentry = { version = "0.29.3", default-features = false, features = ["backtrace", "contexts", "panic", "anyhow", "reqwest", "rustls", "log", "sentry-log"] }
 serde = { version = "1.0.152", features = [] }
-serde_json = { version = "1.0.91", default-features = false, features = ["alloc", "raw_value"] }
-serde_prometheus = "0.1.6"
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.93", default-features = false, features = ["alloc", "raw_value"] }
+serde_prometheus = "0.2.0"
 siwe = "0.5.0"
 time = "0.3.17"
-tokio = { version = "1.24.2", features = ["full"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.25.0", features = ["full"] }
 tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.11", features = ["sync"] }
-toml = "0.6.0"
+toml = "0.7.2"
 tower = "0.4.13"
 tower-http = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["cors", "sensitive-headers"] }
 ulid = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["serde"] }
 url = "2.3.1"
-uuid = "1.2.2"
+uuid = "1.3.0"
--- a/web3_proxy/examples/metrics.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/examples/metrics.rs
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use metered::{metered, HitCount, Throughput};
-use serde::Serialize;
-use thread_fast_rng::{rand::Rng, thread_fast_rng};
-
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Serialize)]
-pub struct Biz {
-    metrics: BizMetrics,
-}
-
-#[metered(registry = BizMetrics)]
-impl Biz {
-    #[measure([HitCount, Throughput])]
-    pub fn biz(&self) {
-        let delay = std::time::Duration::from_millis(thread_fast_rng().gen::<u64>() % 200);
-        std::thread::sleep(delay);
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let buz = Biz::default();
-
-    for _ in 0..100 {
-        buz.biz();
-    }
-
-    let mut globals = std::collections::HashMap::new();
-    globals.insert("service", "web3_proxy_prometheus_example");
-
-    let serialized = serde_prometheus::to_string(&buz.metrics, Some("example"), globals).unwrap();
-
-    println!("{}", serialized);
-}
--- a/web3_proxy/src/app/mod.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/app/mod.rs
@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ use crate::jsonrpc::{
    JsonRpcForwardedResponse, JsonRpcForwardedResponseEnum, JsonRpcRequest, JsonRpcRequestEnum,
 };
 use crate::rpcs::blockchain::{ArcBlock, SavedBlock};
-use crate::rpcs::connection::Web3Connection;
-use crate::rpcs::connections::Web3Connections;
-use crate::rpcs::request::OpenRequestHandleMetrics;
+use crate::rpcs::many::Web3Rpcs;
+use crate::rpcs::one::Web3Rpc;
 use crate::rpcs::transactions::TxStatus;
 use crate::user_token::UserBearerToken;
 use anyhow::Context;
@ -32,7 +31,6 @@ use futures::stream::{FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
 use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use ipnet::IpNet;
 use log::{debug, error, info, trace, warn, Level};
-use metered::{metered, ErrorCount, HitCount, ResponseTime, Throughput};
 use migration::sea_orm::{
    self, ConnectionTrait, Database, DatabaseConnection, EntityTrait, PaginatorTrait,
 };
@ -71,7 +69,9 @@ pub static REQUEST_PERIOD: u64 = 60;
 #[derive(From)]
 struct ResponseCacheKey {
    // if none, this is cached until evicted
-    block: Option<SavedBlock>,
+    from_block: Option<SavedBlock>,
+    // to_block is only set when ranges of blocks are requested (like with eth_getLogs)
+    to_block: Option<SavedBlock>,
    method: String,
    // TODO: better type for this
    params: Option<serde_json::Value>,
@ -96,7 +96,22 @@ impl PartialEq for ResponseCacheKey {
            return false;
        }

-        match (self.block.as_ref(), other.block.as_ref()) {
+        match (self.from_block.as_ref(), other.from_block.as_ref()) {
+            (None, None) => {}
+            (None, Some(_)) => {
+                return false;
+            }
+            (Some(_), None) => {
+                return false;
+            }
+            (Some(s), Some(o)) => {
+                if s != o {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        match (self.to_block.as_ref(), other.to_block.as_ref()) {
            (None, None) => {}
            (None, Some(_)) => {
                return false;
@ -123,7 +138,8 @@ impl Eq for ResponseCacheKey {}

 impl Hash for ResponseCacheKey {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.block.as_ref().map(|x| x.hash()).hash(state);
+        self.from_block.as_ref().map(|x| x.hash()).hash(state);
+        self.to_block.as_ref().map(|x| x.hash()).hash(state);
        self.method.hash(state);
        self.params.as_ref().map(|x| x.to_string()).hash(state);
        self.cache_errors.hash(state)
@ -182,9 +198,9 @@ impl DatabaseReplica {
 // TODO: i'm sure this is more arcs than necessary, but spawning futures makes references hard
 pub struct Web3ProxyApp {
    /// Send requests to the best server available
-    pub balanced_rpcs: Arc<Web3Connections>,
+    pub balanced_rpcs: Arc<Web3Rpcs>,
    /// Send private requests (like eth_sendRawTransaction) to all these servers
-    pub private_rpcs: Option<Arc<Web3Connections>>,
+    pub private_rpcs: Option<Arc<Web3Rpcs>>,
    response_cache: ResponseCache,
    // don't drop this or the sender will stop working
    // TODO: broadcast channel instead?
@ -193,9 +209,6 @@ pub struct Web3ProxyApp {
    pub config: AppConfig,
    pub db_conn: Option<sea_orm::DatabaseConnection>,
    pub db_replica: Option<DatabaseReplica>,
-    /// prometheus metrics
-    app_metrics: Arc<Web3ProxyAppMetrics>,
-    open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
    /// store pending transactions that we've seen so that we don't send duplicates to subscribers
    pub pending_transactions: Cache<TxHash, TxStatus, hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder>,
    pub frontend_ip_rate_limiter: Option<DeferredRateLimiter<IpAddr>>,
@ -288,7 +301,7 @@ pub async fn migrate_db(
    );

    loop {
-        if Migrator::get_pending_migrations(&db_conn).await?.is_empty() {
+        if Migrator::get_pending_migrations(db_conn).await?.is_empty() {
            info!("no migrations to apply");
            return Ok(());
        }
@ -314,10 +327,10 @@ pub async fn migrate_db(
        break;
    }

-    let migration_result = Migrator::up(&db_conn, None).await;
+    let migration_result = Migrator::up(db_conn, None).await;

    // drop the distributed lock
-    drop_migration_lock(&db_conn).await?;
+    drop_migration_lock(db_conn).await?;

    // return if migrations erred
    migration_result
@ -347,7 +360,6 @@ pub struct Web3ProxyAppSpawn {
    pub background_handles: FuturesUnordered<AnyhowJoinHandle<()>>,
 }

-#[metered(registry = Web3ProxyAppMetrics, registry_expr = self.app_metrics, visibility = pub)]
 impl Web3ProxyApp {
    /// The main entrypoint.
    pub async fn spawn(
@ -377,10 +389,6 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            );
        }

-        // setup metrics
-        let app_metrics = Default::default();
-        let open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics> = Default::default();
-
        let mut db_conn = None::<DatabaseConnection>;
        let mut db_replica = None::<DatabaseReplica>;

@ -564,7 +572,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            .build_with_hasher(hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder::default());

        // connect to the load balanced rpcs
-        let (balanced_rpcs, balanced_handle) = Web3Connections::spawn(
+        let (balanced_rpcs, balanced_handle) = Web3Rpcs::spawn(
            top_config.app.chain_id,
            db_conn.clone(),
            balanced_rpcs,
@ -576,7 +584,6 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            top_config.app.min_synced_rpcs,
            Some(pending_tx_sender.clone()),
            pending_transactions.clone(),
-            open_request_handle_metrics.clone(),
        )
        .await
        .context("spawning balanced rpcs")?;
@ -591,7 +598,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            warn!("No private relays configured. Any transactions will be broadcast to the public mempool!");
            None
        } else {
-            let (private_rpcs, private_handle) = Web3Connections::spawn(
+            let (private_rpcs, private_handle) = Web3Rpcs::spawn(
                top_config.app.chain_id,
                db_conn.clone(),
                private_rpcs,
@ -607,7 +614,6 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                // TODO: subscribe to pending transactions on the private rpcs? they seem to have low rate limits
                None,
                pending_transactions.clone(),
-                open_request_handle_metrics.clone(),
            )
            .await
            .context("spawning private_rpcs")?;
@ -663,14 +669,12 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            ));
        }

-        // keep 1GB of blocks in the cache
-        // responses can be very different in sizes, so this definitely needs a weigher
-        // TODO: max_capacity from config
+        // responses can be very different in sizes, so this is a cache with a max capacity and a weigher
        // TODO: don't allow any response to be bigger than X% of the cache
        let response_cache = Cache::builder()
-            .max_capacity(1024 * 1024 * 1024)
+            .max_capacity(top_config.app.response_cache_max_bytes)
            .weigher(|k: &ResponseCacheKey, v| {
-                // TODO: is this good?
+                // TODO: is this good enough?
                if let Ok(v) = serde_json::to_string(v) {
                    let weight = k.weight() + v.len();

@ -718,8 +722,6 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            db_conn,
            db_replica,
            vredis_pool,
-            app_metrics,
-            open_request_handle_metrics,
            rpc_secret_key_cache,
            bearer_token_semaphores,
            ip_semaphores,
@ -893,9 +895,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        // "user_cache_size": app.rpc_secret_key_cache.weighted_size(),

        #[derive(Serialize)]
-        struct CombinedMetrics<'a> {
-            app: &'a Web3ProxyAppMetrics,
-            backend_rpc: &'a OpenRequestHandleMetrics,
+        struct CombinedMetrics {
            recent_ip_counts: RecentCounts,
            recent_user_id_counts: RecentCounts,
            recent_tx_counts: RecentCounts,
@ -903,14 +903,13 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        }

        let metrics = CombinedMetrics {
-            app: &self.app_metrics,
-            backend_rpc: &self.open_request_handle_metrics,
            recent_ip_counts,
            recent_user_id_counts,
            recent_tx_counts,
            user_count,
        };

+        // TODO: i don't like this library. it doesn't include HELP or TYPE lines and so our prometheus server fails to parse it
        serde_prometheus::to_string(&metrics, Some("web3_proxy"), globals)
            .expect("prometheus metrics should always serialize")
    }
@ -921,8 +920,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
        request: JsonRpcRequestEnum,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
-    ) -> Result<(JsonRpcForwardedResponseEnum, Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>), FrontendErrorResponse>
-    {
+    ) -> Result<(JsonRpcForwardedResponseEnum, Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>), FrontendErrorResponse> {
        // trace!(?request, "proxy_web3_rpc");

        // even though we have timeouts on the requests to our backend providers,
@ -961,7 +959,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        requests: Vec<JsonRpcRequest>,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Vec<JsonRpcForwardedResponse>, Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>)> {
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<JsonRpcForwardedResponse>, Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>), FrontendErrorResponse> {
        // TODO: we should probably change ethers-rs to support this directly. they pushed this off to v2 though
        let num_requests = requests.len();

@ -978,7 +976,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        // TODO: i'm sure this could be done better with iterators
        // TODO: stream the response?
        let mut collected: Vec<JsonRpcForwardedResponse> = Vec::with_capacity(num_requests);
-        let mut collected_rpcs: HashSet<Arc<Web3Connection>> = HashSet::new();
+        let mut collected_rpcs: HashSet<Arc<Web3Rpc>> = HashSet::new();
        for response in responses {
            // TODO: any way to attach the tried rpcs to the error? it is likely helpful
            let (response, rpcs) = response?;
@ -1013,13 +1011,13 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        }
    }

-    #[measure([ErrorCount, HitCount, ResponseTime, Throughput])]
+    // #[measure([ErrorCount, HitCount, ResponseTime, Throughput])]
    async fn proxy_cached_request(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        mut request: JsonRpcRequest,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(JsonRpcForwardedResponse, Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>)> {
+    ) -> Result<(JsonRpcForwardedResponse, Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>), FrontendErrorResponse> {
        // trace!("Received request: {:?}", request);

        let request_metadata = Arc::new(RequestMetadata::new(REQUEST_PERIOD, request.num_bytes())?);
@ -1033,13 +1031,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
        // TODO: don't clone?
        let partial_response: serde_json::Value = match request_method.as_ref() {
            // lots of commands are blocked
-            method @ ("admin_addPeer"
-            | "admin_datadir"
-            | "admin_startRPC"
-            | "admin_startWS"
-            | "admin_stopRPC"
-            | "admin_stopWS"
-            | "db_getHex"
+            method @ ("db_getHex"
            | "db_getString"
            | "db_putHex"
            | "db_putString"
@ -1114,6 +1106,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            | "eth_newBlockFilter"
            | "eth_newFilter"
            | "eth_newPendingTransactionFilter"
+            | "eth_pollSubscriptions"
            | "eth_uninstallFilter") => {
                // TODO: unsupported command stat
                // TODO: what error code?
@ -1138,9 +1131,10 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                    }
                    None => {
                        // TODO: what does geth do if this happens?
-                        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                            "no servers synced. unknown eth_blockNumber"
-                        ));
+                        // TODO: i think we want a 502 so that haproxy retries on another server
+                        return Err(
+                            anyhow::anyhow!("no servers synced. unknown eth_blockNumber").into(),
+                        );
                    }
                }
            }
@ -1211,7 +1205,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                    ProxyMode::Fastest(0) => None,
                    // TODO: how many balanced rpcs should we send to? configurable? percentage of total?
                    // TODO: what if we do 2 per tier? we want to blast the third party rpcs
-                    // TODO: maybe having the third party rpcs in their own Web3Connections would be good for this
+                    // TODO: maybe having the third party rpcs in their own Web3Rpcs would be good for this
                    ProxyMode::Fastest(x) => Some(x * 4),
                    ProxyMode::Versus => None,
                };
@ -1221,6 +1215,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                        // if we are sending the transaction privately, no matter the proxy_mode, we send to ALL private rpcs
                        (private_rpcs, None)
                    } else {
+                        // TODO: send to balanced_rpcs AND private_rpcs
                        (&self.balanced_rpcs, default_num)
                    }
                } else {
@ -1236,6 +1231,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                        None,
                        Level::Trace,
                        num,
+                        true,
                    )
                    .await?;

@ -1376,12 +1372,17 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                            ));
                        }

-                        // TODO: don't return with ? here. send a jsonrpc invalid request
                        let param = Bytes::from_str(
                            params[0]
                                .as_str()
                                .context("parsing params 0 into str then bytes")?,
-                        )?;
+                        )
+                        .map_err(|x| {
+                            trace!("bad request: {:?}", x);
+                            FrontendErrorResponse::BadRequest(
+                                "param 0 could not be read as H256".to_string(),
+                            )
+                        })?;

                        let hash = H256::from(keccak256(param));

@ -1413,6 +1414,11 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
            }
            // anything else gets sent to backend rpcs and cached
            method => {
+                if method.starts_with("admin_") {
+                    // TODO: emit a stat? will probably just be noise
+                    return Err(FrontendErrorResponse::AccessDenied);
+                }
+
                // emit stats

                // TODO: if no servers synced, wait for them to be synced? probably better to error and let haproxy retry another server
@ -1434,7 +1440,8 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                .await?
                {
                    BlockNeeded::CacheSuccessForever => Some(ResponseCacheKey {
-                        block: None,
+                        from_block: None,
+                        to_block: None,
                        method: method.to_string(),
                        params: request.params.clone(),
                        cache_errors: false,
@ -1444,12 +1451,12 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                        block_num,
                        cache_errors,
                    } => {
-                        let (request_block_hash, archive_needed) = self
+                        let (request_block_hash, block_depth) = self
                            .balanced_rpcs
                            .block_hash(authorization, &block_num)
                            .await?;

-                        if archive_needed {
+                        if block_depth < self.config.archive_depth {
                            request_metadata
                                .archive_request
                                .store(true, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
@ -1461,7 +1468,48 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                            .await?;

                        Some(ResponseCacheKey {
-                            block: Some(SavedBlock::new(request_block)),
+                            from_block: Some(SavedBlock::new(request_block)),
+                            to_block: None,
+                            method: method.to_string(),
+                            // TODO: hash here?
+                            params: request.params.clone(),
+                            cache_errors,
+                        })
+                    }
+                    BlockNeeded::CacheRange {
+                        from_block_num,
+                        to_block_num,
+                        cache_errors,
+                    } => {
+                        let (from_block_hash, block_depth) = self
+                            .balanced_rpcs
+                            .block_hash(authorization, &from_block_num)
+                            .await?;
+
+                        if block_depth < self.config.archive_depth {
+                            request_metadata
+                                .archive_request
+                                .store(true, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                        }
+
+                        let from_block = self
+                            .balanced_rpcs
+                            .block(authorization, &from_block_hash, None)
+                            .await?;
+
+                        let (to_block_hash, _) = self
+                            .balanced_rpcs
+                            .block_hash(authorization, &to_block_num)
+                            .await?;
+
+                        let to_block = self
+                            .balanced_rpcs
+                            .block(authorization, &to_block_hash, None)
+                            .await?;
+
+                        Some(ResponseCacheKey {
+                            from_block: Some(SavedBlock::new(from_block)),
+                            to_block: Some(SavedBlock::new(to_block)),
                            method: method.to_string(),
                            // TODO: hash here?
                            params: request.params.clone(),
@ -1476,14 +1524,11 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                    let authorization = authorization.clone();

                    if let Some(cache_key) = cache_key {
-                        let request_block_number = cache_key.block.as_ref().map(|x| x.number());
+                        let from_block_num = cache_key.from_block.as_ref().map(|x| x.number());

                        self.response_cache
                            .try_get_with(cache_key, async move {
-                                // TODO: retry some failures automatically!
-                                // TODO: try private_rpcs if all the balanced_rpcs fail!
                                // TODO: put the hash here instead of the block number? its in the request already.
-
                                let mut response = self
                                    .balanced_rpcs
                                    .try_proxy_connection(
@ -1491,7 +1536,7 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                                        &authorization,
                                        request,
                                        Some(&request_metadata),
-                                        request_block_number.as_ref(),
+                                        from_block_num.as_ref(),
                                    )
                                    .await?;

@ -1499,6 +1544,8 @@ impl Web3ProxyApp {
                                response.id = Default::default();

                                // TODO: only cache the inner response
+                                // TODO: how are we going to stream this?
+                                // TODO: check response size. if its very large, return it in a custom Error type that bypasses caching
                                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(response)
                            })
                            .await
--- a/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/daemon.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/daemon.rs
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ mod tests {
    use std::env;

    use web3_proxy::{
-        config::{AppConfig, Web3ConnectionConfig},
+        config::{AppConfig, Web3RpcConfig},
        rpcs::blockchain::ArcBlock,
    };

@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ mod tests {
                min_sum_soft_limit: 1,
                min_synced_rpcs: 1,
                public_requests_per_period: Some(1_000_000),
-                response_cache_max_bytes: 10_usize.pow(7),
+                response_cache_max_bytes: 10_u64.pow(7),
                redirect_public_url: Some("example.com/".to_string()),
                redirect_rpc_key_url: Some("example.com/{{rpc_key_id}}".to_string()),
                ..Default::default()
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ mod tests {
            balanced_rpcs: HashMap::from([
                (
                    "anvil".to_string(),
-                    Web3ConnectionConfig {
+                    Web3RpcConfig {
                        disabled: false,
                        display_name: None,
                        url: anvil.endpoint(),
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ mod tests {
                ),
                (
                    "anvil_ws".to_string(),
-                    Web3ConnectionConfig {
+                    Web3RpcConfig {
                        disabled: false,
                        display_name: None,
                        url: anvil.ws_endpoint(),
--- a/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/main.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/main.rs
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod daemon;
 mod drop_migration_lock;
 mod list_user_tier;
 mod pagerduty;
+mod popularity_contest;
 mod rpc_accounting;
 mod sentryd;
 mod transfer_key;
@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ enum SubCommand {
    CreateUser(create_user::CreateUserSubCommand),
    DropMigrationLock(drop_migration_lock::DropMigrationLockSubCommand),
    Pagerduty(pagerduty::PagerdutySubCommand),
+    PopularityContest(popularity_contest::PopularityContestSubCommand),
    Proxyd(daemon::ProxydSubCommand),
    RpcAccounting(rpc_accounting::RpcAccountingSubCommand),
    Sentryd(sentryd::SentrydSubCommand),
@ -361,6 +363,7 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {

                x.main(pagerduty_async, top_config).await
            }
+            SubCommand::PopularityContest(x) => x.main().await,
            SubCommand::Sentryd(x) => {
                if cli_config.sentry_url.is_none() {
                    warn!("sentry_url is not set! Logs will only show in this console");
--- a/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/popularity_contest.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/bin/web3_proxy_cli/popularity_contest.rs
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+// show what nodes are used most often
+use argh::FromArgs;
+use log::trace;
+use prettytable::{row, Table};
+
+#[derive(FromArgs, PartialEq, Debug)]
+/// Second subcommand.
+#[argh(subcommand, name = "popularity_contest")]
+pub struct PopularityContestSubCommand {
+    #[argh(positional)]
+    /// the web3-proxy url
+    /// TODO: query multiple and add them together
+    rpc: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BackendRpcData<'a> {
+    name: &'a str,
+    // tier: u64,
+    // backup: bool,
+    // block_data_limit: u64,
+    requests: u64,
+}
+
+impl PopularityContestSubCommand {
+    pub async fn main(self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let x: serde_json::Value = reqwest::get(format!("{}/status", self.rpc))
+            .await?
+            .json()
+            .await?;
+
+        let conns = x
+            .as_object()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get("balanced_rpcs")
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_object()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get("conns")
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_array()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut by_tier = BTreeMap::<u64, Vec<_>>::new();
+        let mut tier_requests = BTreeMap::<u64, u64>::new();
+        let mut total_requests = 0;
+
+        for conn in conns {
+            let conn = conn.as_object().unwrap();
+
+            let name = conn
+                .get("display_name")
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| conn.get("name").unwrap())
+                .as_str()
+                .unwrap();
+
+            if name.ends_with("http") {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let tier = conn.get("tier").unwrap().as_u64().unwrap();
+
+            // let backup = conn.get("backup").unwrap().as_bool().unwrap();
+
+            // let block_data_limit = conn
+            //     .get("block_data_limit")
+            //     .unwrap()
+            //     .as_u64()
+            //     .unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+
+            let requests = conn.get("total_requests").unwrap().as_u64().unwrap();
+
+            let rpc_data = BackendRpcData {
+                name,
+                // tier,
+                // backup,
+                // block_data_limit,
+                requests,
+            };
+
+            total_requests += rpc_data.requests;
+
+            *tier_requests.entry(tier).or_default() += rpc_data.requests;
+
+            by_tier.entry(tier).or_default().push(rpc_data);
+        }
+
+        trace!("tier_requests: {:#?}", tier_requests);
+        trace!("by_tier: {:#?}", by_tier);
+
+        let mut table = Table::new();
+
+        table.add_row(row![
+            "name",
+            "tier",
+            "rpc_requests",
+            "tier_request_pct",
+            "total_pct"
+        ]);
+
+        let total_requests = total_requests as f32;
+
+        for (tier, rpcs) in by_tier.iter() {
+            let t = (*tier_requests.get(tier).unwrap()) as f32;
+
+            for rpc in rpcs.iter() {
+                let tier_request_pct = if t == 0.0 {
+                    0.0
+                } else {
+                    (rpc.requests as f32) / t * 100.0
+                };
+
+                let total_request_pct = if total_requests == 0.0 {
+                    0.0
+                } else {
+                    (rpc.requests as f32) / total_requests * 100.0
+                };
+
+                table.add_row(row![
+                    rpc.name,
+                    tier,
+                    rpc.requests,
+                    tier_request_pct,
+                    total_request_pct
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        table.printstd();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/web3_proxy/src/block_number.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/block_number.rs
@ -4,38 +4,36 @@ use ethers::{
    prelude::{BlockNumber, U64},
    types::H256,
 };
-use log::{trace, warn};
+use log::warn;
 use serde_json::json;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use crate::{frontend::authorization::Authorization, rpcs::connections::Web3Connections};
+use crate::{frontend::authorization::Authorization, rpcs::many::Web3Rpcs};

 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-pub fn block_num_to_U64(block_num: BlockNumber, latest_block: U64) -> U64 {
+pub fn block_num_to_U64(block_num: BlockNumber, latest_block: U64) -> (U64, bool) {
    match block_num {
-        BlockNumber::Earliest => {
-            // modified is false because we want the backend to see "pending"
-            U64::zero()
-        }
+        BlockNumber::Earliest => (U64::zero(), false),
        BlockNumber::Finalized => {
            warn!("finalized block requested! not yet implemented!");
-            latest_block - 10
+            (latest_block - 10, false)
        }
        BlockNumber::Latest => {
            // change "latest" to a number
-            latest_block
+            (latest_block, true)
        }
        BlockNumber::Number(x) => {
            // we already have a number
-            x
+            (x, false)
        }
        BlockNumber::Pending => {
+            // modified is false because we want the backend to see "pending"
            // TODO: think more about how to handle Pending
-            latest_block
+            (latest_block, false)
        }
        BlockNumber::Safe => {
            warn!("finalized block requested! not yet implemented!");
-            latest_block - 3
+            (latest_block - 3, false)
        }
    }
 }
@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ pub async fn clean_block_number(
    params: &mut serde_json::Value,
    block_param_id: usize,
    latest_block: U64,
-    rpcs: &Web3Connections,
+    rpcs: &Web3Rpcs,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<U64> {
    match params.as_array_mut() {
        None => {
@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ pub async fn clean_block_number(
            None => {
                if params.len() == block_param_id {
                    // add the latest block number to the end of the params
-                    params.push(serde_json::to_value(latest_block)?);
+                    params.push(json!(latest_block));
                } else {
                    // don't modify the request. only cache with current block
                    // TODO: more useful log that include the
@ -69,37 +67,41 @@ pub async fn clean_block_number(
                Ok(latest_block)
            }
            Some(x) => {
-                let start = x.clone();
-
                // convert the json value to a BlockNumber
-                let block_num = if let Some(obj) = x.as_object_mut() {
+                let (block_num, change) = if let Some(obj) = x.as_object_mut() {
                    // it might be a Map like `{"blockHash": String("0xa5626dc20d3a0a209b1de85521717a3e859698de8ce98bca1b16822b7501f74b")}`
                    if let Some(block_hash) = obj.remove("blockHash") {
                        let block_hash: H256 =
                            serde_json::from_value(block_hash).context("decoding blockHash")?;

-                        let block = rpcs.block(authorization, &block_hash, None).await?;
+                        let block = rpcs
+                            .block(authorization, &block_hash, None)
+                            .await
+                            .context("fetching block number from hash")?;

-                        block
-                            .number
-                            .expect("blocks here should always have numbers")
+                        // TODO: set change to true? i think not we should probably use hashes for everything.
+                        (
+                            block
+                                .number
+                                .expect("blocks here should always have numbers"),
+                            false,
+                        )
                    } else {
                        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("blockHash missing"));
                    }
                } else {
                    // it might be a string like "latest" or a block number
                    // TODO: "BlockNumber" needs a better name
-                    let block_number = serde_json::from_value::<BlockNumber>(x.take())?;
+                    // TODO: use take instead of clone
+                    let block_number = serde_json::from_value::<BlockNumber>(x.clone())
+                        .context("checking params for BlockNumber")?;

                    block_num_to_U64(block_number, latest_block)
                };

                // if we changed "latest" to a number, update the params to match
-                *x = serde_json::to_value(block_num)?;
-
-                // TODO: only do this if trace logging is enabled
-                if x.as_u64() != start.as_u64() {
-                    trace!("changed {} to {}", start, x);
+                if change {
+                    *x = json!(block_num);
                }

                Ok(block_num)
@ -112,7 +114,15 @@ pub async fn clean_block_number(
 pub enum BlockNeeded {
    CacheSuccessForever,
    CacheNever,
-    Cache { block_num: U64, cache_errors: bool },
+    Cache {
+        block_num: U64,
+        cache_errors: bool,
+    },
+    CacheRange {
+        from_block_num: U64,
+        to_block_num: U64,
+        cache_errors: bool,
+    },
 }

 pub async fn block_needed(
@ -120,21 +130,22 @@ pub async fn block_needed(
    method: &str,
    params: Option<&mut serde_json::Value>,
    head_block_num: U64,
-    rpcs: &Web3Connections,
+    rpcs: &Web3Rpcs,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<BlockNeeded> {
-    // if no params, no block is needed
    let params = if let Some(params) = params {
+        // grab the params so we can inspect and potentially modify them
        params
    } else {
+        // if no params, no block is needed
        // TODO: check all the methods with no params, some might not be cacheable
-        // caching for one block should always be okay
+        // caching with the head block /should/ always be okay
        return Ok(BlockNeeded::Cache {
            block_num: head_block_num,
            cache_errors: true,
        });
    };

-    // get the index for the BlockNumber or return None to say no block is needed.
+    // get the index for the BlockNumber
    // The BlockNumber is usually the last element.
    // TODO: double check these. i think some of the getBlock stuff will never need archive
    let block_param_id = match method {
@ -168,39 +179,44 @@ pub async fn block_needed(
                .as_object_mut()
                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid format"))?;

-            if let Some(x) = obj.get_mut("fromBlock") {
-                let block_num: BlockNumber = serde_json::from_value(x.take())?;
-
-                let block_num = block_num_to_U64(block_num, head_block_num);
-
-                *x = json!(block_num);
-
-                // TODO: maybe don't return. instead check toBlock too?
-                // TODO: if there is a very wide fromBlock and toBlock, we need to check that our rpcs have both!
-                return Ok(BlockNeeded::Cache {
-                    block_num,
-                    cache_errors: false,
-                });
-            }
-
-            if let Some(x) = obj.get_mut("toBlock") {
-                let block_num: BlockNumber = serde_json::from_value(x.take())?;
-
-                let block_num = block_num_to_U64(block_num, head_block_num);
-
-                *x = json!(block_num);
-
-                return Ok(BlockNeeded::Cache {
-                    block_num,
-                    cache_errors: false,
-                });
-            }
-
            if obj.contains_key("blockHash") {
                1
            } else {
-                return Ok(BlockNeeded::Cache {
-                    block_num: head_block_num,
+                let from_block_num = if let Some(x) = obj.get_mut("fromBlock") {
+                    // TODO: use .take instead of clone
+                    let block_num: BlockNumber = serde_json::from_value(x.clone())?;
+
+                    let (block_num, change) = block_num_to_U64(block_num, head_block_num);
+
+                    if change {
+                        *x = json!(block_num);
+                    }
+
+                    block_num
+                } else {
+                    let (block_num, _) = block_num_to_U64(BlockNumber::Earliest, head_block_num);
+
+                    block_num
+                };
+
+                let to_block_num = if let Some(x) = obj.get_mut("toBlock") {
+                    // TODO: use .take instead of clone
+                    let block_num: BlockNumber = serde_json::from_value(x.clone())?;
+
+                    let (block_num, change) = block_num_to_U64(block_num, head_block_num);
+
+                    if change {
+                        *x = json!(block_num);
+                    }
+
+                    block_num
+                } else {
+                    head_block_num
+                };
+
+                return Ok(BlockNeeded::CacheRange {
+                    from_block_num: from_block_num,
+                    to_block_num: to_block_num,
                    cache_errors: true,
                });
            }
--- a/web3_proxy/src/config.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/config.rs
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::rpcs::blockchain::BlockHashesCache;
-use crate::rpcs::connection::Web3Connection;
-use crate::rpcs::request::OpenRequestHandleMetrics;
+use crate::rpcs::one::Web3Rpc;
 use crate::{app::AnyhowJoinHandle, rpcs::blockchain::ArcBlock};
 use argh::FromArgs;
 use ethers::prelude::TxHash;
@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;

-pub type BlockAndRpc = (Option<ArcBlock>, Arc<Web3Connection>);
-pub type TxHashAndRpc = (TxHash, Arc<Web3Connection>);
+pub type BlockAndRpc = (Option<ArcBlock>, Arc<Web3Rpc>);
+pub type TxHashAndRpc = (TxHash, Arc<Web3Rpc>);

 #[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
 /// Web3_proxy is a fast caching and load balancing proxy for web3 (Ethereum or similar) JsonRPC servers.
@ -42,15 +41,15 @@ pub struct CliConfig {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize)]
 pub struct TopConfig {
    pub app: AppConfig,
-    pub balanced_rpcs: HashMap<String, Web3ConnectionConfig>,
+    pub balanced_rpcs: HashMap<String, Web3RpcConfig>,
    // TODO: instead of an option, give it a default
-    pub private_rpcs: Option<HashMap<String, Web3ConnectionConfig>>,
+    pub private_rpcs: Option<HashMap<String, Web3RpcConfig>>,
    /// unknown config options get put here
    #[serde(flatten, default = "HashMap::default")]
    pub extra: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
 }

-/// shared configuration between Web3Connections
+/// shared configuration between Web3Rpcs
 // TODO: no String, only &str
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
 pub struct AppConfig {
@ -59,6 +58,10 @@ pub struct AppConfig {
    #[serde(default = "default_allowed_origin_requests_per_period")]
    pub allowed_origin_requests_per_period: HashMap<String, u64>,

+    /// erigon defaults to pruning beyond 90,000 blocks
+    #[serde(default = "default_archive_depth")]
+    pub archive_depth: u64,
+
    /// EVM chain id. 1 for ETH
    /// TODO: better type for chain_id? max of `u64::MAX / 2 - 36` <https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/2294>
    pub chain_id: u64,
@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ pub struct AppConfig {

    /// RPC responses are cached locally
    #[serde(default = "default_response_cache_max_bytes")]
-    pub response_cache_max_bytes: usize,
+    pub response_cache_max_bytes: u64,

    /// the stats page url for an anonymous user.
    pub redirect_public_url: Option<String>,
@ -159,6 +162,10 @@ pub struct AppConfig {
    pub extra: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
 }

+fn default_archive_depth() -> u64 {
+    90_000
+}
+
 fn default_allowed_origin_requests_per_period() -> HashMap<String, u64> {
    HashMap::new()
 }
@ -183,15 +190,15 @@ fn default_login_rate_limit_per_period() -> u64 {
    10
 }

-fn default_response_cache_max_bytes() -> usize {
+fn default_response_cache_max_bytes() -> u64 {
    // TODO: default to some percentage of the system?
    // 100 megabytes
-    10_usize.pow(8)
+    10u64.pow(8)
 }

 /// Configuration for a backend web3 RPC server
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Web3ConnectionConfig {
+pub struct Web3RpcConfig {
    /// simple way to disable a connection without deleting the row
    #[serde(default)]
    pub disabled: bool,
@ -223,9 +230,9 @@ fn default_tier() -> u64 {
    0
 }

-impl Web3ConnectionConfig {
-    /// Create a Web3Connection from config
-    /// TODO: move this into Web3Connection? (just need to make things pub(crate))
+impl Web3RpcConfig {
+    /// Create a Web3Rpc from config
+    /// TODO: move this into Web3Rpc? (just need to make things pub(crate))
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn spawn(
        self,
@ -238,13 +245,9 @@ impl Web3ConnectionConfig {
        block_map: BlockHashesCache,
        block_sender: Option<flume::Sender<BlockAndRpc>>,
        tx_id_sender: Option<flume::Sender<TxHashAndRpc>>,
-        open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Arc<Web3Connection>, AnyhowJoinHandle<()>)> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Arc<Web3Rpc>, AnyhowJoinHandle<()>)> {
        if !self.extra.is_empty() {
-            warn!(
-                "unknown Web3ConnectionConfig fields!: {:?}",
-                self.extra.keys()
-            );
+            warn!("unknown Web3RpcConfig fields!: {:?}", self.extra.keys());
        }

        let hard_limit = match (self.hard_limit, redis_pool) {
@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ impl Web3ConnectionConfig {

        let backup = self.backup.unwrap_or(false);

-        Web3Connection::spawn(
+        Web3Rpc::spawn(
            name,
            self.display_name,
            chain_id,
@ -283,7 +286,6 @@ impl Web3ConnectionConfig {
            tx_id_sender,
            true,
            self.tier,
-            open_request_handle_metrics,
        )
        .await
    }
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/authorization.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/authorization.rs
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 use super::errors::FrontendErrorResponse;
 use crate::app::{AuthorizationChecks, Web3ProxyApp, APP_USER_AGENT};
-use crate::rpcs::connection::Web3Connection;
+use crate::rpcs::one::Web3Rpc;
 use crate::user_token::UserBearerToken;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use axum::headers::authorization::Bearer;
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub struct RequestMetadata {
    // TODO: "archive" isn't really a boolean.
    pub archive_request: AtomicBool,
    /// if this is empty, there was a cache_hit
-    pub backend_requests: Mutex<Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>>,
+    pub backend_requests: Mutex<Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>>,
    pub no_servers: AtomicU64,
    pub error_response: AtomicBool,
    pub response_bytes: AtomicU64,
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/errors.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/errors.rs
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use axum::{
 use derive_more::From;
 use http::header::InvalidHeaderValue;
 use ipnet::AddrParseError;
-use log::{trace, warn};
+use log::{debug, trace, warn};
 use migration::sea_orm::DbErr;
 use redis_rate_limiter::redis::RedisError;
 use reqwest::header::ToStrError;
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub type FrontendResult = Result<Response, FrontendErrorResponse>;
 pub enum FrontendErrorResponse {
    AccessDenied,
    Anyhow(anyhow::Error),
+    BadRequest(String),
    SemaphoreAcquireError(AcquireError),
    Database(DbErr),
    HeadersError(headers::Error),
@ -71,18 +72,17 @@ impl FrontendErrorResponse {
                    ),
                )
            }
-            // Self::(err) => {
-            //     warn!("boxed err={:?}", err);
-            //     (
-            //         StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-            //         JsonRpcForwardedResponse::from_str(
-            //             // TODO: make this better. maybe include the error type?
-            //             "boxed error!",
-            //             Some(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.as_u16().into()),
-            //             None,
-            //         ),
-            //     )
-            // }
+            Self::BadRequest(err) => {
+                debug!("BAD_REQUEST: {}", err);
+                (
+                    StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+                    JsonRpcForwardedResponse::from_str(
+                        &format!("bad request: {}", err),
+                        Some(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST.as_u16().into()),
+                        None,
+                    ),
+                )
+            }
            Self::Database(err) => {
                warn!("database err={:?}", err);
                (
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/mod.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/mod.rs
@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 //! `frontend` contains HTTP and websocket endpoints for use by users and admins.
+//!
+//! Important reading about axum extractors: https://docs.rs/axum/latest/axum/extract/index.html#the-order-of-extractors

 pub mod authorization;
 pub mod errors;
@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ pub enum FrontendResponseCaches {
 // TODO: what should this cache's value be?
 pub type FrontendResponseCache =
    Cache<FrontendResponseCaches, Arc<serde_json::Value>, hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder>;
+pub type FrontendHealthCache = Cache<(), bool, hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder>;

 /// Start the frontend server.
 pub async fn serve(port: u16, proxy_app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@ -37,7 +40,11 @@ pub async fn serve(port: u16, proxy_app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>) -> anyhow::Result<()
    // TODO: a moka cache is probably way overkill for this.
    // no need for max items. only expire because of time to live
    let response_cache: FrontendResponseCache = Cache::builder()
-        .time_to_live(Duration::from_secs(1))
+        .time_to_live(Duration::from_secs(2))
+        .build_with_hasher(hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder::default());
+
+    let health_cache: FrontendHealthCache = Cache::builder()
+        .time_to_live(Duration::from_millis(100))
        .build_with_hasher(hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder::default());

    // TODO: read config for if fastest/versus should be available publicly. default off
@ -174,6 +181,7 @@ pub async fn serve(port: u16, proxy_app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>) -> anyhow::Result<()
        .layer(Extension(proxy_app.clone()))
        // frontend caches
        .layer(Extension(response_cache))
+        .layer(Extension(health_cache))
        // 404 for any unknown routes
        .fallback(errors::handler_404);

@ -191,7 +199,6 @@ pub async fn serve(port: u16, proxy_app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>) -> anyhow::Result<()
      - axum::extract::ConnectInfo (if not behind proxy)
    */
    let service = app.into_make_service_with_connect_info::<SocketAddr>();
-    // let service = app.into_make_service();

    // `axum::Server` is a re-export of `hyper::Server`
    axum::Server::bind(&addr)
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/rpc_proxy_http.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/rpc_proxy_http.rs
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use axum::extract::Path;
 use axum::headers::{Origin, Referer, UserAgent};
 use axum::TypedHeader;
 use axum::{response::IntoResponse, Extension, Json};
-use axum_client_ip::ClientIp;
+use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn proxy_web3_rpc(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    Json(payload): Json<JsonRpcRequestEnum>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub async fn proxy_web3_rpc(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn fastest_proxy_web3_rpc(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    Json(payload): Json<JsonRpcRequestEnum>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub async fn fastest_proxy_web3_rpc(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn versus_proxy_web3_rpc(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    Json(payload): Json<JsonRpcRequestEnum>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub async fn versus_proxy_web3_rpc(

 async fn _proxy_web3_rpc(
    app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    payload: JsonRpcRequestEnum,
    proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ async fn _proxy_web3_rpc(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
    user_agent: Option<TypedHeader<UserAgent>>,
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub async fn proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn fastest_proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
    user_agent: Option<TypedHeader<UserAgent>>,
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub async fn fastest_proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn versus_proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
    user_agent: Option<TypedHeader<UserAgent>>,
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ pub async fn versus_proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 async fn _proxy_web3_rpc_with_key(
    app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
    user_agent: Option<TypedHeader<UserAgent>>,
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/rpc_proxy_ws.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/rpc_proxy_ws.rs
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use axum::{
    response::{IntoResponse, Redirect},
    Extension, TypedHeader,
 };
-use axum_client_ip::ClientIp;
+use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 use futures::SinkExt;
 use futures::{
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub enum ProxyMode {
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn websocket_handler(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    ws_upgrade: Option<WebSocketUpgrade>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub async fn websocket_handler(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn fastest_websocket_handler(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    ws_upgrade: Option<WebSocketUpgrade>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub async fn fastest_websocket_handler(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn versus_websocket_handler(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    ws_upgrade: Option<WebSocketUpgrade>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub async fn versus_websocket_handler(
 async fn _websocket_handler(
    proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
    app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    ws_upgrade: Option<WebSocketUpgrade>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ async fn _websocket_handler(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn websocket_handler_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    Path(rpc_key): Path<String>,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ pub async fn websocket_handler_with_key(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn fastest_websocket_handler_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    Path(rpc_key): Path<String>,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub async fn fastest_websocket_handler_with_key(
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn versus_websocket_handler_with_key(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ip: ClientIp,
+    ip: InsecureClientIp,
    Path(rpc_key): Path<String>,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ pub async fn versus_websocket_handler_with_key(
 async fn _websocket_handler_with_key(
    proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
    app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    rpc_key: String,
    origin: Option<TypedHeader<Origin>>,
    referer: Option<TypedHeader<Referer>>,
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/status.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/status.rs
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! For ease of development, users can currently access these endponts.
 //! They will eventually move to another port.

-use super::{FrontendResponseCache, FrontendResponseCaches};
+use super::{FrontendHealthCache, FrontendResponseCache, FrontendResponseCaches};
 use crate::app::{Web3ProxyApp, APP_USER_AGENT};
 use axum::{http::StatusCode, response::IntoResponse, Extension, Json};
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
@ -12,9 +12,15 @@ use std::sync::Arc;

 /// Health check page for load balancers to use.
 #[debug_handler]
-pub async fn health(Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
-    // TODO: add a check that we aren't shutting down
-    if app.balanced_rpcs.synced() {
+pub async fn health(
+    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
+    Extension(health_cache): Extension<FrontendHealthCache>,
+) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let synced = health_cache
+        .get_with((), async { app.balanced_rpcs.synced() })
+        .await;
+
+    if synced {
        (StatusCode::OK, "OK")
    } else {
        (StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE, ":(")
--- a/web3_proxy/src/frontend/users.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/frontend/users.rs
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use axum::{
    response::IntoResponse,
    Extension, Json, TypedHeader,
 };
-use axum_client_ip::ClientIp;
+use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use axum_macros::debug_handler;
 use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
 use entities::sea_orm_active_enums::LogLevel;
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ use crate::frontend::errors::FrontendErrorResponse;
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn user_login_get(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    // TODO: what does axum's error handling look like if the path fails to parse?
    Path(mut params): Path<HashMap<String, String>>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub struct PostLogin {
 #[debug_handler]
 pub async fn user_login_post(
    Extension(app): Extension<Arc<Web3ProxyApp>>,
-    ClientIp(ip): ClientIp,
+    InsecureClientIp(ip): InsecureClientIp,
    Query(query): Query<PostLoginQuery>,
    Json(payload): Json<PostLogin>,
 ) -> FrontendResult {
--- a/web3_proxy/src/lib.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/lib.rs
@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ pub mod block_number;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod frontend;
 pub mod jsonrpc;
-pub mod metered;
 pub mod metrics_frontend;
 pub mod pagerduty;
 pub mod rpcs;
--- a/web3_proxy/src/metered/jsonrpc_error_count.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/metered/jsonrpc_error_count.rs
@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 //! A module providing the `JsonRpcErrorCount` metric.

 use ethers::providers::ProviderError;
-use metered::metric::{Advice, Enter, OnResult};
-use metered::{
-    atomic::AtomicInt,
-    clear::Clear,
-    metric::{Counter, Metric},
-};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use std::ops::Deref;

--- a/web3_proxy/src/metered/provider_error_count.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/metered/provider_error_count.rs
@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 //! A module providing the `JsonRpcErrorCount` metric.

 use ethers::providers::ProviderError;
-use metered::metric::{Advice, Enter, OnResult};
-use metered::{
-    atomic::AtomicInt,
-    clear::Clear,
-    metric::{Counter, Metric},
-};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use std::ops::Deref;

--- a/web3_proxy/src/metrics_frontend.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/metrics_frontend.rs
@ -23,13 +23,14 @@ pub async fn serve(app: Arc<Web3ProxyApp>, port: u16) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    // TODO: into_make_service is enough if we always run behind a proxy. make into_make_service_with_connect_info optional?

    /*
-    It sequentially looks for an IP in:
+    InsecureClientIp sequentially looks for an IP in:
      - x-forwarded-for header (de-facto standard)
      - x-real-ip header
      - forwarded header (new standard)
      - axum::extract::ConnectInfo (if not behind proxy)

-    So we probably won't need into_make_service_with_connect_info, but it shouldn't hurt
+    Since we run behind haproxy, x-forwarded-for will be set.
+    We probably won't need into_make_service_with_connect_info, but it shouldn't hurt.
    */
    let service = app.into_make_service_with_connect_info::<SocketAddr>();
    // let service = app.into_make_service();
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/blockchain.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/blockchain.rs
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-///! Keep track of the blockchain as seen by a Web3Connections.
-use super::connection::Web3Connection;
-use super::connections::Web3Connections;
+use super::many::Web3Rpcs;
+///! Keep track of the blockchain as seen by a Web3Rpcs.
+use super::one::Web3Rpc;
 use super::transactions::TxStatus;
 use crate::frontend::authorization::Authorization;
 use crate::{
-    config::BlockAndRpc, jsonrpc::JsonRpcRequest, rpcs::synced_connections::ConsensusConnections,
+    config::BlockAndRpc, jsonrpc::JsonRpcRequest, rpcs::synced_connections::ConsensusWeb3Rpcs,
 };
 use anyhow::Context;
 use derive_more::From;
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl Display for SavedBlock {
    }
 }

-impl Web3Connections {
+impl Web3Rpcs {
    /// add a block to our mappings and track the heaviest chain
    pub async fn save_block(
        &self,
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        hash: &H256,
-        rpc: Option<&Arc<Web3Connection>>,
+        rpc: Option<&Arc<Web3Rpc>>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<ArcBlock> {
        // first, try to get the hash from our cache
        // the cache is set last, so if its here, its everywhere
@ -190,12 +190,12 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        num: &U64,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(H256, bool)> {
-        let (block, is_archive_block) = self.cannonical_block(authorization, num).await?;
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(H256, u64)> {
+        let (block, block_depth) = self.cannonical_block(authorization, num).await?;

        let hash = block.hash.expect("Saved blocks should always have hashes");

-        Ok((hash, is_archive_block))
+        Ok((hash, block_depth))
    }

    /// Get the heaviest chain's block from cache or backend rpc
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        num: &U64,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(ArcBlock, bool)> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(ArcBlock, u64)> {
        // we only have blocks by hash now
        // maybe save them during save_block in a blocks_by_number Cache<U64, Vec<ArcBlock>>
        // if theres multiple, use petgraph to find the one on the main chain (and remove the others if they have enough confirmations)
@ -233,8 +233,11 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        let head_block_num =
            head_block_num.expect("we should only get here if we have a head block");

-        // TODO: geth does 64, erigon does 90k. sometimes we run a mix
-        let archive_needed = num < &(head_block_num - U64::from(64));
+        let block_depth = if num >= &head_block_num {
+            0
+        } else {
+            (head_block_num - num).as_u64()
+        };

        // try to get the hash from our cache
        // deref to not keep the lock open
@ -243,7 +246,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
            // TODO: pass authorization through here?
            let block = self.block(authorization, &block_hash, None).await?;

-            return Ok((block, archive_needed));
+            return Ok((block, block_depth));
        }

        // block number not in cache. we need to ask an rpc for it
@ -269,7 +272,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        // the block was fetched using eth_getBlockByNumber, so it should have all fields and be on the heaviest chain
        let block = self.save_block(block, true).await?;

-        Ok((block, archive_needed))
+        Ok((block, block_depth))
    }

    pub(super) async fn process_incoming_blocks(
@ -285,30 +288,33 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        // TODO: this will grow unbounded. prune old heads on this at the same time we prune the graph?
        let mut connection_heads = ConsensusFinder::default();

-        while let Ok((new_block, rpc)) = block_receiver.recv_async().await {
-            let new_block = new_block.map(Into::into);
+        loop {
+            match block_receiver.recv_async().await {
+                Ok((new_block, rpc)) => {
+                    let new_block = new_block.map(Into::into);

-            let rpc_name = rpc.name.clone();
+                    let rpc_name = rpc.name.clone();

-            if let Err(err) = self
-                .process_block_from_rpc(
-                    authorization,
-                    &mut connection_heads,
-                    new_block,
-                    rpc,
-                    &head_block_sender,
-                    &pending_tx_sender,
-                )
-                .await
-            {
-                warn!("unable to process block from rpc {}: {:?}", rpc_name, err);
+                    if let Err(err) = self
+                        .process_block_from_rpc(
+                            authorization,
+                            &mut connection_heads,
+                            new_block,
+                            rpc,
+                            &head_block_sender,
+                            &pending_tx_sender,
+                        )
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        warn!("unable to process block from rpc {}: {:?}", rpc_name, err);
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    warn!("block_receiver exited! {:#?}", err);
+                    return Err(err.into());
+                }
            }
        }
-
-        // TODO: if there was an error, should we return it instead of an Ok?
-        warn!("block_receiver exited!");
-
-        Ok(())
    }

    /// `connection_heads` is a mapping of rpc_names to head block hashes.
@ -319,7 +325,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        consensus_finder: &mut ConsensusFinder,
        rpc_head_block: Option<SavedBlock>,
-        rpc: Arc<Web3Connection>,
+        rpc: Arc<Web3Rpc>,
        head_block_sender: &watch::Sender<ArcBlock>,
        pending_tx_sender: &Option<broadcast::Sender<TxStatus>>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@ -388,6 +394,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
                            // multiple blocks with the same fork!
                            if consensus_saved_block.hash() == old_head_block.hash() {
                                // no change in hash. no need to use head_block_sender
+                                // TODO: trace level if rpc is backup
                                debug!(
                                    "con {}{}/{}/{}/{} con={} rpc={}@{}",
                                    includes_backups_str,
@ -546,11 +553,11 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
        Self::new(true)
    }

-    fn remove(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Connection) -> Option<H256> {
+    fn remove(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Rpc) -> Option<H256> {
        self.rpc_name_to_hash.remove(rpc.name.as_str())
    }

-    fn insert(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Connection, block_hash: H256) -> Option<H256> {
+    fn insert(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Rpc, block_hash: H256) -> Option<H256> {
        self.rpc_name_to_hash.insert(rpc.name.clone(), block_hash)
    }

@ -560,7 +567,7 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
        rpc_name: &str,
        hash: &H256,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
-        web3_connections: &Web3Connections,
+        web3_rpcs: &Web3Rpcs,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<ArcBlock> {
        // // TODO: why does this happen?!?! seems to only happen with uncled blocks
        // // TODO: maybe we should do try_get_with?
@ -571,16 +578,17 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
        // );

        // this option should almost always be populated. if the connection reconnects at a bad time it might not be available though
-        let rpc = web3_connections.conns.get(rpc_name);
+        // TODO: if this is None, I think we should error.
+        let rpc = web3_rpcs.conns.get(rpc_name);

-        web3_connections.block(authorization, hash, rpc).await
+        web3_rpcs.block(authorization, hash, rpc).await
    }

    // TODO: do this during insert/remove?
    pub(self) async fn highest_block(
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
-        web3_connections: &Web3Connections,
+        web3_rpcs: &Web3Rpcs,
    ) -> Option<ArcBlock> {
        let mut checked_heads = HashSet::with_capacity(self.rpc_name_to_hash.len());
        let mut highest_block = None::<ArcBlock>;
@ -592,7 +600,7 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
            }

            let rpc_block = match self
-                .get_block_from_rpc(rpc_name, rpc_head_hash, authorization, web3_connections)
+                .get_block_from_rpc(rpc_name, rpc_head_hash, authorization, web3_rpcs)
                .await
            {
                Ok(x) => x,
@ -627,9 +635,9 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
    pub(self) async fn consensus_head_connections(
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
-        web3_connections: &Web3Connections,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<ConsensusConnections> {
-        let mut maybe_head_block = match self.highest_block(authorization, web3_connections).await {
+        web3_rpcs: &Web3Rpcs,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<ConsensusWeb3Rpcs> {
+        let mut maybe_head_block = match self.highest_block(authorization, web3_rpcs).await {
            None => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("No blocks known")),
            Some(x) => x,
        };
@ -663,27 +671,25 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
                    continue;
                }

-                if let Some(rpc) = web3_connections.conns.get(rpc_name.as_str()) {
+                if let Some(rpc) = web3_rpcs.conns.get(rpc_name.as_str()) {
                    highest_rpcs.insert(rpc_name);
                    highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit += rpc.soft_limit;
                } else {
                    // i don't think this is an error. i think its just if a reconnect is currently happening
                    warn!("connection missing: {}", rpc_name);
+                    debug!("web3_rpcs.conns: {:#?}", web3_rpcs.conns);
                }
            }

-            if highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit >= web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit
-                && highest_rpcs.len() >= web3_connections.min_head_rpcs
+            if highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit >= web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit
+                && highest_rpcs.len() >= web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs
            {
                // we have enough servers with enough requests
                break;
            }

            // not enough rpcs yet. check the parent block
-            if let Some(parent_block) = web3_connections
-                .block_hashes
-                .get(&maybe_head_block.parent_hash)
-            {
+            if let Some(parent_block) = web3_rpcs.block_hashes.get(&maybe_head_block.parent_hash) {
                // trace!(
                //     child=%maybe_head_hash, parent=%parent_block.hash.unwrap(), "avoiding thundering herd",
                // );
@ -691,25 +697,25 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
                maybe_head_block = parent_block;
                continue;
            } else {
-                if num_known < web3_connections.min_head_rpcs {
+                if num_known < web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs {
                    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                        "not enough rpcs connected: {}/{}/{}",
                        highest_rpcs.len(),
                        num_known,
-                        web3_connections.min_head_rpcs,
+                        web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs,
                    ));
                } else {
                    let soft_limit_percent = (highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit as f32
-                        / web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit as f32)
+                        / web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit as f32)
                        * 100.0;

                    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                        "ran out of parents to check. rpcs {}/{}/{}. soft limit: {:.2}% ({}/{})",
                        highest_rpcs.len(),
                        num_known,
-                        web3_connections.min_head_rpcs,
+                        web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs,
                        highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit,
-                        web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit,
+                        web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit,
                        soft_limit_percent,
                    ));
                }
@ -719,29 +725,28 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {
        // TODO: if consensus_head_rpcs.is_empty, try another method of finding the head block. will need to change the return Err above into breaks.

        // we've done all the searching for the heaviest block that we can
-        if highest_rpcs.len() < web3_connections.min_head_rpcs
-            || highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit < web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit
+        if highest_rpcs.len() < web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs
+            || highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit < web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit
        {
            // if we get here, not enough servers are synced. return an error
-            let soft_limit_percent = (highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit as f32
-                / web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit as f32)
-                * 100.0;
+            let soft_limit_percent =
+                (highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit as f32 / web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit as f32) * 100.0;

            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Not enough resources. rpcs {}/{}/{}. soft limit: {:.2}% ({}/{})",
                highest_rpcs.len(),
                num_known,
-                web3_connections.min_head_rpcs,
+                web3_rpcs.min_head_rpcs,
                highest_rpcs_sum_soft_limit,
-                web3_connections.min_sum_soft_limit,
+                web3_rpcs.min_sum_soft_limit,
                soft_limit_percent,
            ));
        }

        // success! this block has enough soft limit and nodes on it (or on later blocks)
-        let conns: Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>> = highest_rpcs
+        let conns: Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>> = highest_rpcs
            .into_iter()
-            .filter_map(|conn_name| web3_connections.conns.get(conn_name).cloned())
+            .filter_map(|conn_name| web3_rpcs.conns.get(conn_name).cloned())
            .collect();

        // TODO: DEBUG only check
@ -754,7 +759,7 @@ impl ConnectionsGroup {

        let consensus_head_block: SavedBlock = maybe_head_block.into();

-        Ok(ConsensusConnections {
+        Ok(ConsensusWeb3Rpcs {
            head_block: Some(consensus_head_block),
            conns,
            num_checked_conns: self.rpc_name_to_hash.len(),
@ -781,7 +786,7 @@ impl Default for ConsensusFinder {
 }

 impl ConsensusFinder {
-    fn remove(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Connection) -> Option<H256> {
+    fn remove(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Rpc) -> Option<H256> {
        // TODO: should we have multiple backup tiers? (remote datacenters vs third party)
        if !rpc.backup {
            self.main.remove(rpc);
@ -789,7 +794,7 @@ impl ConsensusFinder {
        self.all.remove(rpc)
    }

-    fn insert(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Connection, new_hash: H256) -> Option<H256> {
+    fn insert(&mut self, rpc: &Web3Rpc, new_hash: H256) -> Option<H256> {
        // TODO: should we have multiple backup tiers? (remote datacenters vs third party)
        if !rpc.backup {
            self.main.insert(rpc, new_hash);
@ -801,9 +806,9 @@ impl ConsensusFinder {
    async fn update_rpc(
        &mut self,
        rpc_head_block: Option<SavedBlock>,
-        rpc: Arc<Web3Connection>,
+        rpc: Arc<Web3Rpc>,
        // we need this so we can save the block to caches. i don't like it though. maybe we should use a lazy_static Cache wrapper that has a "save_block" method?. i generally dislike globals but i also dislike all the types having to pass eachother around
-        web3_connections: &Web3Connections,
+        web3_connections: &Web3Rpcs,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
        // add the rpc's block to connection_heads, or remove the rpc from connection_heads
        let changed = match rpc_head_block {
@ -848,15 +853,15 @@ impl ConsensusFinder {
    async fn best_consensus_connections(
        &mut self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
-        web3_connections: &Web3Connections,
-    ) -> ConsensusConnections {
+        web3_connections: &Web3Rpcs,
+    ) -> ConsensusWeb3Rpcs {
        let highest_block_num = match self
            .all
            .highest_block(authorization, web3_connections)
            .await
        {
            None => {
-                return ConsensusConnections::default();
+                return ConsensusWeb3Rpcs::default();
            }
            Some(x) => x.number.expect("blocks here should always have a number"),
        };
@ -897,7 +902,7 @@ impl ConsensusFinder {
                if self.all.rpc_name_to_hash.len() < web3_connections.min_head_rpcs {
                    debug!("No consensus head yet: {}", err);
                }
-                return ConsensusConnections::default();
+                return ConsensusWeb3Rpcs::default();
            }
            Ok(x) => x,
        };
@ -920,7 +925,7 @@ impl ConsensusFinder {
            } else {
                // TODO: i don't think we need this error. and i doublt we'll ever even get here
                error!("NO CONSENSUS HEAD!");
-                ConsensusConnections::default()
+                ConsensusWeb3Rpcs::default()
            }
        }
    }
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/connections.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/connections.rs
@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-///! Load balanced communication with a group of web3 providers
+///! Load balanced communication with a group of web3 rpc providers
 use super::blockchain::{ArcBlock, BlockHashesCache};
-use super::connection::Web3Connection;
-use super::request::{
-    OpenRequestHandle, OpenRequestHandleMetrics, OpenRequestResult, RequestRevertHandler,
-};
-use super::synced_connections::ConsensusConnections;
+use super::one::Web3Rpc;
+use super::request::{OpenRequestHandle, OpenRequestResult, RequestRevertHandler};
+use super::synced_connections::ConsensusWeb3Rpcs;
 use crate::app::{flatten_handle, AnyhowJoinHandle};
-use crate::config::{BlockAndRpc, TxHashAndRpc, Web3ConnectionConfig};
+use crate::config::{BlockAndRpc, TxHashAndRpc, Web3RpcConfig};
 use crate::frontend::authorization::{Authorization, RequestMetadata};
 use crate::frontend::rpc_proxy_ws::ProxyMode;
 use crate::jsonrpc::{JsonRpcForwardedResponse, JsonRpcRequest};
@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::rpcs::transactions::TxStatus;
 use counter::Counter;
 use derive_more::From;
 use ethers::prelude::{ProviderError, TxHash, H256, U64};
-use futures::future::{join_all, try_join_all};
+use futures::future::try_join_all;
 use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
@ -36,11 +34,11 @@ use tokio::time::{interval, sleep, sleep_until, Duration, Instant, MissedTickBeh

 /// A collection of web3 connections. Sends requests either the current best server or all servers.
 #[derive(From)]
-pub struct Web3Connections {
+pub struct Web3Rpcs {
    /// any requests will be forwarded to one (or more) of these connections
-    pub(crate) conns: HashMap<String, Arc<Web3Connection>>,
+    pub(crate) conns: HashMap<String, Arc<Web3Rpc>>,
    /// all providers with the same consensus head block. won't update if there is no `self.watch_consensus_head_sender`
-    pub(super) watch_consensus_connections_sender: watch::Sender<Arc<ConsensusConnections>>,
+    pub(super) watch_consensus_connections_sender: watch::Sender<Arc<ConsensusWeb3Rpcs>>,
    /// this head receiver makes it easy to wait until there is a new block
    pub(super) watch_consensus_head_receiver: Option<watch::Receiver<ArcBlock>>,
    pub(super) pending_transactions:
@ -54,13 +52,13 @@ pub struct Web3Connections {
    pub(super) min_sum_soft_limit: u32,
 }

-impl Web3Connections {
+impl Web3Rpcs {
    /// Spawn durable connections to multiple Web3 providers.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn spawn(
        chain_id: u64,
        db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>,
-        server_configs: HashMap<String, Web3ConnectionConfig>,
+        server_configs: HashMap<String, Web3RpcConfig>,
        http_client: Option<reqwest::Client>,
        redis_pool: Option<redis_rate_limiter::RedisPool>,
        block_map: BlockHashesCache,
@ -69,7 +67,6 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        min_head_rpcs: usize,
        pending_tx_sender: Option<broadcast::Sender<TxStatus>>,
        pending_transactions: Cache<TxHash, TxStatus, hashbrown::hash_map::DefaultHashBuilder>,
-        open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Arc<Self>, AnyhowJoinHandle<()>)> {
        let (pending_tx_id_sender, pending_tx_id_receiver) = flume::unbounded();
        let (block_sender, block_receiver) = flume::unbounded::<BlockAndRpc>();
@ -92,12 +89,10 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        };

        let http_interval_sender = if http_client.is_some() {
-            let (sender, receiver) = broadcast::channel(1);
-
-            drop(receiver);
+            let (sender, _) = broadcast::channel(1);

            // TODO: what interval? follow a websocket also? maybe by watching synced connections with a timeout. will need debounce
-            let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_millis(expected_block_time_ms));
+            let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_millis(expected_block_time_ms / 2));
            interval.set_missed_tick_behavior(MissedTickBehavior::Delay);

            let sender = Arc::new(sender);
@ -107,13 +102,14 @@ impl Web3Connections {

                async move {
                    loop {
-                        // TODO: every time a head_block arrives (with a small delay for known slow servers), or on the interval.
                        interval.tick().await;

-                        // // trace!("http interval ready");
+                        // trace!("http interval ready");

-                        // errors are okay. they mean that all receivers have been dropped
-                        let _ = sender.send(());
+                        if let Err(_) = sender.send(()) {
+                            // errors are okay. they mean that all receivers have been dropped, or the rpcs just haven't started yet
+                            trace!("no http receivers");
+                        };
                    }
                }
            };
@ -128,11 +124,11 @@ impl Web3Connections {

        // turn configs into connections (in parallel)
        // TODO: move this into a helper function. then we can use it when configs change (will need a remove function too)
-        // TODO: futures unordered?
-        let spawn_handles: Vec<_> = server_configs
+        let mut spawn_handles: FuturesUnordered<_> = server_configs
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|(server_name, server_config)| {
                if server_config.disabled {
+                    info!("{} is disabled", server_name);
                    return None;
                }

@ -149,7 +145,8 @@ impl Web3Connections {

                let pending_tx_id_sender = Some(pending_tx_id_sender.clone());
                let block_map = block_map.clone();
-                let open_request_handle_metrics = open_request_handle_metrics.clone();
+
+                debug!("spawning {}", server_name);

                let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
                    server_config
@ -163,7 +160,6 @@ impl Web3Connections {
                            block_map,
                            block_sender,
                            pending_tx_id_sender,
-                            open_request_handle_metrics,
                        )
                        .await
                });
@ -177,19 +173,20 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        let mut handles = vec![];

        // TODO: futures unordered?
-        for x in join_all(spawn_handles).await {
-            // TODO: how should we handle errors here? one rpc being down shouldn't cause the program to exit
+        while let Some(x) = spawn_handles.next().await {
            match x {
                Ok(Ok((connection, handle))) => {
+                    // web3 connection worked
                    connections.insert(connection.name.clone(), connection);
                    handles.push(handle);
                }
                Ok(Err(err)) => {
-                    // if we got an error here, it is not retryable
+                    // if we got an error here, the app can continue on
                    // TODO: include context about which connection failed
                    error!("Unable to create connection. err={:?}", err);
                }
                Err(err) => {
+                    // something actually bad happened. exit with an error
                    return Err(err.into());
                }
            }
@ -229,7 +226,6 @@ impl Web3Connections {
            let connections = connections.clone();

            tokio::spawn(async move {
-                // TODO: try_join_all with the other handles here
                connections
                    .subscribe(
                        authorization,
@ -245,13 +241,13 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        Ok((connections, handle))
    }

-    pub fn get(&self, conn_name: &str) -> Option<&Arc<Web3Connection>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, conn_name: &str) -> Option<&Arc<Web3Rpc>> {
        self.conns.get(conn_name)
    }

    /// subscribe to blocks and transactions from all the backend rpcs.
-    /// blocks are processed by all the `Web3Connection`s and then sent to the `block_receiver`
-    /// transaction ids from all the `Web3Connection`s are deduplicated and forwarded to `pending_tx_sender`
+    /// blocks are processed by all the `Web3Rpc`s and then sent to the `block_receiver`
+    /// transaction ids from all the `Web3Rpc`s are deduplicated and forwarded to `pending_tx_sender`
    async fn subscribe(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
@ -327,7 +323,6 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        }

        info!("subscriptions over: {:?}", self);
-
        Ok(())
    }

@ -415,7 +410,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        request_metadata: Option<&Arc<RequestMetadata>>,
-        skip: &[Arc<Web3Connection>],
+        skip: &[Arc<Web3Rpc>],
        min_block_needed: Option<&U64>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<OpenRequestResult> {
        if let Ok(without_backups) = self
@ -450,13 +445,10 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        allow_backups: bool,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        request_metadata: Option<&Arc<RequestMetadata>>,
-        skip: &[Arc<Web3Connection>],
+        skip: &[Arc<Web3Rpc>],
        min_block_needed: Option<&U64>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<OpenRequestResult> {
-        let usable_rpcs_by_head_num_and_weight: BTreeMap<
-            (Option<U64>, u64),
-            Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>,
-        > = {
+        let usable_rpcs_by_head_num_and_weight: BTreeMap<(Option<U64>, u64), Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>> = {
            let synced_connections = self.watch_consensus_connections_sender.borrow().clone();

            let head_block_num = if let Some(head_block) = synced_connections.head_block.as_ref() {
@ -647,12 +639,15 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
        block_needed: Option<&U64>,
        max_count: Option<usize>,
+        always_include_backups: bool,
    ) -> Result<Vec<OpenRequestHandle>, Option<Instant>> {
-        if let Ok(without_backups) = self
-            ._all_connections(false, authorization, block_needed, max_count)
-            .await
-        {
-            return Ok(without_backups);
+        if !always_include_backups {
+            if let Ok(without_backups) = self
+                ._all_connections(false, authorization, block_needed, max_count)
+                .await
+            {
+                return Ok(without_backups);
+            }
        }

        self._all_connections(true, authorization, block_needed, max_count)
@ -678,17 +673,21 @@ impl Web3Connections {

        let mut tried = HashSet::new();

-        let conns_to_try = itertools::chain(
-            // TODO: sort by tier
-            self.watch_consensus_connections_sender
-                .borrow()
-                .conns
-                .clone(),
-            // TODO: sort by tier
-            self.conns.values().cloned(),
-        );
+        let mut synced_conns = self
+            .watch_consensus_connections_sender
+            .borrow()
+            .conns
+            .clone();

-        for connection in conns_to_try {
+        // synced connections are all on the same block. sort them by tier with higher soft limits first
+        synced_conns.sort_by_cached_key(|x| (x.tier, u32::MAX - x.soft_limit));
+
+        // if there aren't enough synced connections, include more connections
+        let mut all_conns: Vec<_> = self.conns.values().cloned().collect();
+
+        sort_connections_by_sync_status(&mut all_conns);
+
+        for connection in itertools::chain(synced_conns, all_conns) {
            if max_count == 0 {
                break;
            }
@ -760,13 +759,8 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        loop {
            let num_skipped = skip_rpcs.len();

-            if num_skipped > 0 {
-                // trace!("skip_rpcs: {:?}", skip_rpcs);
-
-                // TODO: is self.conns still right now that we split main and backup servers?
-                if num_skipped == self.conns.len() {
-                    break;
-                }
+            if num_skipped == self.conns.len() {
+                break;
            }

            match self
@ -1017,10 +1011,16 @@ impl Web3Connections {
        block_needed: Option<&U64>,
        error_level: Level,
        max_count: Option<usize>,
+        always_include_backups: bool,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<JsonRpcForwardedResponse> {
        loop {
            match self
-                .all_connections(authorization, block_needed, max_count)
+                .all_connections(
+                    authorization,
+                    block_needed,
+                    max_count,
+                    always_include_backups,
+                )
                .await
            {
                Ok(active_request_handles) => {
@ -1117,23 +1117,23 @@ impl Web3Connections {
    }
 }

-impl fmt::Debug for Web3Connections {
+impl fmt::Debug for Web3Rpcs {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        // TODO: the default formatter takes forever to write. this is too quiet though
-        f.debug_struct("Web3Connections")
+        f.debug_struct("Web3Rpcs")
            .field("conns", &self.conns)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }

-impl Serialize for Web3Connections {
+impl Serialize for Web3Rpcs {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
-        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("Web3Connections", 6)?;
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("Web3Rpcs", 6)?;

-        let conns: Vec<&Web3Connection> = self.conns.values().map(|x| x.as_ref()).collect();
+        let conns: Vec<&Web3Rpc> = self.conns.values().map(|x| x.as_ref()).collect();
        state.serialize_field("conns", &conns)?;

        {
@ -1152,13 +1152,29 @@ impl Serialize for Web3Connections {
    }
 }

+/// sort by block number (descending) and tier (ascending)
+fn sort_connections_by_sync_status(rpcs: &mut Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>) {
+    rpcs.sort_by_cached_key(|x| {
+        let reversed_head_block = u64::MAX
+            - x.head_block
+                .read()
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|x| x.number().as_u64())
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        let tier = x.tier;
+
+        (reversed_head_block, tier)
+    });
+}
+
 mod tests {
    // TODO: why is this allow needed? does tokio::test get in the way somehow?
    #![allow(unused_imports)]
    use super::*;
    use crate::rpcs::{
        blockchain::{ConsensusFinder, SavedBlock},
-        connection::ProviderState,
+        one::ProviderState,
        provider::Web3Provider,
    };
    use ethers::types::{Block, U256};
@ -1167,6 +1183,80 @@ mod tests {
    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
    use tokio::sync::RwLock as AsyncRwLock;

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sort_connections_by_sync_status() {
+        let block_0 = Block {
+            number: Some(0.into()),
+            hash: Some(H256::random()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let block_1 = Block {
+            number: Some(1.into()),
+            hash: Some(H256::random()),
+            parent_hash: block_0.hash.unwrap(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let block_2 = Block {
+            number: Some(2.into()),
+            hash: Some(H256::random()),
+            parent_hash: block_1.hash.unwrap(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let blocks: Vec<_> = [block_0, block_1, block_2]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|x| SavedBlock::new(Arc::new(x)))
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut rpcs = [
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "a".to_string(),
+                tier: 0,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(None),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "b".to_string(),
+                tier: 0,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(blocks.get(1).cloned()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "c".to_string(),
+                tier: 0,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(blocks.get(2).cloned()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "d".to_string(),
+                tier: 1,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(None),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "e".to_string(),
+                tier: 1,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(blocks.get(1).cloned()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            Web3Rpc {
+                name: "f".to_string(),
+                tier: 1,
+                head_block: RwLock::new(blocks.get(2).cloned()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(Arc::new)
+        .collect();
+
+        sort_connections_by_sync_status(&mut rpcs);
+
+        let names_in_sort_order: Vec<_> = rpcs.iter().map(|x| x.name.as_str()).collect();
+
+        assert_eq!(names_in_sort_order, ["c", "f", "b", "e", "a", "d"]);
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_server_selection_by_height() {
        // TODO: do this better. can test_env_logger and tokio test be stacked?
@ -1206,50 +1296,32 @@ mod tests {

        let block_data_limit = u64::MAX;

-        let head_rpc = Web3Connection {
+        let head_rpc = Web3Rpc {
            name: "synced".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
-            url: "ws://example.com/synced".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::Connected(Arc::new(
                Web3Provider::Mock,
            ))),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 1_000,
-            automatic_block_limit: true,
+            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: block_data_limit.into(),
            tier: 0,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

-        let lagged_rpc = Web3Connection {
+        let lagged_rpc = Web3Rpc {
            name: "lagged".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
-            url: "ws://example.com/lagged".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::Connected(Arc::new(
                Web3Provider::Mock,
            ))),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 1_000,
            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: block_data_limit.into(),
            tier: 0,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(lagged_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        assert!(head_rpc.has_block_data(&lagged_block.number()));
@ -1268,8 +1340,8 @@ mod tests {

        let (watch_consensus_connections_sender, _) = watch::channel(Default::default());

-        // TODO: make a Web3Connections::new
-        let conns = Web3Connections {
+        // TODO: make a Web3Rpcs::new
+        let conns = Web3Rpcs {
            conns,
            watch_consensus_head_receiver: None,
            watch_consensus_connections_sender,
@ -1319,10 +1391,10 @@ mod tests {
        // no head block because the rpcs haven't communicated through their channels
        assert!(conns.head_block_hash().is_none());

-        // all_backend_connections gives everything regardless of sync status
+        // all_backend_connections gives all non-backup servers regardless of sync status
        assert_eq!(
            conns
-                .all_connections(&authorization, None, None)
+                .all_connections(&authorization, None, None, false)
                .await
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
@ -1439,50 +1511,32 @@ mod tests {

        let head_block: SavedBlock = Arc::new(head_block).into();

-        let pruned_rpc = Web3Connection {
+        let pruned_rpc = Web3Rpc {
            name: "pruned".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
-            url: "ws://example.com/pruned".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::Connected(Arc::new(
                Web3Provider::Mock,
            ))),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 3_000,
            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: 64.into(),
            tier: 1,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

-        let archive_rpc = Web3Connection {
+        let archive_rpc = Web3Rpc {
            name: "archive".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
-            url: "ws://example.com/archive".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::Connected(Arc::new(
                Web3Provider::Mock,
            ))),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 1_000,
            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: u64::MAX.into(),
            tier: 2,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(Default::default()),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        assert!(pruned_rpc.has_block_data(&head_block.number()));
@ -1500,8 +1554,8 @@ mod tests {

        let (watch_consensus_connections_sender, _) = watch::channel(Default::default());

-        // TODO: make a Web3Connections::new
-        let conns = Web3Connections {
+        // TODO: make a Web3Rpcs::new
+        let conns = Web3Rpcs {
            conns,
            watch_consensus_head_receiver: None,
            watch_consensus_connections_sender,
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/mod.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/mod.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // TODO: all pub, or export useful things here instead?
 pub mod blockchain;
-pub mod connection;
-pub mod connections;
+pub mod many;
+pub mod one;
 pub mod provider;
 pub mod request;
 pub mod synced_connections;
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/connection.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/connection.rs
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ///! Rate-limited communication with a web3 provider.
 use super::blockchain::{ArcBlock, BlockHashesCache, SavedBlock};
 use super::provider::Web3Provider;
-use super::request::{OpenRequestHandle, OpenRequestHandleMetrics, OpenRequestResult};
+use super::request::{OpenRequestHandle, OpenRequestResult};
 use crate::app::{flatten_handle, AnyhowJoinHandle};
 use crate::config::BlockAndRpc;
 use crate::frontend::authorization::Authorization;
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use ethers::prelude::{Bytes, Middleware, ProviderError, TxHash, H256, U64};
 use ethers::types::U256;
 use futures::future::try_join_all;
 use futures::StreamExt;
+use hdrhistogram::Histogram;
 use log::{debug, error, info, trace, warn, Level};
 use migration::sea_orm::DatabaseConnection;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ use std::{cmp::Ordering, sync::Arc};
 use thread_fast_rng::rand::Rng;
 use thread_fast_rng::thread_fast_rng;
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, oneshot, watch, RwLock as AsyncRwLock};
-use tokio::time::{interval, sleep, sleep_until, timeout, Duration, Instant, MissedTickBehavior};
+use tokio::time::{sleep, sleep_until, timeout, Duration, Instant};

 // TODO: maybe provider state should have the block data limit in it. but it is inside an async lock and we can't Serialize then
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@ -35,6 +36,12 @@ pub enum ProviderState {
    Connected(Arc<Web3Provider>),
 }

+impl Default for ProviderState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::None
+    }
+}
+
 impl ProviderState {
    pub async fn provider(&self, allow_not_ready: bool) -> Option<&Arc<Web3Provider>> {
        match self {
@ -58,8 +65,31 @@ impl ProviderState {
    }
 }

+pub struct Web3RpcLatencies {
+    /// Traack how far behind the fastest node we are
+    new_head: Histogram<u64>,
+    /// exponentially weighted moving average of how far behind the fastest node we are
+    new_head_ewma: u32,
+    /// Track how long an rpc call takes on average
+    request: Histogram<u64>,
+    /// exponentially weighted moving average of how far behind the fastest node we are
+    request_ewma: u32,
+}
+
+impl Default for Web3RpcLatencies {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            new_head: Histogram::new(3).unwrap(),
+            new_head_ewma: 0,
+            request: Histogram::new(3).unwrap(),
+            request_ewma: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// An active connection to a Web3 RPC server like geth or erigon.
-pub struct Web3Connection {
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Web3Rpc {
    pub name: String,
    pub display_name: Option<String>,
    pub db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>,
@ -91,12 +121,13 @@ pub struct Web3Connection {
    pub(super) block_data_limit: AtomicU64,
    /// Lower tiers are higher priority when sending requests
    pub(super) tier: u64,
-    /// TODO: should this be an AsyncRwLock?
+    /// TODO: change this to a watch channel so that http providers can subscribe and take action on change
    pub(super) head_block: RwLock<Option<SavedBlock>>,
-    pub(super) open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
+    /// Track how fast this RPC is
+    pub(super) latency: Web3RpcLatencies,
 }

-impl Web3Connection {
+impl Web3Rpc {
    /// Connect to a web3 rpc
    // TODO: have this take a builder (which will have channels attached). or maybe just take the config and give the config public fields
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@ -120,8 +151,7 @@ impl Web3Connection {
        tx_id_sender: Option<flume::Sender<(TxHash, Arc<Self>)>>,
        reconnect: bool,
        tier: u64,
-        open_request_handle_metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Arc<Web3Connection>, AnyhowJoinHandle<()>)> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(Arc<Web3Rpc>, AnyhowJoinHandle<()>)> {
        let hard_limit = hard_limit.map(|(hard_rate_limit, redis_pool)| {
            // TODO: is cache size 1 okay? i think we need
            RedisRateLimiter::new(
@ -154,19 +184,14 @@ impl Web3Connection {
            display_name,
            http_client,
            url: url_str,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
-            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::None),
            hard_limit,
            hard_limit_until,
            soft_limit,
            automatic_block_limit,
            backup,
            block_data_limit,
-            head_block: RwLock::new(Default::default()),
            tier,
-            open_request_handle_metrics,
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        let new_connection = Arc::new(new_connection);
@ -506,7 +531,7 @@ impl Web3Connection {
                        // we previously sent a None. return early
                        return Ok(());
                    }
-                    warn!("{} is not synced!", self);
+                    warn!("clearing head block on {}!", self);

                    *head_block = None;
                }
@ -885,34 +910,14 @@ impl Web3Connection {
            .clone()
        {
            trace!("watching pending transactions on {}", self);
+            // TODO: does this keep the lock open for too long?
            match provider.as_ref() {
                Web3Provider::Mock => unimplemented!(),
                Web3Provider::Http(provider) => {
                    // there is a "watch_pending_transactions" function, but a lot of public nodes do not support the necessary rpc endpoints
-                    // TODO: what should this interval be? probably automatically set to some fraction of block time
-                    // TODO: maybe it would be better to have one interval for all of the http providers, but this works for now
-                    // TODO: if there are some websocket providers, maybe have a longer interval and a channel that tells the https to update when a websocket gets a new head? if they are slow this wouldn't work well though
-                    let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_secs(60));
-                    interval.set_missed_tick_behavior(MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
-
-                    loop {
-                        // TODO: actually do something here
-                        /*
-                        match self.try_request_handle().await {
-                            Ok(active_request_handle) => {
-                                // TODO: check the filter
-                                todo!("actually send a request");
-                            }
-                            Err(e) => {
-                                warn!("Failed getting latest block from {}: {:?}", self, e);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        */
-
-                        // wait for the interval
-                        // TODO: if error or rate limit, increase interval?
-                        interval.tick().await;
-                    }
+                    // TODO: maybe subscribe to self.head_block?
+                    // TODO: this keeps a read lock guard open on provider_state forever. is that okay for an http client?
+                    futures::future::pending::<()>().await;
                }
                Web3Provider::Ws(provider) => {
                    // TODO: maybe the subscribe_pending_txs function should be on the active_request_handle
@ -1084,46 +1089,48 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Web3Provider {
    }
 }

-impl Hash for Web3Connection {
+impl Hash for Web3Rpc {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        // TODO: is this enough?
        self.name.hash(state);
    }
 }

-impl Eq for Web3Connection {}
+impl Eq for Web3Rpc {}

-impl Ord for Web3Connection {
+impl Ord for Web3Rpc {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
        self.name.cmp(&other.name)
    }
 }

-impl PartialOrd for Web3Connection {
+impl PartialOrd for Web3Rpc {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
 }

-impl PartialEq for Web3Connection {
+impl PartialEq for Web3Rpc {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.name == other.name
    }
 }

-impl Serialize for Web3Connection {
+impl Serialize for Web3Rpc {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        // 3 is the number of fields in the struct.
-        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("Web3Connection", 8)?;
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("Web3Rpc", 9)?;

        // the url is excluded because it likely includes private information. just show the name that we use in keys
        state.serialize_field("name", &self.name)?;
        // a longer name for display to users
        state.serialize_field("display_name", &self.display_name)?;

+        state.serialize_field("backup", &self.backup)?;
+
        match self.block_data_limit.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) {
            u64::MAX => {
                state.serialize_field("block_data_limit", &None::<()>)?;
@ -1157,9 +1164,9 @@ impl Serialize for Web3Connection {
    }
 }

-impl fmt::Debug for Web3Connection {
+impl fmt::Debug for Web3Rpc {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let mut f = f.debug_struct("Web3Connection");
+        let mut f = f.debug_struct("Web3Rpc");

        f.field("name", &self.name);

@ -1174,7 +1181,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Web3Connection {
    }
 }

-impl fmt::Display for Web3Connection {
+impl fmt::Display for Web3Rpc {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        // TODO: filter basic auth and api keys
        write!(f, "{}", &self.name)
@ -1207,27 +1214,16 @@ mod tests {
        let head_block = SavedBlock::new(random_block);
        let block_data_limit = u64::MAX;

-        let metrics = OpenRequestHandleMetrics::default();
-
-        let x = Web3Connection {
+        let x = Web3Rpc {
            name: "name".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
            url: "ws://example.com".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
-            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::None),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 1_000,
            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: block_data_limit.into(),
            tier: 0,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(metrics),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        assert!(x.has_block_data(&0.into()));
@ -1255,28 +1251,16 @@ mod tests {

        let block_data_limit = 64;

-        let metrics = OpenRequestHandleMetrics::default();
-
        // TODO: this is getting long. have a `impl Default`
-        let x = Web3Connection {
+        let x = Web3Rpc {
            name: "name".to_string(),
-            db_conn: None,
-            display_name: None,
-            url: "ws://example.com".to_string(),
-            http_client: None,
-            active_requests: 0.into(),
-            frontend_requests: 0.into(),
-            internal_requests: 0.into(),
-            provider_state: AsyncRwLock::new(ProviderState::None),
-            hard_limit: None,
-            hard_limit_until: None,
            soft_limit: 1_000,
            automatic_block_limit: false,
            backup: false,
            block_data_limit: block_data_limit.into(),
            tier: 0,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(metrics),
+            ..Default::default()
        };

        assert!(!x.has_block_data(&0.into()));
@ -1313,7 +1297,7 @@ mod tests {

        let metrics = OpenRequestHandleMetrics::default();

-        let x = Web3Connection {
+        let x = Web3Rpc {
            name: "name".to_string(),
            db_conn: None,
            display_name: None,
@ -1330,7 +1314,6 @@ mod tests {
            block_data_limit: block_data_limit.into(),
            tier: 0,
            head_block: RwLock::new(Some(head_block.clone())),
-            open_request_handle_metrics: Arc::new(metrics),
        };

        assert!(!x.has_block_data(&0.into()));
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/request.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/request.rs
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use super::connection::Web3Connection;
+use super::one::Web3Rpc;
 use super::provider::Web3Provider;
 use crate::frontend::authorization::{Authorization, AuthorizationType};
-use crate::metered::{JsonRpcErrorCount, ProviderErrorCount};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use chrono::Utc;
 use entities::revert_log;
@ -9,14 +8,10 @@ use entities::sea_orm_active_enums::Method;
 use ethers::providers::{HttpClientError, ProviderError, WsClientError};
 use ethers::types::{Address, Bytes};
 use log::{debug, error, trace, warn, Level};
-use metered::metered;
-use metered::HitCount;
-use metered::ResponseTime;
-use metered::Throughput;
 use migration::sea_orm::{self, ActiveEnum, ActiveModelTrait};
 use serde_json::json;
 use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::atomic::{self, AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use thread_fast_rng::rand::Rng;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration, Instant};
@ -35,11 +30,8 @@ pub enum OpenRequestResult {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct OpenRequestHandle {
    authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
-    conn: Arc<Web3Connection>,
-    // TODO: this is the same metrics on the conn. use a reference?
-    metrics: Arc<OpenRequestHandleMetrics>,
+    conn: Arc<Web3Rpc>,
    provider: Arc<Web3Provider>,
-    used: AtomicBool,
 }

 /// Depending on the context, RPC errors can require different handling.
@ -129,14 +121,11 @@ impl Authorization {
    }
 }

-#[metered(registry = OpenRequestHandleMetrics, visibility = pub)]
 impl OpenRequestHandle {
-    pub async fn new(authorization: Arc<Authorization>, conn: Arc<Web3Connection>) -> Self {
+    pub async fn new(authorization: Arc<Authorization>, conn: Arc<Web3Rpc>) -> Self {
        // TODO: take request_id as an argument?
        // TODO: attach a unique id to this? customer requests have one, but not internal queries
        // TODO: what ordering?!
-        // TODO: should we be using metered, or not? i think not because we want stats for each handle
-        // TODO: these should maybe be sent to an influxdb instance?
        conn.active_requests.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);

        let mut provider = None;
@ -184,15 +173,10 @@ impl OpenRequestHandle {
            }
        }

-        let metrics = conn.open_request_handle_metrics.clone();
-        let used = false.into();
-
        Self {
            authorization,
            conn,
-            metrics,
            provider,
-            used,
        }
    }

@ -201,17 +185,14 @@ impl OpenRequestHandle {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn clone_connection(&self) -> Arc<Web3Connection> {
+    pub fn clone_connection(&self) -> Arc<Web3Rpc> {
        self.conn.clone()
    }

    /// Send a web3 request
    /// By having the request method here, we ensure that the rate limiter was called and connection counts were properly incremented
-    /// TODO: we no longer take self because metered doesn't like that
-    /// TODO: ErrorCount includes too many types of errors, such as transaction reverts
-    #[measure([JsonRpcErrorCount, HitCount, ProviderErrorCount, ResponseTime, Throughput])]
    pub async fn request<P, R>(
-        &self,
+        self,
        method: &str,
        params: &P,
        revert_handler: RequestRevertHandler,
@ -221,20 +202,11 @@ impl OpenRequestHandle {
        P: Clone + fmt::Debug + serde::Serialize + Send + Sync + 'static,
        R: serde::Serialize + serde::de::DeserializeOwned + fmt::Debug,
    {
-        // ensure this function only runs once
-        if self.used.swap(true, Ordering::Release) {
-            unimplemented!("a request handle should only be used once");
-        }
-
        // TODO: use tracing spans
-        // TODO: requests from customers have request ids, but we should add
-        // TODO: including params in this is way too verbose
-        // the authorization field is already on a parent span
+        // TODO: including params in this log is way too verbose
        // trace!(rpc=%self.conn, %method, "request");

-        // trace!("got provider for {:?}", self);
-
-        // TODO: really sucks that we have to clone here
+        // TODO: replace ethers-rs providers with our own that supports streaming the responses
        let response = match &*self.provider {
            Web3Provider::Mock => unimplemented!(),
            Web3Provider::Http(provider) => provider.request(method, params).await,
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/synced_connections.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/synced_connections.rs
@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 use super::blockchain::{ArcBlock, SavedBlock};
-use super::connection::Web3Connection;
-use super::connections::Web3Connections;
+use super::many::Web3Rpcs;
+use super::one::Web3Rpc;
 use ethers::prelude::{H256, U64};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-/// A collection of Web3Connections that are on the same block.
+/// A collection of Web3Rpcs that are on the same block.
 /// Serialize is so we can print it on our debug endpoint
 #[derive(Clone, Default, Serialize)]
-pub struct ConsensusConnections {
+pub struct ConsensusWeb3Rpcs {
    // TODO: store ArcBlock instead?
    pub(super) head_block: Option<SavedBlock>,
    // TODO: this should be able to serialize, but it isn't
    #[serde(skip_serializing)]
-    pub(super) conns: Vec<Arc<Web3Connection>>,
+    pub(super) conns: Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>>,
    pub(super) num_checked_conns: usize,
    pub(super) includes_backups: bool,
 }

-impl ConsensusConnections {
+impl ConsensusWeb3Rpcs {
    pub fn num_conns(&self) -> usize {
        self.conns.len()
    }
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl ConsensusConnections {
    // TODO: sum_hard_limit?
 }

-impl fmt::Debug for ConsensusConnections {
+impl fmt::Debug for ConsensusWeb3Rpcs {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        // TODO: the default formatter takes forever to write. this is too quiet though
        // TODO: print the actual conns?
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ConsensusConnections {
    }
 }

-impl Web3Connections {
+impl Web3Rpcs {
    pub fn head_block(&self) -> Option<ArcBlock> {
        self.watch_consensus_head_receiver
            .as_ref()
--- a/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/transactions.rs
+++ b/web3_proxy/src/rpcs/transactions.rs
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::frontend::authorization::Authorization;

+use super::many::Web3Rpcs;
 ///! Load balanced communication with a group of web3 providers
-use super::connection::Web3Connection;
-use super::connections::Web3Connections;
+use super::one::Web3Rpc;
 use super::request::OpenRequestResult;
 use ethers::prelude::{ProviderError, Transaction, TxHash};
 use log::{debug, trace, Level};
@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ pub enum TxStatus {
    Orphaned(Transaction),
 }

-impl Web3Connections {
+impl Web3Rpcs {
    async fn query_transaction_status(
        &self,
        authorization: &Arc<Authorization>,
-        rpc: Arc<Web3Connection>,
+        rpc: Arc<Web3Rpc>,
        pending_tx_id: TxHash,
    ) -> Result<Option<TxStatus>, ProviderError> {
        // TODO: there is a race here on geth. sometimes the rpc isn't yet ready to serve the transaction (even though they told us about it!)
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Web3Connections {
    pub(super) async fn process_incoming_tx_id(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
-        rpc: Arc<Web3Connection>,
+        rpc: Arc<Web3Rpc>,
        pending_tx_id: TxHash,
        pending_tx_sender: broadcast::Sender<TxStatus>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {