Release 0.6.1.

README
Upgrading guide from other noble libraries
2023-01-29 05:14:10 +01:00 · 2023-01-29 05:12:58 +01:00 · 2023-01-29 05:10:58 +01:00 · 2023-01-29 04:46:38 +01:00 · 2023-01-28 03:19:46 +01:00 · 2023-01-27 23:45:55 +01:00
24 changed files with 538 additions and 817 deletions
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ Minimal, auditable JS implementation of elliptic curve cryptography.
 - [hash to curve](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve/)
  for encoding or hashing an arbitrary string to a point on an elliptic curve
 - [Poseidon](https://www.poseidon-hash.info) ZK-friendly hash
- Auditable
 - 🏎 [Ultra-fast](#speed), hand-optimized for caveats of JS engines
 - 🔍 Unique tests ensure correctness. Wycheproof vectors included
 - 🔻 Tree-shaking-friendly: there is no entry point, which ensures small size of your app

-There are two parts of the package:
+Package consists of two parts:

 1. `abstract/` directory specifies zero-dependency EC algorithms
 2. root directory utilizes one dependency `@noble/hashes` and provides ready-to-use:
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@ Curves incorporate work from previous noble packages
 [ed25519](https://github.com/paulmillr/noble-ed25519),
 [bls12-381](https://github.com/paulmillr/noble-bls12-381)),
 which had security audits and were developed from 2019 to 2022.
+Check out [Upgrading](#upgrading) section if you've used them before.

 ### This library belongs to _noble_ crypto

@@ -445,63 +445,93 @@ We consider infrastructure attacks like rogue NPM modules very important; that's
 Benchmark results on Apple M2 with node v18.10:

 ```
-getPublicKey
-  secp256k1 x 5,241 ops/sec @ 190μs/op
-  P256 x 7,993 ops/sec @ 125μs/op
-  P384 x 3,819 ops/sec @ 261μs/op
-  P521 x 2,074 ops/sec @ 481μs/op
-  ed25519 x 8,390 ops/sec @ 119μs/op
-  ed448 x 3,224 ops/sec @ 310μs/op
-sign
-  secp256k1 x 3,934 ops/sec @ 254μs/op
-  P256 x 5,327 ops/sec @ 187μs/op
-  P384 x 2,728 ops/sec @ 366μs/op
-  P521 x 1,594 ops/sec @ 626μs/op
-  ed25519 x 4,233 ops/sec @ 236μs/op
-  ed448 x 1,561 ops/sec @ 640μs/op
-verify
-  secp256k1 x 731 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
-  P256 x 806 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
-  P384 x 353 ops/sec @ 2ms/op
-  P521 x 171 ops/sec @ 5ms/op
-  ed25519 x 860 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
-  ed448 x 313 ops/sec @ 3ms/op
-getSharedSecret
-  secp256k1 x 445 ops/sec @ 2ms/op
-recoverPublicKey
-  secp256k1 x 732 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
-==== bls12-381 ====
-getPublicKey x 817 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
-sign x 50 ops/sec @ 19ms/op
-verify x 34 ops/sec @ 28ms/op
-pairing x 89 ops/sec @ 11ms/op
-==== stark ====
+secp256k1
+init x 57 ops/sec @ 17ms/op
+getPublicKey x 4,946 ops/sec @ 202μs/op
+sign x 3,914 ops/sec @ 255μs/op
+verify x 682 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+getSharedSecret x 427 ops/sec @ 2ms/op
+recoverPublicKey x 683 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+schnorr.sign x 539 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+schnorr.verify x 716 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+
+P256
+init x 30 ops/sec @ 32ms/op
+getPublicKey x 5,008 ops/sec @ 199μs/op
+sign x 3,970 ops/sec @ 251μs/op
+verify x 515 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+
+P384
+init x 14 ops/sec @ 66ms/op
+getPublicKey x 2,434 ops/sec @ 410μs/op
+sign x 1,942 ops/sec @ 514μs/op
+verify x 206 ops/sec @ 4ms/op
+
+P521
+init x 7 ops/sec @ 126ms/op
+getPublicKey x 1,282 ops/sec @ 779μs/op
+sign x 1,077 ops/sec @ 928μs/op
+verify x 110 ops/sec @ 9ms/op
+
+ed25519
+init x 37 ops/sec @ 26ms/op
+getPublicKey x 8,147 ops/sec @ 122μs/op
+sign x 3,979 ops/sec @ 251μs/op
+verify x 848 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+
+ed448
+init x 17 ops/sec @ 58ms/op
+getPublicKey x 3,083 ops/sec @ 324μs/op
+sign x 1,473 ops/sec @ 678μs/op
+verify x 323 ops/sec @ 3ms/op
+
+bls12-381
+init x 30 ops/sec @ 33ms/op
+getPublicKey x 788 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+sign x 45 ops/sec @ 21ms/op
+verify x 32 ops/sec @ 30ms/op
+pairing x 88 ops/sec @ 11ms/op
+
+stark
+init x 31 ops/sec @ 31ms/op
 pedersen
-  old x 85 ops/sec @ 11ms/op
-  noble x 1,216 ops/sec @ 822μs/op
+├─old x 84 ops/sec @ 11ms/op
+└─noble x 802 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+poseidon x 7,466 ops/sec @ 133μs/op
 verify
-  old x 302 ops/sec @ 3ms/op
-  noble x 698 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
+├─old x 300 ops/sec @ 3ms/op
+└─noble x 474 ops/sec @ 2ms/op
 ```

 ## Upgrading

-Differences from @noble/secp256k1 1.7:
+If you're coming from single-curve noble packages, the following changes need to be kept in mind:

-1. Different double() formula (but same addition)
-2. Different sqrt() function
-3. DRBG supports outputLen bigger than outputLen of hmac
-4. Support for different hash functions
+- 2d affine (x, y) points have been removed to reduce complexity and improve speed
+- Removed `number` support as a type for private keys. `bigint` is still supported
+- `mod`, `invert` are no longer present in `utils`. Use `@noble/curves/abstract/modular.js` now.

-Differences from @noble/ed25519 1.7:
+Upgrading from @noble/secp256k1 1.7:

-1. Variable field element lengths between EDDSA/ECDH:
-  EDDSA (RFC8032) is 456 bits / 57 bytes, ECDH (RFC7748) is 448 bits / 56 bytes
-2. Different addition formula (doubling is same)
-3. uvRatio differs between curves (half-expected, not only pow fn changes)
-4. Point decompression code is different (unexpected), now using generalized formula
-5. Domain function was no-op for ed25519, but adds some data even with empty context for ed448
+- Compressed (33-byte) public keys are now returned by default, instead of uncompressed
+- Methods are now synchronous. Setting `secp.utils.hmacSha256` is no longer required
+- `sign()`
+    - `der`, `recovered` options were removed
+    - `canonical` was renamed to `lowS`
+    - Return type is now `{ r: bigint, s: bigint, recovery: number }` instance of `Signature`
+- `verify()`
+    - `strict` was renamed to `lowS`
+- `recoverPublicKey()`: moved to sig instance `Signature#recoverPublicKey(msgHash)`
+- `Point` was removed: use `ProjectivePoint` in xyz coordinates
+- `utils`: Many methods were removed, others were moved to `schnorr` namespace

+Upgrading from @noble/ed25519 1.7:
+
+- Methods are now synchronous. Setting `secp.utils.hmacSha256` is no longer required
+- ed25519ph, ed25519ctx
+- `Point` was removed: use `ExtendedPoint` in xyzt coordinates
+- `Signature` was removed
+- `getSharedSecret` was removed: use separate x25519 sub-module

 ## Contributing & testing

--- a/benchmark/_shared.js
+++ b/benchmark/_shared.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+export function generateData(curve) {
+  const priv = curve.utils.randomPrivateKey();
+  const pub = curve.getPublicKey(priv);
+  const msg = curve.utils.randomPrivateKey();
+  const sig = curve.sign(msg, priv);
+  return { priv, pub, msg, sig };
+}
--- a/benchmark/bls.js
+++ b/benchmark/bls.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
+import { mark, run } from 'micro-bmark';
+import { bls12_381 as bls } from '../lib/bls12-381.js';
+
+const G2_VECTORS = readFileSync('../test/bls12-381/bls12-381-g2-test-vectors.txt', 'utf-8')
+  .trim()
+  .split('\n')
+  .map((l) => l.split(':'));
+
+run(async () => {
+  console.log(`\x1b[36mbls12-381\x1b[0m`);
+  let p1, p2, sig;
+  await mark('init', 1, () => {
+    p1 =
+      bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.BASE.multiply(
+        0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4cn
+      );
+    p2 =
+      bls.G2.ProjectivePoint.BASE.multiply(
+        0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4dn
+      );
+    bls.pairing(p1, p2);
+  });
+  const priv = '28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4c';
+  sig = bls.sign('09', priv);
+  const pubs = G2_VECTORS.map((v) => bls.getPublicKey(v[0]));
+  const sigs = G2_VECTORS.map((v) => v[2]);
+  const pub = bls.getPublicKey(priv);
+  const pub512 = pubs.slice(0, 512); // .map(bls.PointG1.fromHex)
+  const pub32 = pub512.slice(0, 32);
+  const pub128 = pub512.slice(0, 128);
+  const pub2048 = pub512.concat(pub512, pub512, pub512);
+  const sig512 = sigs.slice(0, 512); // .map(bls.PointG2.fromSignature);
+  const sig32 = sig512.slice(0, 32);
+  const sig128 = sig512.slice(0, 128);
+  const sig2048 = sig512.concat(sig512, sig512, sig512);
+  await mark('getPublicKey 1-bit', 1000, () => bls.getPublicKey('2'.padStart(64, '0')));
+  await mark('getPublicKey', 1000, () => bls.getPublicKey(priv));
+  await mark('sign', 50, () => bls.sign('09', priv));
+  await mark('verify', 50, () => bls.verify(sig, '09', pub));
+  await mark('pairing', 100, () => bls.pairing(p1, p2));
+  await mark('aggregatePublicKeys/8', 100, () => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pubs.slice(0, 8)));
+  await mark('aggregatePublicKeys/32', 50, () => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub32));
+  await mark('aggregatePublicKeys/128', 20, () => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub128));
+  await mark('aggregatePublicKeys/512', 10, () => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub512));
+  await mark('aggregatePublicKeys/2048', 5, () => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub2048));
+  await mark('aggregateSignatures/8', 100, () => bls.aggregateSignatures(sigs.slice(0, 8)));
+  await mark('aggregateSignatures/32', 50, () => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig32));
+  await mark('aggregateSignatures/128', 20, () => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig128));
+  await mark('aggregateSignatures/512', 10, () => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig512));
+  await mark('aggregateSignatures/2048', 5, () => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig2048));
+});
--- a/benchmark/curves.js
+++ b/benchmark/curves.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { run, mark, utils } from 'micro-bmark';
+import { generateData } from './_shared.js';
+import { P256 } from '../lib/p256.js';
+import { P384 } from '../lib/p384.js';
+import { P521 } from '../lib/p521.js';
+import { ed25519 } from '../lib/ed25519.js';
+import { ed448 } from '../lib/ed448.js';
+
+run(async () => {
+  const RAM = false
+  for (let kv of Object.entries({ P256, P384, P521, ed25519, ed448 })) {
+    const [name, curve] = kv;
+    console.log();
+    console.log(`\x1b[36m${name}\x1b[0m`);
+    if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+    await mark('init', 1, () => curve.utils.precompute(8));
+    const d = generateData(curve);
+    await mark('getPublicKey', 5000, () => curve.getPublicKey(d.priv));
+    await mark('sign', 5000, () => curve.sign(d.msg, d.priv));
+    await mark('verify', 500, () => curve.verify(d.sig, d.msg, d.pub));
+    if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+  }
+});
--- a/benchmark/index.js
+++ b/benchmark/index.js
@@ -1,424 +0,0 @@
-import * as bench from 'micro-bmark';
-const { run, mark } = bench; // or bench.mark
-import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
-
-// Curves
-import { secp256k1 } from '../lib/secp256k1.js';
-import { P256 } from '../lib/p256.js';
-import { P384 } from '../lib/p384.js';
-import { P521 } from '../lib/p521.js';
-import { ed25519 } from '../lib/ed25519.js';
-import { ed448 } from '../lib/ed448.js';
-import { bls12_381 as bls } from '../lib/bls12-381.js';
-
-// Others
-import { hmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac';
-import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
-import { sha512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha512';
-
-import * as old_secp from '@noble/secp256k1';
-import * as old_bls from '@noble/bls12-381';
-import { concatBytes, hexToBytes } from '@noble/hashes/utils';
-
-import * as starkwareCrypto from '@starkware-industries/starkware-crypto-utils';
-import * as stark from '../lib/stark.js';
-
-old_secp.utils.sha256Sync = (...msgs) =>
-  sha256
-    .create()
-    .update(concatBytes(...msgs))
-    .digest();
-old_secp.utils.hmacSha256Sync = (key, ...msgs) =>
-  hmac
-    .create(sha256, key)
-    .update(concatBytes(...msgs))
-    .digest();
-import * as noble_ed25519 from '@noble/ed25519';
-noble_ed25519.utils.sha512Sync = (...m) => sha512(concatBytes(...m));
-
-// BLS
-const G2_VECTORS = readFileSync('../test/bls12-381/bls12-381-g2-test-vectors.txt', 'utf-8')
-  .trim()
-  .split('\n')
-  .map((l) => l.split(':'));
-let p1, p2, oldp1, oldp2;
-// /BLS
-
-for (let item of [secp256k1, ed25519, ed448, P256, P384, P521]) item.utils.precompute(8);
-for (let item of [old_secp, noble_ed25519]) item.utils.precompute(8);
-
-const ONLY_NOBLE = process.argv[2] === 'noble';
-
-function generateData(namespace) {
-  const priv = namespace.utils.randomPrivateKey();
-  const pub = namespace.getPublicKey(priv);
-  const msg = namespace.utils.randomPrivateKey();
-  const sig = namespace.sign(msg, priv);
-  return { priv, pub, msg, sig };
-}
-
-export const CURVES = {
-  secp256k1: {
-    data: () => {
-      return generateData(secp256k1);
-    },
-    getPublicKey1: {
-      samples: 10000,
-      secp256k1_old: () => old_secp.getPublicKey(3n),
-      secp256k1: () => secp256k1.getPublicKey(3n),
-    },
-    getPublicKey255: {
-      samples: 10000,
-      secp256k1_old: () => old_secp.getPublicKey(2n ** 255n - 1n),
-      secp256k1: () => secp256k1.getPublicKey(2n ** 255n - 1n),
-    },
-    sign: {
-      samples: 5000,
-      secp256k1_old: ({ msg, priv }) => old_secp.signSync(msg, priv),
-      secp256k1: ({ msg, priv }) => secp256k1.sign(msg, priv).toCompactRawBytes(),
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      secp256k1_old: ({ sig, msg, pub }) => {
-        return old_secp.verify(new old_secp.Signature(sig.r, sig.s), msg, pub);
-      },
-      secp256k1: ({ sig, msg, pub }) => secp256k1.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-    },
-    getSharedSecret: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      secp256k1_old: ({ pub, priv }) => old_secp.getSharedSecret(priv, pub),
-      secp256k1: ({ pub, priv }) => secp256k1.getSharedSecret(priv, pub),
-    },
-    recoverPublicKey: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      secp256k1_old: ({ sig, msg }) =>
-        old_secp.recoverPublicKey(msg, new old_secp.Signature(sig.r, sig.s), sig.recovery),
-      secp256k1: ({ sig, msg }) => sig.recoverPublicKey(msg),
-    },
-    // hashToCurve: {
-    //   samples: 500,
-    //   noble: () => secp256k1.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-  },
-  ed25519: {
-    data: () => {
-      function to32Bytes(numOrStr) {
-        const hex = typeof numOrStr === 'string' ? numOrStr : numOrStr.toString(16);
-        return hexToBytes(hex.padStart(64, '0'));
-      }
-      const priv = to32Bytes(0x9d61b19deffd5a60ba844af492ec2cc44449c5697b326919703bac031cae7f60n);
-      const pub = noble_ed25519.sync.getPublicKey(priv);
-      const msg = to32Bytes('deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef');
-      const sig = noble_ed25519.sync.sign(msg, priv);
-      return { pub, priv, msg, sig };
-    },
-    getPublicKey: {
-      samples: 10000,
-      old: () => noble_ed25519.sync.getPublicKey(noble_ed25519.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-      noble: () => ed25519.getPublicKey(ed25519.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-    },
-    sign: {
-      samples: 5000,
-      old: ({ msg, priv }) => noble_ed25519.sync.sign(msg, priv),
-      noble: ({ msg, priv }) => ed25519.sign(msg, priv),
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      old: ({ sig, msg, pub }) => noble_ed25519.sync.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-      noble: ({ sig, msg, pub }) => ed25519.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-    },
-    // hashToCurve: {
-    //   samples: 500,
-    //   noble: () => ed25519.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-  },
-  ed448: {
-    data: () => {
-      const priv = ed448.utils.randomPrivateKey();
-      const pub = ed448.getPublicKey(priv);
-      const msg = ed448.utils.randomPrivateKey();
-      const sig = ed448.sign(msg, priv);
-      return { priv, pub, msg, sig };
-    },
-    getPublicKey: {
-      samples: 5000,
-      noble: () => ed448.getPublicKey(ed448.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-    },
-    sign: {
-      samples: 2500,
-      noble: ({ msg, priv }) => ed448.sign(msg, priv),
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 500,
-      noble: ({ sig, msg, pub }) => ed448.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-    },
-    // hashToCurve: {
-    //   samples: 500,
-    //   noble: () => ed448.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-  },
-  nist: {
-    data: () => {
-      return { p256: generateData(P256), p384: generateData(P384), p521: generateData(P521) };
-    },
-    getPublicKey: {
-      samples: 2500,
-      P256: () => P256.getPublicKey(P256.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-      P384: () => P384.getPublicKey(P384.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-      P521: () => P521.getPublicKey(P521.utils.randomPrivateKey()),
-    },
-    sign: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      P256: ({ p256: { msg, priv } }) => P256.sign(msg, priv),
-      P384: ({ p384: { msg, priv } }) => P384.sign(msg, priv),
-      P521: ({ p521: { msg, priv } }) => P521.sign(msg, priv),
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 250,
-      P256: ({ p256: { sig, msg, pub } }) => P256.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-      P384: ({ p384: { sig, msg, pub } }) => P384.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-      P521: ({ p521: { sig, msg, pub } }) => P521.verify(sig, msg, pub),
-    },
-    // hashToCurve: {
-    //   samples: 500,
-    //   P256: () => P256.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    //   P384: () => P384.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    //   P521: () => P521.Point.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-  },
-  stark: {
-    data: () => {
-      const priv = '2dccce1da22003777062ee0870e9881b460a8b7eca276870f57c601f182136c';
-      const msg = 'c465dd6b1bbffdb05442eb17f5ca38ad1aa78a6f56bf4415bdee219114a47';
-      const pub = stark.getPublicKey(priv);
-      const sig = stark.sign(msg, priv);
-
-      const privateKey = '2dccce1da22003777062ee0870e9881b460a8b7eca276870f57c601f182136c';
-      const msgHash = 'c465dd6b1bbffdb05442eb17f5ca38ad1aa78a6f56bf4415bdee219114a47';
-      const keyPair = starkwareCrypto.default.ec.keyFromPrivate(privateKey, 'hex');
-      const publicKeyStark = starkwareCrypto.default.ec.keyFromPublic(
-        keyPair.getPublic(true, 'hex'),
-        'hex'
-      );
-
-      return { priv, sig, msg, pub, publicKeyStark, msgHash, keyPair };
-    },
-    pedersen: {
-      samples: 500,
-      old: () => {
-        return starkwareCrypto.default.pedersen([
-          '3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cb',
-          '208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31a',
-        ]);
-      },
-      noble: () => {
-        return stark.pedersen(
-          '3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cb',
-          '208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31a'
-        );
-      },
-    },
-    poseidon: {
-      samples: 2000,
-      noble: () => {
-        return stark.poseidonHash(
-          0x3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cbn,
-          0x208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31an
-        );
-      },
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 500,
-      old: ({ publicKeyStark, msgHash, keyPair }) => {
-        return starkwareCrypto.default.verify(
-          publicKeyStark,
-          msgHash,
-          starkwareCrypto.default.sign(keyPair, msgHash)
-        );
-      },
-      noble: ({ priv, msg, pub }) => {
-        return stark.verify(stark.sign(msg, priv), msg, pub);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  'bls12-381': {
-    data: async () => {
-      const priv = '28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4c';
-      const pubs = G2_VECTORS.map((v) => bls.getPublicKey(v[0]));
-      const sigs = G2_VECTORS.map((v) => v[2]);
-      const pub = bls.getPublicKey(priv);
-      const pub512 = pubs.slice(0, 512); // .map(bls.PointG1.fromHex)
-      const pub32 = pub512.slice(0, 32);
-      const pub128 = pub512.slice(0, 128);
-      const pub2048 = pub512.concat(pub512, pub512, pub512);
-      const sig512 = sigs.slice(0, 512); // .map(bls.PointG2.fromSignature);
-      const sig32 = sig512.slice(0, 32);
-      const sig128 = sig512.slice(0, 128);
-      const sig2048 = sig512.concat(sig512, sig512, sig512);
-      return {
-        priv,
-        pubs,
-        sigs,
-        pub,
-        pub512,
-        pub32,
-        pub128,
-        pub2048,
-        sig32,
-        sig128,
-        sig512,
-        sig2048,
-      };
-    },
-    init: {
-      samples: 1,
-      old: () => {
-        oldp1 =
-          old_bls.PointG1.BASE.multiply(
-            0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4cn
-          );
-        oldp2 =
-          old_bls.PointG2.BASE.multiply(
-            0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4dn
-          );
-        old_bls.pairing(oldp1, oldp2);
-      },
-      noble: () => {
-        p1 =
-          bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.BASE.multiply(
-            0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4cn
-          );
-        p2 =
-          bls.G2.ProjectivePoint.BASE.multiply(
-            0x28b90deaf189015d3a325908c5e0e4bf00f84f7e639b056ff82d7e70b6eede4dn
-          );
-        bls.pairing(p1, p2);
-      },
-    },
-    'getPublicKey (1-bit)': {
-      samples: 1000,
-      old: () => old_bls.getPublicKey('2'.padStart(64, '0')),
-      noble: () => bls.getPublicKey('2'.padStart(64, '0')),
-    },
-    getPublicKey: {
-      samples: 1000,
-      old: ({ priv }) => old_bls.getPublicKey(priv),
-      noble: ({ priv }) => bls.getPublicKey(priv),
-    },
-    sign: {
-      samples: 50,
-      old: ({ priv }) => old_bls.sign('09', priv),
-      noble: ({ priv }) => bls.sign('09', priv),
-    },
-    verify: {
-      samples: 50,
-      old: ({ pub }) =>
-        old_bls.verify(
-          '8647aa9680cd0cdf065b94e818ff2bb948cc97838bcee987b9bc1b76d0a0a6e0d85db4e9d75aaedfc79d4ea2733a21ae0579014de7636dd2943d45b87c82b1c66a289006b0b9767921bb8edd3f6c5c5dec0d54cd65f61513113c50cc977849e5',
-          '09',
-          pub
-        ),
-      noble: ({ pub }) =>
-        bls.verify(
-          '8647aa9680cd0cdf065b94e818ff2bb948cc97838bcee987b9bc1b76d0a0a6e0d85db4e9d75aaedfc79d4ea2733a21ae0579014de7636dd2943d45b87c82b1c66a289006b0b9767921bb8edd3f6c5c5dec0d54cd65f61513113c50cc977849e5',
-          '09',
-          pub
-        ),
-    },
-    pairing: {
-      samples: 100,
-      old: () => old_bls.pairing(oldp1, oldp2),
-      noble: () => bls.pairing(p1, p2),
-    },
-    // 'hashToCurve/G1': {
-    //   samples: 500,
-    //   old: () => old_bls.PointG1.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    //   noble: () => bls.hashToCurve.G1.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-    // 'hashToCurve/G2': {
-    //   samples: 200,
-    //   old: () => old_bls.PointG2.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    //   noble: () => bls.hashToCurve.G2.hashToCurve('abcd'),
-    // },
-    // SLOW PART
-    // Requires points which we cannot init before (data fn same for all)
-    // await mark('sign/nc', 30, () => bls.sign(msgp, priv));
-    // await mark('verify/nc', 30, () => bls.verify(sigp, msgp, pubp));
-    'aggregatePublicKeys/8': {
-      samples: 100,
-      old: ({ pubs }) => old_bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pubs.slice(0, 8)),
-      noble: ({ pubs }) => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pubs.slice(0, 8)),
-    },
-    'aggregatePublicKeys/32': {
-      samples: 50,
-      old: ({ pub32 }) => old_bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub32.map(old_bls.PointG1.fromHex)),
-      noble: ({ pub32 }) => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub32.map(bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.fromHex)),
-    },
-    'aggregatePublicKeys/128': {
-      samples: 20,
-      old: ({ pub128 }) => old_bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub128.map(old_bls.PointG1.fromHex)),
-      noble: ({ pub128 }) => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub128.map(bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.fromHex)),
-    },
-    'aggregatePublicKeys/512': {
-      samples: 10,
-      old: ({ pub512 }) => old_bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub512.map(old_bls.PointG1.fromHex)),
-      noble: ({ pub512 }) => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub512.map(bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.fromHex)),
-    },
-    'aggregatePublicKeys/2048': {
-      samples: 5,
-      old: ({ pub2048 }) => old_bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub2048.map(old_bls.PointG1.fromHex)),
-      noble: ({ pub2048 }) => bls.aggregatePublicKeys(pub2048.map(bls.G1.ProjectivePoint.fromHex)),
-    },
-    'aggregateSignatures/8': {
-      samples: 50,
-      old: ({ sigs }) => old_bls.aggregateSignatures(sigs.slice(0, 8)),
-      noble: ({ sigs }) => bls.aggregateSignatures(sigs.slice(0, 8)),
-    },
-    'aggregateSignatures/32': {
-      samples: 10,
-      old: ({ sig32 }) => old_bls.aggregateSignatures(sig32.map(old_bls.PointG2.fromSignature)),
-      noble: ({ sig32 }) => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig32.map(bls.Signature.decode)),
-    },
-    'aggregateSignatures/128': {
-      samples: 5,
-      old: ({ sig128 }) => old_bls.aggregateSignatures(sig128.map(old_bls.PointG2.fromSignature)),
-      noble: ({ sig128 }) => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig128.map(bls.Signature.decode)),
-    },
-    'aggregateSignatures/512': {
-      samples: 3,
-      old: ({ sig512 }) => old_bls.aggregateSignatures(sig512.map(old_bls.PointG2.fromSignature)),
-      noble: ({ sig512 }) => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig512.map(bls.Signature.decode)),
-    },
-    'aggregateSignatures/2048': {
-      samples: 2,
-      old: ({ sig2048 }) => old_bls.aggregateSignatures(sig2048.map(old_bls.PointG2.fromSignature)),
-      noble: ({ sig2048 }) => bls.aggregateSignatures(sig2048.map(bls.Signature.decode)),
-    },
-  },
-};
-
-const main = () =>
-  run(async () => {
-    for (const [name, curve] of Object.entries(CURVES)) {
-      console.log(`==== ${name} ====`);
-      const data = await curve.data();
-      for (const [fnName, libs] of Object.entries(curve)) {
-        if (fnName === 'data') continue;
-        const samples = libs.samples;
-        console.log(`  - ${fnName} (samples: ${samples})`);
-        for (const [lib, fn] of Object.entries(libs)) {
-          if (lib === 'samples') continue;
-          if (ONLY_NOBLE && lib !== 'noble') continue;
-          await mark(`    ${lib}`, samples, () => fn(data));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    // Log current RAM
-    bench.logMem();
-  });
-
-// ESM is broken.
-import url from 'url';
-if (import.meta.url === url.pathToFileURL(process.argv[1]).href) {
-  main();
-}
--- a/benchmark/package.json
+++ b/benchmark/package.json
@@ -1,26 +1,22 @@
 {
-    "name": "benchmark",
-    "private": true,
-    "version": "0.1.0",
-    "description": "benchmarks",
-    "main": "index.js",
-    "type": "module",
-    "scripts": {
-        "bench": "node index.js"
-    },
-    "keywords": [],
-    "author": "",
-    "license": "MIT",
-    "devDependencies": {
-        "micro-bmark": "0.2.1"
-    },
-    "dependencies": {
-        "@noble/bls12-381": "^1.4.0",
-        "@noble/ed25519": "^1.7.1",
-        "@noble/hashes": "^1.1.5",
-        "@noble/secp256k1": "^1.7.0",
-        "@starkware-industries/starkware-crypto-utils": "^0.0.2",
-        "calculate-correlation": "^1.2.3",
-        "elliptic": "^6.5.4"
-    }
+  "name": "benchmark",
+  "private": true,
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "description": "benchmarks",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "bench": "node index.js"
+  },
+  "keywords": [],
+  "author": "",
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "micro-bmark": "0.3.0"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.1.5",
+    "@starkware-industries/starkware-crypto-utils": "^0.0.2",
+    "elliptic": "^6.5.4"
+  }
 }
--- a/benchmark/secp256k1.js
+++ b/benchmark/secp256k1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { run, mark, utils } from 'micro-bmark';
+import { secp256k1, schnorr } from '../lib/secp256k1.js';
+import { generateData } from './_shared.js';
+
+run(async () => {
+  const RAM = false;
+  if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+  console.log(`\x1b[36msecp256k1\x1b[0m`);
+  await mark('init', 1, () => secp256k1.utils.precompute(8));
+  const d = generateData(secp256k1);
+  await mark('getPublicKey', 10000, () => secp256k1.getPublicKey(d.priv));
+  await mark('sign', 10000, () => secp256k1.sign(d.msg, d.priv));
+  await mark('verify', 1000, () => secp256k1.verify(d.sig, d.msg, d.pub));
+  const pub2 = secp256k1.getPublicKey(secp256k1.utils.randomPrivateKey());
+  await mark('getSharedSecret', 1000, () => secp256k1.getSharedSecret(d.priv, pub2));
+  await mark('recoverPublicKey', 1000, () => d.sig.recoverPublicKey(d.msg));
+  const s = schnorr.sign(d.msg, d.priv);
+  const spub = schnorr.getPublicKey(d.priv);
+  await mark('schnorr.sign', 1000, () => schnorr.sign(d.msg, d.priv));
+  await mark('schnorr.verify', 1000, () => schnorr.verify(s, d.msg, spub));
+  if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+});
--- a/benchmark/stark.js
+++ b/benchmark/stark.js
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import { run, mark, compare, utils } from 'micro-bmark';
+import * as starkwareCrypto from '@starkware-industries/starkware-crypto-utils';
+import * as stark from '../lib/stark.js';
+
+run(async () => {
+  const RAM = false;
+  if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+  console.log(`\x1b[36mstark\x1b[0m`);
+  await mark('init', 1, () => stark.utils.precompute(8));
+  const d = (() => {
+    const priv = '2dccce1da22003777062ee0870e9881b460a8b7eca276870f57c601f182136c';
+    const msg = 'c465dd6b1bbffdb05442eb17f5ca38ad1aa78a6f56bf4415bdee219114a47';
+    const pub = stark.getPublicKey(priv);
+    const sig = stark.sign(msg, priv);
+
+    const privateKey = '2dccce1da22003777062ee0870e9881b460a8b7eca276870f57c601f182136c';
+    const msgHash = 'c465dd6b1bbffdb05442eb17f5ca38ad1aa78a6f56bf4415bdee219114a47';
+    const keyPair = starkwareCrypto.default.ec.keyFromPrivate(privateKey, 'hex');
+    const publicKeyStark = starkwareCrypto.default.ec.keyFromPublic(
+      keyPair.getPublic(true, 'hex'),
+      'hex'
+    );
+    return { priv, sig, msg, pub, publicKeyStark, msgHash, keyPair };
+  })();
+  await compare('pedersen', 500, {
+    old: () => {
+      return starkwareCrypto.default.pedersen([
+        '3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cb',
+        '208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31a',
+      ]);
+    },
+    noble: () => {
+      return stark.pedersen(
+        '3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cb',
+        '208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31a'
+      );
+    },
+  });
+  await mark('poseidon', 10000, () => stark.poseidonHash(
+    0x3d937c035c878245caf64531a5756109c53068da139362728feb561405371cbn,
+    0x208a0a10250e382e1e4bbe2880906c2791bf6275695e02fbbc6aeff9cd8b31an
+  ));
+  await compare('verify', 500, {
+    old: () => {
+      return starkwareCrypto.default.verify(
+        d.publicKeyStark,
+        d.msgHash,
+        starkwareCrypto.default.sign(d.keyPair, d.msgHash)
+      );
+    },
+    noble: () => {
+      return stark.verify(stark.sign(d.msg, d.priv), d.msg, d.pub);
+    },
+  });
+  if (RAM) utils.logMem();
+});
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
  "name": "@noble/curves",
-  "version": "0.6.0",
+  "version": "0.6.1",
  "description": "Minimal, auditable JS implementation of elliptic curve cryptography",
  "files": [
    "lib"
  ],
  "scripts": {
-    "bench": "cd benchmark; node index.js",
+    "bench": "cd benchmark; node secp256k1.js; node curves.js; node stark.js; node bls.js",
    "build": "tsc && tsc -p tsconfig.esm.json",
    "build:release": "rollup -c rollup.config.js",
    "lint": "prettier --check 'src/**/*.{js,ts}' 'test/*.js'",
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
    "@scure/bip39": "~1.1.0",
    "@types/node": "18.11.3",
    "fast-check": "3.0.0",
-    "micro-bmark": "0.2.0",
-    "micro-should": "0.3.0",
+    "micro-bmark": "0.3.0",
+    "micro-should": "0.4.0",
    "prettier": "2.8.3",
    "rollup": "2.75.5",
    "typescript": "4.7.3"
--- a/src/abstract/curve.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/curve.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
 // Abelian group utilities
 import { Field, validateField, nLength } from './modular.js';
+import { validateObject } from './utils.js';
 const _0n = BigInt(0);
 const _1n = BigInt(1);

@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ export function wNAF<T extends Group<T>>(c: GroupConstructor<T>, bits: number) {

 // Generic BasicCurve interface: works even for polynomial fields (BLS): P, n, h would be ok.
 // Though generator can be different (Fp2 / Fp6 for BLS).
-export type AbstractCurve<T> = {
+export type BasicCurve<T> = {
  Fp: Field<T>; // Field over which we'll do calculations (Fp)
  n: bigint; // Curve order, total count of valid points in the field
  nBitLength?: number; // bit length of curve order
@@ -162,24 +163,24 @@ export type AbstractCurve<T> = {
  hEff?: bigint; // Number to multiply to clear cofactor
  Gx: T; // base point X coordinate
  Gy: T; // base point Y coordinate
-  wrapPrivateKey?: boolean; // bls12-381 requires mod(n) instead of rejecting keys >= n
  allowInfinityPoint?: boolean; // bls12-381 requires it. ZERO point is valid, but invalid pubkey
 };

-export function validateAbsOpts<FP, T>(curve: AbstractCurve<FP> & T) {
+export function validateBasic<FP, T>(curve: BasicCurve<FP> & T) {
  validateField(curve.Fp);
-  for (const i of ['n', 'h'] as const) {
-    const val = curve[i];
-    if (typeof val !== 'bigint') throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${val} (${typeof val})`);
-  }
-  if (!curve.Fp.isValid(curve.Gx)) throw new Error('Invalid generator X coordinate Fp element');
-  if (!curve.Fp.isValid(curve.Gy)) throw new Error('Invalid generator Y coordinate Fp element');
-
-  for (const i of ['nBitLength', 'nByteLength'] as const) {
-    const val = curve[i];
-    if (val === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(val)) throw new Error(`Invalid param ${i}=${val} (${typeof val})`);
-  }
+  validateObject(
+    curve,
+    {
+      n: 'bigint',
+      h: 'bigint',
+      Gx: 'field',
+      Gy: 'field',
+    },
+    {
+      nBitLength: 'isSafeInteger',
+      nByteLength: 'isSafeInteger',
+    }
+  );
  // Set defaults
  return Object.freeze({ ...nLength(curve.n, curve.nBitLength), ...curve } as const);
 }
--- a/src/abstract/edwards.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/edwards.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,9 @@
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
 // Twisted Edwards curve. The formula is: ax² + y² = 1 + dx²y²
 import { mod } from './modular.js';
-import {
-  bytesToHex,
-  bytesToNumberLE,
-  concatBytes,
-  ensureBytes,
-  FHash,
-  Hex,
-  numberToBytesLE,
-} from './utils.js';
-import {
-  Group,
-  GroupConstructor,
-  wNAF,
-  AbstractCurve,
-  validateAbsOpts,
-  AffinePoint,
-} from './curve.js';
+import * as ut from './utils.js';
+import { ensureBytes, FHash, Hex } from './utils.js';
+import { Group, GroupConstructor, wNAF, BasicCurve, validateBasic, AffinePoint } from './curve.js';

 // Be friendly to bad ECMAScript parsers by not using bigint literals like 123n
 const _0n = BigInt(0);
@@ -26,7 +12,7 @@ const _2n = BigInt(2);
 const _8n = BigInt(8);

 // Edwards curves must declare params a & d.
-export type CurveType = AbstractCurve<bigint> & {
+export type CurveType = BasicCurve<bigint> & {
  a: bigint; // curve param a
  d: bigint; // curve param d
  hash: FHash; // Hashing
@@ -39,19 +25,22 @@ export type CurveType = AbstractCurve<bigint> & {
 };

 function validateOpts(curve: CurveType) {
-  const opts = validateAbsOpts(curve);
-  if (typeof opts.hash !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid hash function');
-  for (const i of ['a', 'd'] as const) {
-    const val = opts[i];
-    if (typeof val !== 'bigint') throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${val} (${typeof val})`);
-  }
-  for (const fn of ['randomBytes'] as const) {
-    if (typeof opts[fn] !== 'function') throw new Error(`Invalid ${fn} function`);
-  }
-  for (const fn of ['adjustScalarBytes', 'domain', 'uvRatio', 'mapToCurve'] as const) {
-    if (opts[fn] === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (typeof opts[fn] !== 'function') throw new Error(`Invalid ${fn} function`);
-  }
+  const opts = validateBasic(curve);
+  ut.validateObject(
+    curve,
+    {
+      hash: 'function',
+      a: 'bigint',
+      d: 'bigint',
+      randomBytes: 'function',
+    },
+    {
+      adjustScalarBytes: 'function',
+      domain: 'function',
+      uvRatio: 'function',
+      mapToCurve: 'function',
+    }
+  );
  // Set defaults
  return Object.freeze({ ...opts } as const);
 }
@@ -75,7 +64,7 @@ export interface ExtPointConstructor extends GroupConstructor<ExtPointType> {
  new (x: bigint, y: bigint, z: bigint, t: bigint): ExtPointType;
  fromAffine(p: AffinePoint<bigint>): ExtPointType;
  fromHex(hex: Hex): ExtPointType;
-  fromPrivateKey(privateKey: Hex): ExtPointType; // TODO: remove
+  fromPrivateKey(privateKey: Hex): ExtPointType;
 }

 export type CurveFn = {
@@ -340,7 +329,7 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
      const normed = hex.slice(); // copy again, we'll manipulate it
      const lastByte = hex[len - 1]; // select last byte
      normed[len - 1] = lastByte & ~0x80; // clear last bit
-      const y = bytesToNumberLE(normed);
+      const y = ut.bytesToNumberLE(normed);
      if (y === _0n) {
        // y=0 is allowed
      } else {
@@ -366,12 +355,12 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    }
    toRawBytes(): Uint8Array {
      const { x, y } = this.toAffine();
-      const bytes = numberToBytesLE(y, Fp.BYTES); // each y has 2 x values (x, -y)
+      const bytes = ut.numberToBytesLE(y, Fp.BYTES); // each y has 2 x values (x, -y)
      bytes[bytes.length - 1] |= x & _1n ? 0x80 : 0; // when compressing, it's enough to store y
      return bytes; // and use the last byte to encode sign of x
    }
    toHex(): string {
-      return bytesToHex(this.toRawBytes()); // Same as toRawBytes, but returns string.
+      return ut.bytesToHex(this.toRawBytes()); // Same as toRawBytes, but returns string.
    }
  }
  const { BASE: G, ZERO: I } = Point;
@@ -382,7 +371,7 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
  }
  // Little-endian SHA512 with modulo n
  function modN_LE(hash: Uint8Array): bigint {
-    return modN(bytesToNumberLE(hash));
+    return modN(ut.bytesToNumberLE(hash));
  }
  function isHex(item: Hex, err: string) {
    if (typeof item !== 'string' && !(item instanceof Uint8Array))
@@ -411,7 +400,7 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {

  // int('LE', SHA512(dom2(F, C) || msgs)) mod N
  function hashDomainToScalar(context: Hex = new Uint8Array(), ...msgs: Uint8Array[]) {
-    const msg = concatBytes(...msgs);
+    const msg = ut.concatBytes(...msgs);
    return modN_LE(cHash(domain(msg, ensureBytes(context), !!preHash)));
  }

@@ -426,7 +415,7 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    const k = hashDomainToScalar(context, R, pointBytes, msg); // R || A || PH(M)
    const s = modN(r + k * scalar); // S = (r + k * s) mod L
    assertGE0(s); // 0 <= s < l
-    const res = concatBytes(R, numberToBytesLE(s, Fp.BYTES));
+    const res = ut.concatBytes(R, ut.numberToBytesLE(s, Fp.BYTES));
    return ensureBytes(res, nByteLength * 2); // 64-byte signature
  }

@@ -439,7 +428,7 @@ export function twistedEdwards(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    if (preHash) msg = preHash(msg); // for ed25519ph, etc
    const A = Point.fromHex(publicKey, false); // Check for s bounds, hex validity
    const R = Point.fromHex(sig.slice(0, len), false); // 0 <= R < 2^256: ZIP215 R can be >= P
-    const s = bytesToNumberLE(sig.slice(len, 2 * len)); // 0 <= s < l
+    const s = ut.bytesToNumberLE(sig.slice(len, 2 * len)); // 0 <= s < l
    const SB = G.multiplyUnsafe(s);
    const k = hashDomainToScalar(context, R.toRawBytes(), A.toRawBytes(), msg);
    const RkA = R.add(A.multiplyUnsafe(k));
--- a/src/abstract/hash-to-curve.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/hash-to-curve.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ declare const TextDecoder: any;

 export function stringToBytes(str: string): Uint8Array {
  if (typeof str !== 'string') {
-    throw new TypeError(`utf8ToBytes expected string, got ${typeof str}`);
+    throw new Error(`utf8ToBytes expected string, got ${typeof str}`);
  }
  return new TextEncoder().encode(str);
 }
--- a/src/abstract/modular.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/modular.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
  bytesToNumberBE,
  bytesToNumberLE,
  ensureBytes,
+  validateObject,
 } from './utils.js';
 // prettier-ignore
 const _0n = BigInt(0), _1n = BigInt(1), _2n = BigInt(2), _3n = BigInt(3);
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ export function pow(num: bigint, power: bigint, modulo: bigint): bigint {
 }

 // Does x ^ (2 ^ power) mod p. pow2(30, 4) == 30 ^ (2 ^ 4)
-// TODO: Fp version?
 export function pow2(x: bigint, power: bigint, modulo: bigint): bigint {
  let res = x;
  while (power-- > _0n) {
@@ -249,18 +249,17 @@ const FIELD_FIELDS = [
  'addN', 'subN', 'mulN', 'sqrN'
 ] as const;
 export function validateField<T>(field: Field<T>) {
-  for (const i of ['ORDER', 'MASK'] as const) {
-    if (typeof field[i] !== 'bigint')
-      throw new Error(`Invalid field param ${i}=${field[i]} (${typeof field[i]})`);
-  }
-  for (const i of ['BYTES', 'BITS'] as const) {
-    if (typeof field[i] !== 'number')
-      throw new Error(`Invalid field param ${i}=${field[i]} (${typeof field[i]})`);
-  }
-  for (const i of FIELD_FIELDS) {
-    if (typeof field[i] !== 'function')
-      throw new Error(`Invalid field param ${i}=${field[i]} (${typeof field[i]})`);
-  }
+  const initial = {
+    ORDER: 'bigint',
+    MASK: 'bigint',
+    BYTES: 'isSafeInteger',
+    BITS: 'isSafeInteger',
+  } as Record<string, string>;
+  const opts = FIELD_FIELDS.reduce((map, val: string) => {
+    map[val] = 'function';
+    return map;
+  }, initial);
+  return validateObject(field, opts);
 }

 // Generic field functions
--- a/src/abstract/montgomery.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/montgomery.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
 import { mod, pow } from './modular.js';
-import { ensureBytes, numberToBytesLE, bytesToNumberLE } from './utils.js';
+import { bytesToNumberLE, ensureBytes, numberToBytesLE, validateObject } from './utils.js';

 const _0n = BigInt(0);
 const _1n = BigInt(1);
 type Hex = string | Uint8Array;

 export type CurveType = {
-  // Field over which we'll do calculations. Verify with:
-  P: bigint;
+  P: bigint; // finite field prime
  nByteLength: number;
  adjustScalarBytes?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => Uint8Array;
  domain?: (data: Uint8Array, ctx: Uint8Array, phflag: boolean) => Uint8Array;
@@ -27,24 +26,20 @@ export type CurveFn = {
 };

 function validateOpts(curve: CurveType) {
-  for (const i of ['a24'] as const) {
-    if (typeof curve[i] !== 'bigint')
-      throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${curve[i]} (${typeof curve[i]})`);
-  }
-  for (const i of ['montgomeryBits', 'nByteLength'] as const) {
-    if (curve[i] === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(curve[i]))
-      throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${curve[i]} (${typeof curve[i]})`);
-  }
-  for (const fn of ['adjustScalarBytes', 'domain', 'powPminus2'] as const) {
-    if (curve[fn] === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (typeof curve[fn] !== 'function') throw new Error(`Invalid ${fn} function`);
-  }
-  for (const i of ['Gu'] as const) {
-    if (curve[i] === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (typeof curve[i] !== 'string')
-      throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${curve[i]} (${typeof curve[i]})`);
-  }
+  validateObject(
+    curve,
+    {
+      a24: 'bigint',
+    },
+    {
+      montgomeryBits: 'isSafeInteger',
+      nByteLength: 'isSafeInteger',
+      adjustScalarBytes: 'function',
+      domain: 'function',
+      powPminus2: 'function',
+      Gu: 'string',
+    }
+  );
  // Set defaults
  return Object.freeze({ ...curve } as const);
 }
@@ -61,27 +56,7 @@ export function montgomery(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
  const adjustScalarBytes = CURVE.adjustScalarBytes || ((bytes: Uint8Array) => bytes);
  const powPminus2 = CURVE.powPminus2 || ((x: bigint) => pow(x, P - BigInt(2), P));

-  /**
-   * Checks for num to be in range:
-   * For strict == true:  `0 <  num < max`.
-   * For strict == false: `0 <= num < max`.
-   * Converts non-float safe numbers to bigints.
-   */
-  function normalizeScalar(num: bigint, max: bigint, strict = true): bigint {
-    if (!max) throw new TypeError('Specify max value');
-    if (typeof num === 'number' && Number.isSafeInteger(num)) num = BigInt(num);
-    if (typeof num === 'bigint' && num < max) {
-      if (strict) {
-        if (_0n < num) return num;
-      } else {
-        if (_0n <= num) return num;
-      }
-    }
-    throw new TypeError('Expected valid scalar: 0 < scalar < max');
-  }
-
-  // cswap from RFC7748
-  // NOTE: cswap is not from RFC7748!
+  // cswap from RFC7748. But it is not from RFC7748!
  /*
    cswap(swap, x_2, x_3):
         dummy = mask(swap) AND (x_2 XOR x_3)
@@ -98,6 +73,11 @@ export function montgomery(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    return [x_2, x_3];
  }

+  function assertFieldElement(n: bigint): bigint {
+    if (typeof n === 'bigint' && _0n <= n && n < P) return n;
+    throw new Error('Expected valid scalar 0 < scalar < CURVE.P');
+  }
+
  // x25519 from 4
  /**
   *
@@ -106,11 +86,10 @@ export function montgomery(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
   * @returns new Point on Montgomery curve
   */
  function montgomeryLadder(pointU: bigint, scalar: bigint): bigint {
-    const { P } = CURVE;
-    const u = normalizeScalar(pointU, P);
+    const u = assertFieldElement(pointU);
    // Section 5: Implementations MUST accept non-canonical values and process them as
    // if they had been reduced modulo the field prime.
-    const k = normalizeScalar(scalar, P);
+    const k = assertFieldElement(scalar);
    // The constant a24 is (486662 - 2) / 4 = 121665 for curve25519/X25519
    const a24 = CURVE.a24;
    const x_1 = u;
@@ -166,28 +145,20 @@ export function montgomery(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
  }

  function decodeUCoordinate(uEnc: Hex): bigint {
-    const u = ensureBytes(uEnc, montgomeryBytes);
    // Section 5: When receiving such an array, implementations of X25519
    // MUST mask the most significant bit in the final byte.
    // This is very ugly way, but it works because fieldLen-1 is outside of bounds for X448, so this becomes NOOP
    // fieldLen - scalaryBytes = 1 for X448 and = 0 for X25519
+    const u = ensureBytes(uEnc, montgomeryBytes);
    u[fieldLen - 1] &= 127; // 0b0111_1111
    return bytesToNumberLE(u);
  }
-
  function decodeScalar(n: Hex): bigint {
    const bytes = ensureBytes(n);
    if (bytes.length !== montgomeryBytes && bytes.length !== fieldLen)
      throw new Error(`Expected ${montgomeryBytes} or ${fieldLen} bytes, got ${bytes.length}`);
    return bytesToNumberLE(adjustScalarBytes(bytes));
  }
-  /**
-   * Computes shared secret between private key "scalar" and public key's "u" (x) coordinate.
-   * We can get 'y' coordinate from 'u',
-   * but Point.fromHex also wants 'x' coordinate oddity flag,
-   * and we cannot get 'x' without knowing 'v'.
-   * Need to add generic conversion between twisted edwards and complimentary curve for JubJub.
-   */
  function scalarMult(scalar: Hex, u: Hex): Uint8Array {
    const pointU = decodeUCoordinate(u);
    const _scalar = decodeScalar(scalar);
@@ -197,12 +168,7 @@ export function montgomery(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    if (pu === _0n) throw new Error('Invalid private or public key received');
    return encodeUCoordinate(pu);
  }
-  /**
-   * Computes public key from private.
-   * Executes scalar multiplication of curve's base point by scalar.
-   * @param scalar private key
-   * @returns new public key
-   */
+  // Computes public key from private. By doing scalar multiplication of base point.
  function scalarMultBase(scalar: Hex): Uint8Array {
    return scalarMult(scalar, CURVE.Gu);
  }
--- a/src/abstract/poseidon.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/poseidon.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
 // Poseidon Hash: https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf, https://www.poseidon-hash.info
-import { Field, validateField, FpPow } from './modular.js';
+import { Field, FpPow, validateField } from './modular.js';
 // We don't provide any constants, since different implementations use different constants.
 // For reference constants see './test/poseidon.test.js'.
 export type PoseidonOpts = {
--- a/src/abstract/utils.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/utils.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export type FHash = (message: Uint8Array | string) => Uint8Array;

 const hexes = Array.from({ length: 256 }, (v, i) => i.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'));
 export function bytesToHex(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
-  if (!u8a(bytes)) throw new Error('Expected Uint8Array');
+  if (!u8a(bytes)) throw new Error('Uint8Array expected');
  // pre-caching improves the speed 6x
  let hex = '';
  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ export function numberToHexUnpadded(num: number | bigint): string {
 }

 export function hexToNumber(hex: string): bigint {
-  if (typeof hex !== 'string') throw new Error('hexToNumber: expected string, got ' + typeof hex);
+  if (typeof hex !== 'string') throw new Error('string expected, got ' + typeof hex);
  // Big Endian
  return BigInt(`0x${hex}`);
 }

 // Caching slows it down 2-3x
 export function hexToBytes(hex: string): Uint8Array {
-  if (typeof hex !== 'string') throw new Error('hexToBytes: expected string, got ' + typeof hex);
-  if (hex.length % 2) throw new Error('hexToBytes: received invalid unpadded hex ' + hex.length);
+  if (typeof hex !== 'string') throw new Error('string expected, got ' + typeof hex);
+  if (hex.length % 2) throw new Error('hex string is invalid: unpadded ' + hex.length);
  const array = new Uint8Array(hex.length / 2);
  for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
    const j = i * 2;
    const hexByte = hex.slice(j, j + 2);
    const byte = Number.parseInt(hexByte, 16);
-    if (Number.isNaN(byte) || byte < 0) throw new Error('Invalid byte sequence');
+    if (Number.isNaN(byte) || byte < 0) throw new Error('invalid byte sequence');
    array[i] = byte;
  }
  return array;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export function bytesToNumberBE(bytes: Uint8Array): bigint {
  return hexToNumber(bytesToHex(bytes));
 }
 export function bytesToNumberLE(bytes: Uint8Array): bigint {
-  if (!u8a(bytes)) throw new Error('Expected Uint8Array');
+  if (!u8a(bytes)) throw new Error('Uint8Array expected');
  return hexToNumber(bytesToHex(Uint8Array.from(bytes).reverse()));
 }

@@ -66,11 +66,7 @@ export const numberToBytesBE = (n: bigint, len: number) =>
  hexToBytes(n.toString(16).padStart(len * 2, '0'));
 export const numberToBytesLE = (n: bigint, len: number) => numberToBytesBE(n, len).reverse();
 // Returns variable number bytes (minimal bigint encoding?)
-export const numberToVarBytesBE = (n: bigint) => {
-  let hex = n.toString(16);
-  if (hex.length & 1) hex = '0' + hex;
-  return hexToBytes(hex);
-};
+export const numberToVarBytesBE = (n: bigint) => hexToBytes(numberToHexUnpadded(n));

 export function ensureBytes(hex: Hex, expectedLength?: number): Uint8Array {
  // Uint8Array.from() instead of hash.slice() because node.js Buffer
@@ -82,17 +78,15 @@ export function ensureBytes(hex: Hex, expectedLength?: number): Uint8Array {
 }

 // Copies several Uint8Arrays into one.
-export function concatBytes(...arrays: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
-  if (!arrays.every((b) => u8a(b))) throw new Error('Uint8Array list expected');
-  if (arrays.length === 1) return arrays[0];
-  const length = arrays.reduce((a, arr) => a + arr.length, 0);
-  const result = new Uint8Array(length);
-  for (let i = 0, pad = 0; i < arrays.length; i++) {
-    const arr = arrays[i];
-    result.set(arr, pad);
-    pad += arr.length;
-  }
-  return result;
+export function concatBytes(...arrs: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
+  const r = new Uint8Array(arrs.reduce((sum, a) => sum + a.length, 0));
+  let pad = 0; // walk through each item, ensure they have proper type
+  arrs.forEach((a) => {
+    if (!u8a(a)) throw new Error('Uint8Array expected');
+    r.set(a, pad);
+    pad += a.length;
+  });
+  return r;
 }

 export function equalBytes(b1: Uint8Array, b2: Uint8Array) {
@@ -119,3 +113,32 @@ export const bitSet = (n: bigint, pos: number, value: boolean) =>
 // Return mask for N bits (Same as BigInt(`0b${Array(i).fill('1').join('')}`))
 // Not using ** operator with bigints for old engines.
 export const bitMask = (n: number) => (_2n << BigInt(n - 1)) - _1n;
+
+type ValMap = Record<string, string>;
+export function validateObject(object: object, validators: ValMap, optValidators: ValMap = {}) {
+  const validatorFns: Record<string, (val: any) => boolean> = {
+    bigint: (val) => typeof val === 'bigint',
+    function: (val) => typeof val === 'function',
+    boolean: (val) => typeof val === 'boolean',
+    string: (val) => typeof val === 'string',
+    isSafeInteger: (val) => Number.isSafeInteger(val),
+    array: (val) => Array.isArray(val),
+    field: (val) => (object as any).Fp.isValid(val),
+    hash: (val) => typeof val === 'function' && Number.isSafeInteger(val.outputLen),
+  };
+  // type Key = keyof typeof validators;
+  const checkField = (fieldName: string, type: string, isOptional: boolean) => {
+    const checkVal = validatorFns[type];
+    if (typeof checkVal !== 'function')
+      throw new Error(`Invalid validator "${type}", expected function`);
+
+    const val = object[fieldName as keyof typeof object];
+    if (isOptional && val === undefined) return;
+    if (!checkVal(val)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid param ${fieldName}=${val} (${typeof val}), expected ${type}`);
+    }
+  };
+  for (let [fieldName, type] of Object.entries(validators)) checkField(fieldName, type, false);
+  for (let [fieldName, type] of Object.entries(optValidators)) checkField(fieldName, type, true);
+  return object;
+}
--- a/src/abstract/weierstrass.ts
+++ b/src/abstract/weierstrass.ts
@@ -2,15 +2,8 @@
 // Short Weierstrass curve. The formula is: y² = x³ + ax + b
 import * as mod from './modular.js';
 import * as ut from './utils.js';
-import { Hex, PrivKey, ensureBytes, CHash } from './utils.js';
-import {
-  Group,
-  GroupConstructor,
-  wNAF,
-  AbstractCurve,
-  validateAbsOpts,
-  AffinePoint,
-} from './curve.js';
+import { CHash, Hex, PrivKey, ensureBytes } from './utils.js';
+import { Group, GroupConstructor, wNAF, BasicCurve, validateBasic, AffinePoint } from './curve.js';

 export type { AffinePoint };
 type HmacFnSync = (key: Uint8Array, ...messages: Uint8Array[]) => Uint8Array;
@@ -18,18 +11,15 @@ type EndomorphismOpts = {
  beta: bigint;
  splitScalar: (k: bigint) => { k1neg: boolean; k1: bigint; k2neg: boolean; k2: bigint };
 };
-export type BasicCurve<T> = AbstractCurve<T> & {
+export type BasicWCurve<T> = BasicCurve<T> & {
  // Params: a, b
  a: T;
  b: T;

  // Optional params
-  // Executed before privkey validation. Useful for P521 with var-length priv key
-  normalizePrivateKey?: (key: PrivKey) => PrivKey;
-  // Whether to execute modular division on a private key, useful for bls curves with cofactor > 1
-  wrapPrivateKey?: boolean;
-  // Endomorphism options for Koblitz curves
-  endo?: EndomorphismOpts;
+  allowedPrivateKeyLengths?: readonly number[]; // for P521
+  wrapPrivateKey?: boolean; // bls12-381 requires mod(n) instead of rejecting keys >= n
+  endo?: EndomorphismOpts; // Endomorphism options for Koblitz curves
  // When a cofactor != 1, there can be an effective methods to:
  // 1. Determine whether a point is torsion-free
  isTorsionFree?: (c: ProjConstructor<T>, point: ProjPointType<T>) => boolean;
@@ -89,26 +79,32 @@ export interface ProjConstructor<T> extends GroupConstructor<ProjPointType<T>> {
  normalizeZ(points: ProjPointType<T>[]): ProjPointType<T>[];
 }

-export type CurvePointsType<T> = BasicCurve<T> & {
+export type CurvePointsType<T> = BasicWCurve<T> & {
  // Bytes
  fromBytes: (bytes: Uint8Array) => AffinePoint<T>;
  toBytes: (c: ProjConstructor<T>, point: ProjPointType<T>, compressed: boolean) => Uint8Array;
 };

 function validatePointOpts<T>(curve: CurvePointsType<T>) {
-  const opts = validateAbsOpts(curve);
-  const Fp = opts.Fp;
-  for (const i of ['a', 'b'] as const) {
-    if (!Fp.isValid(curve[i]))
-      throw new Error(`Invalid curve param ${i}=${opts[i]} (${typeof opts[i]})`);
-  }
-  for (const i of ['isTorsionFree', 'clearCofactor'] as const) {
-    if (curve[i] === undefined) continue; // Optional
-    if (typeof curve[i] !== 'function') throw new Error(`Invalid ${i} function`);
-  }
-  const endo = opts.endo;
+  const opts = validateBasic(curve);
+  ut.validateObject(
+    opts,
+    {
+      a: 'field',
+      b: 'field',
+      fromBytes: 'function',
+      toBytes: 'function',
+    },
+    {
+      allowedPrivateKeyLengths: 'array',
+      wrapPrivateKey: 'boolean',
+      isTorsionFree: 'function',
+      clearCofactor: 'function',
+    }
+  );
+  const { endo, Fp, a } = opts;
  if (endo) {
-    if (!Fp.eql(opts.a, Fp.ZERO)) {
+    if (!Fp.eql(a, Fp.ZERO)) {
      throw new Error('Endomorphism can only be defined for Koblitz curves that have a=0');
    }
    if (
@@ -119,9 +115,6 @@ function validatePointOpts<T>(curve: CurvePointsType<T>) {
      throw new Error('Expected endomorphism with beta: bigint and splitScalar: function');
    }
  }
-  if (typeof opts.fromBytes !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid fromBytes function');
-  if (typeof opts.toBytes !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid fromBytes function');
-  // Set defaults
  return Object.freeze({ ...opts } as const);
 }

@@ -207,32 +200,24 @@ export function weierstrassPoints<T>(opts: CurvePointsType<T>) {
  function assertGE(num: bigint) {
    if (!isWithinCurveOrder(num)) throw new Error('Expected valid bigint: 0 < bigint < curve.n');
  }
-  /**
-   * Validates if a private key is valid and converts it to bigint form.
-   * Supports two options, that are passed when CURVE is initialized:
-   * - `normalizePrivateKey()` executed before all checks
-   * - `wrapPrivateKey` when true, executed after most checks, but before `0 < key < n`
-   */
+  // Validates if priv key is valid and converts it to bigint.
+  // Supports options CURVE.normalizePrivateKey and CURVE.wrapPrivateKey.
  function normalizePrivateKey(key: PrivKey): bigint {
-    const { normalizePrivateKey: custom, nByteLength: groupLen, wrapPrivateKey, n } = CURVE;
-    if (typeof custom === 'function') key = custom(key);
-    let num: bigint;
-    if (typeof key === 'bigint') {
-      // Curve order check is done below
-      num = key;
-    } else if (typeof key === 'string') {
-      if (key.length !== 2 * groupLen) throw new Error(`must be ${groupLen} bytes`);
-      // Validates individual octets
-      num = ut.bytesToNumberBE(ensureBytes(key));
-    } else if (key instanceof Uint8Array) {
-      if (key.length !== groupLen) throw new Error(`must be ${groupLen} bytes`);
-      num = ut.bytesToNumberBE(key);
-    } else {
-      throw new Error('private key must be bytes, hex or bigint, not ' + typeof key);
+    const { allowedPrivateKeyLengths: lengths, nByteLength, wrapPrivateKey, n } = CURVE;
+    if (lengths && typeof key !== 'bigint') {
+      if (key instanceof Uint8Array) key = ut.bytesToHex(key);
+      // Normalize to hex string, pad. E.g. P521 would norm 130-132 char hex to 132-char bytes
+      if (typeof key !== 'string' || !lengths.includes(key.length)) throw new Error('Invalid key');
+      key = key.padStart(nByteLength * 2, '0');
    }
-    // Useful for curves with cofactor != 1
-    if (wrapPrivateKey) num = mod.mod(num, n);
-    assertGE(num);
+    let num: bigint;
+    try {
+      num = typeof key === 'bigint' ? key : ut.bytesToNumberBE(ensureBytes(key, nByteLength));
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new Error(`private key must be ${nByteLength} bytes, hex or bigint, not ${typeof key}`);
+    }
+    if (wrapPrivateKey) num = mod.mod(num, n); // disabled by default, enabled for BLS
+    assertGE(num); // num in range [1..N-1]
    return num;
  }

@@ -612,25 +597,30 @@ type SignatureLike = { r: bigint; s: bigint };

 export type PubKey = Hex | ProjPointType<bigint>;

-export type CurveType = BasicCurve<bigint> & {
-  // Default options
-  lowS?: boolean;
-  // Hashes
-  hash: CHash; // Because we need outputLen for DRBG
+export type CurveType = BasicWCurve<bigint> & {
+  hash: CHash; // CHash not FHash because we need outputLen for DRBG
  hmac: HmacFnSync;
  randomBytes: (bytesLength?: number) => Uint8Array;
-  // truncateHash?: (hash: Uint8Array, truncateOnly?: boolean) => Uint8Array;
+  lowS?: boolean;
  bits2int?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
  bits2int_modN?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
 };

 function validateOpts(curve: CurveType) {
-  const opts = validateAbsOpts(curve);
-  if (typeof opts.hash !== 'function' || !Number.isSafeInteger(opts.hash.outputLen))
-    throw new Error('Invalid hash function');
-  if (typeof opts.hmac !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid hmac function');
-  if (typeof opts.randomBytes !== 'function') throw new Error('Invalid randomBytes function');
-  // Set defaults
+  const opts = validateBasic(curve);
+  ut.validateObject(
+    opts,
+    {
+      hash: 'hash',
+      hmac: 'function',
+      randomBytes: 'function',
+    },
+    {
+      bits2int: 'function',
+      bits2int_modN: 'function',
+      lowS: 'boolean',
+    }
+  );
  return Object.freeze({ lowS: true, ...opts } as const);
 }

@@ -759,7 +749,7 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
        return { x, y };
      } else {
        throw new Error(
-          `Point.fromHex: received invalid point. Expected ${compressedLen} compressed bytes or ${uncompressedLen} uncompressed bytes, not ${len}`
+          `Point of length ${len} was invalid. Expected ${compressedLen} compressed bytes or ${uncompressedLen} uncompressed bytes`
        );
      }
    },
@@ -824,7 +814,7 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
      const ir = invN(radj); // r^-1
      const u1 = modN(-h * ir); // -hr^-1
      const u2 = modN(s * ir); // sr^-1
-      const Q = Point.BASE.multiplyAndAddUnsafe(R, u1, u2); //  (sr^-1)R-(hr^-1)G = -(hr^-1)G + (sr^-1)
+      const Q = Point.BASE.multiplyAndAddUnsafe(R, u1, u2); // (sr^-1)R-(hr^-1)G = -(hr^-1)G + (sr^-1)
      if (!Q) throw new Error('point at infinify'); // unsafe is fine: no priv data leaked
      Q.assertValidity();
      return Q;
@@ -954,9 +944,10 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
  // NOTE: pads output with zero as per spec
  const ORDER_MASK = ut.bitMask(CURVE.nBitLength);
  function int2octets(num: bigint): Uint8Array {
-    if (typeof num !== 'bigint') throw new Error('Expected bigint');
+    if (typeof num !== 'bigint') throw new Error('bigint expected');
    if (!(_0n <= num && num < ORDER_MASK))
-      throw new Error(`Expected number < 2^${CURVE.nBitLength}`);
+      // n in [0..ORDER_MASK-1]
+      throw new Error(`bigint expected < 2^${CURVE.nBitLength}`);
    // works with order, can have different size than numToField!
    return ut.numberToBytesBE(num, CURVE.nByteLength);
  }
@@ -967,32 +958,26 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
  // NOTE: we cannot assume here that msgHash has same amount of bytes as curve order, this will be wrong at least for P521.
  // Also it can be bigger for P224 + SHA256
  function prepSig(msgHash: Hex, privateKey: PrivKey, opts = defaultSigOpts) {
+    const { hash, randomBytes } = CURVE;
    if (msgHash == null) throw new Error(`sign: expected valid message hash, not "${msgHash}"`);
    if (['recovered', 'canonical'].some((k) => k in opts))
      // Ban legacy options
      throw new Error('sign() legacy options not supported');
    let { lowS, prehash, extraEntropy: ent } = opts; // generates low-s sigs by default
-    if (prehash) msgHash = CURVE.hash(ensureBytes(msgHash));
-    if (lowS == null) lowS = true; // RFC6979 3.2: we skip step A, because
-    // Step A is ignored, since we already provide hash instead of msg
+    if (prehash) msgHash = hash(ensureBytes(msgHash));
+    if (lowS == null) lowS = true; // RFC6979 3.2: we skip step A, because we already provide hash

-    // NOTE: instead of bits2int, we calling here truncateHash, since we need
-    // custom truncation for stark. For other curves it is essentially same as calling bits2int + mod
-    // However, we cannot later call bits2octets (which is truncateHash + int2octets), since nested bits2int is broken
-    // for curves where nBitLength % 8 !== 0, so we unwrap it here as int2octets call.
-    // const bits2octets = (bits)=>int2octets(bytesToNumberBE(truncateHash(bits)))
+    // We can't later call bits2octets, since nested bits2int is broken for curves
+    // with nBitLength % 8 !== 0. Because of that, we unwrap it here as int2octets call.
+    // const bits2octets = (bits) => int2octets(bits2int_modN(bits))
    const h1int = bits2int_modN(ensureBytes(msgHash));
-    const h1octets = int2octets(h1int);
-
-    const d = normalizePrivateKey(privateKey);
-    // K = HMAC_K(V || 0x00 || int2octets(x) || bits2octets(h1) || k')
-    const seedArgs = [int2octets(d), h1octets];
+    const d = normalizePrivateKey(privateKey); // validate private key, convert to bigint
+    const seedArgs = [int2octets(d), int2octets(h1int)];
+    // extraEntropy. RFC6979 3.6: additional k' (optional).
    if (ent != null) {
-      // RFC6979 3.6: additional k' (optional)
-      if (ent === true) ent = CURVE.randomBytes(Fp.BYTES);
-      const e = ensureBytes(ent);
-      if (e.length !== Fp.BYTES) throw new Error(`sign: Expected ${Fp.BYTES} bytes of extra data`);
-      seedArgs.push(e);
+      // K = HMAC_K(V || 0x00 || int2octets(x) || bits2octets(h1) || k')
+      // Either pass as-is, or generate random bytes. Then validate for being ui8a of size BYTES
+      seedArgs.push(ensureBytes(ent === true ? randomBytes(Fp.BYTES) : ent, Fp.BYTES));
    }
    const seed = ut.concatBytes(...seedArgs); // Step D of RFC6979 3.2
    const m = h1int; // NOTE: no need to call bits2int second time here, it is inside truncateHash!
@@ -1054,7 +1039,7 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
   * ```
   */
  function verify(
-    signature: Hex | { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+    signature: Hex | SignatureLike,
    msgHash: Hex,
    publicKey: Hex,
    opts = defaultVerOpts
@@ -1099,7 +1084,6 @@ export function weierstrass(curveDef: CurveType): CurveFn {
    getSharedSecret,
    sign,
    verify,
-    // Point,
    ProjectivePoint: Point,
    Signature,
    utils,
--- a/src/p224.ts
+++ b/src/p224.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export const P224 = createCurve(
    // Params: a, b
    a: BigInt('0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffffffffffffffffffffe'),
    b: BigInt('0xb4050a850c04b3abf54132565044b0b7d7bfd8ba270b39432355ffb4'),
-    // Field over which we'll do calculations; 2n**224n - 2n**96n + 1n
+    // Field over which we'll do calculations;
    Fp: Fp(BigInt('0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000001')),
    // Curve order, total count of valid points in the field
    n: BigInt('0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16a2e0b8f03e13dd29455c5c2a3d'),
--- a/src/p521.ts
+++ b/src/p521.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
 import { createCurve } from './_shortw_utils.js';
 import { sha512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha512';
-import { bytesToHex, PrivKey } from './abstract/utils.js';
 import { Fp as Field } from './abstract/modular.js';
 import { mapToCurveSimpleSWU } from './abstract/weierstrass.js';
 import * as htf from './abstract/hash-to-curve.js';
@@ -38,16 +37,7 @@ export const P521 = createCurve({
  Gy: BigInt('0x011839296a789a3bc0045c8a5fb42c7d1bd998f54449579b446817afbd17273e662c97ee72995ef42640c550b9013fad0761353c7086a272c24088be94769fd16650'),
  h: BigInt(1),
  lowS: false,
-  // P521 keys could be 130, 131, 132 bytes. We normalize to 132 bytes.
-  // Does not replace validation; invalid keys would still be rejected.
-  normalizePrivateKey(key: PrivKey) {
-    if (typeof key === 'bigint') return key;
-    if (key instanceof Uint8Array) key = bytesToHex(key);
-    if (typeof key !== 'string' || !([130, 131, 132].includes(key.length))) {
-      throw new Error('Invalid key');
-    }
-    return key.padStart(66 * 2, '0'); // ensure it's always 132 bytes
-  },
+  allowedPrivateKeyLengths: [130, 131, 132] // P521 keys are variable-length. Normalize to 132b
 } as const, sha512);
 export const secp521r1 = P521;

--- a/src/secp256k1.ts
+++ b/src/secp256k1.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
  ensureBytes,
  concatBytes,
  Hex,
-  bytesToNumberBE as bytesToNum,
+  bytesToNumberBE as bytesToInt,
  PrivKey,
  numberToBytesBE,
 } from './abstract/utils.js';
@@ -130,57 +130,53 @@ function taggedHash(tag: string, ...messages: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
  return sha256(concatBytes(tagP, ...messages));
 }

-const toRawX = (point: PointType<bigint>) => point.toRawBytes(true).slice(1);
+const pointToBytes = (point: PointType<bigint>) => point.toRawBytes(true).slice(1);
 const numTo32b = (n: bigint) => numberToBytesBE(n, 32);
 const modN = (x: bigint) => mod(x, secp256k1N);
-const _Point = secp256k1.ProjectivePoint;
-const Gmul = (priv: PrivKey) => _Point.fromPrivateKey(priv);
+const Point = secp256k1.ProjectivePoint;
 const GmulAdd = (Q: PointType<bigint>, a: bigint, b: bigint) =>
-  _Point.BASE.multiplyAndAddUnsafe(Q, a, b);
-function schnorrGetScalar(priv: bigint) {
-  // Let d' = int(sk)
-  // Fail if d' = 0 or d' ≥ n
-  // Let P = d'⋅G
-  // Let d = d' if has_even_y(P), otherwise let d = n - d' .
-  const point = Gmul(priv);
-  const scalar = point.hasEvenY() ? priv : modN(-priv);
-  return { point, scalar, x: toRawX(point) };
+  Point.BASE.multiplyAndAddUnsafe(Q, a, b);
+const hex32ToInt = (key: Hex) => bytesToInt(ensureBytes(key, 32));
+function schnorrGetExtPubKey(priv: PrivKey) {
+  let d = typeof priv === 'bigint' ? priv : hex32ToInt(priv);
+  const point = Point.fromPrivateKey(d); // P = d'⋅G; 0 < d' < n check is done inside
+  const scalar = point.hasEvenY() ? d : modN(-d); // d = d' if has_even_y(P), otherwise d = n-d'
+  return { point, scalar, bytes: pointToBytes(point) };
 }
 function lift_x(x: bigint): PointType<bigint> {
  if (!fe(x)) throw new Error('bad x: need 0 < x < p'); // Fail if x ≥ p.
  const c = mod(x * x * x + BigInt(7), secp256k1P); // Let c = x³ + 7 mod p.
  let y = sqrtMod(c); // Let y = c^(p+1)/4 mod p.
  if (y % 2n !== 0n) y = mod(-y, secp256k1P); // Return the unique point P such that x(P) = x and
-  const p = new _Point(x, y, _1n); // y(P) = y if y mod 2 = 0 or y(P) = p-y otherwise.
+  const p = new Point(x, y, _1n); // y(P) = y if y mod 2 = 0 or y(P) = p-y otherwise.
  p.assertValidity();
  return p;
 }
 function challenge(...args: Uint8Array[]): bigint {
-  return modN(bytesToNum(taggedHash(TAGS.challenge, ...args)));
+  return modN(bytesToInt(taggedHash(TAGS.challenge, ...args)));
 }
-function schnorrGetPublicKey(privateKey: PrivKey): Uint8Array {
-  return toRawX(Gmul(privateKey)); // Let d' = int(sk). Fail if d' = 0 or d' ≥ n. Return bytes(d'⋅G)
-}
-/**
- * Synchronously creates Schnorr signature. Improved security: verifies itself before
- * producing an output.
- * @param msg message (not message hash)
- * @param privateKey private key
- * @param auxRand random bytes that would be added to k. Bad RNG won't break it.
- */
-function schnorrSign(message: Hex, privateKey: Hex, auxRand: Hex = randomBytes(32)): Uint8Array {
-  if (message == null) throw new Error(`sign: Expected valid message, not "${message}"`);
-  const m = ensureBytes(message);
-  // checks for isWithinCurveOrder

-  const { x: px, scalar: d } = schnorrGetScalar(bytesToNum(ensureBytes(privateKey, 32)));
+// Schnorr's pubkey is just `x` of Point (BIP340)
+function schnorrGetPublicKey(privateKey: Hex): Uint8Array {
+  return schnorrGetExtPubKey(privateKey).bytes; // d'=int(sk). Fail if d'=0 or d'≥n. Ret bytes(d'⋅G)
+}
+
+// Creates Schnorr signature as per BIP340. Verifies itself before returning anything.
+// auxRand is optional and is not the sole source of k generation: bad CSPRNG won't be dangerous
+function schnorrSign(
+  message: Hex,
+  privateKey: PrivKey,
+  auxRand: Hex = randomBytes(32)
+): Uint8Array {
+  if (message == null) throw new Error(`sign: Expected valid message, not "${message}"`);
+  const m = ensureBytes(message); // checks for isWithinCurveOrder
+  const { bytes: px, scalar: d } = schnorrGetExtPubKey(privateKey);
  const a = ensureBytes(auxRand, 32); // Auxiliary random data a: a 32-byte array
-  // TODO: replace with proper xor?
-  const t = numTo32b(d ^ bytesToNum(taggedHash(TAGS.aux, a))); // Let t be the byte-wise xor of bytes(d) and hash/aux(a)
+  const t = numTo32b(d ^ bytesToInt(taggedHash(TAGS.aux, a))); // Let t be the byte-wise xor of bytes(d) and hash/aux(a)
  const rand = taggedHash(TAGS.nonce, t, px, m); // Let rand = hash/nonce(t || bytes(P) || m)
-  const k_ = modN(bytesToNum(rand)); // Let k' = int(rand) mod n
+  const k_ = modN(bytesToInt(rand)); // Let k' = int(rand) mod n
  if (k_ === _0n) throw new Error('sign failed: k is zero'); // Fail if k' = 0.
-  const { point: R, x: rx, scalar: k } = schnorrGetScalar(k_); // Let R = k'⋅G.
+  const { point: R, bytes: rx, scalar: k } = schnorrGetExtPubKey(k_); // Let R = k'⋅G.
  const e = challenge(rx, px, m); // Let e = int(hash/challenge(bytes(R) || bytes(P) || m)) mod n.
  const sig = new Uint8Array(64); // Let sig = bytes(R) || bytes((k + ed) mod n).
  sig.set(numTo32b(R.px), 0);
@@ -195,14 +191,14 @@ function schnorrSign(message: Hex, privateKey: Hex, auxRand: Hex = randomBytes(3
 */
 function schnorrVerify(signature: Hex, message: Hex, publicKey: Hex): boolean {
  try {
-    const P = lift_x(bytesToNum(ensureBytes(publicKey, 32))); // P = lift_x(int(pk)); fail if that fails
+    const P = lift_x(hex32ToInt(publicKey)); // P = lift_x(int(pk)); fail if that fails
    const sig = ensureBytes(signature, 64);
-    const r = bytesToNum(sig.subarray(0, 32)); // Let r = int(sig[0:32]); fail if r ≥ p.
+    const r = bytesToInt(sig.subarray(0, 32)); // Let r = int(sig[0:32]); fail if r ≥ p.
    if (!fe(r)) return false;
-    const s = bytesToNum(sig.subarray(32, 64)); // Let s = int(sig[32:64]); fail if s ≥ n.
+    const s = bytesToInt(sig.subarray(32, 64)); // Let s = int(sig[32:64]); fail if s ≥ n.
    if (!ge(s)) return false;
    const m = ensureBytes(message);
-    const e = challenge(numTo32b(r), toRawX(P), m); // int(challenge(bytes(r)||bytes(P)||m)) mod n
+    const e = challenge(numTo32b(r), pointToBytes(P), m); // int(challenge(bytes(r)||bytes(P)||m)) mod n
    const R = GmulAdd(P, s, modN(-e)); // R = s⋅G - e⋅P
    if (!R || !R.hasEvenY() || R.toAffine().x !== r) return false; // -eP == (n-e)P
    return true; // Fail if is_infinite(R) / not has_even_y(R) / x(R) ≠ r.
@@ -212,11 +208,18 @@ function schnorrVerify(signature: Hex, message: Hex, publicKey: Hex): boolean {
 }

 export const schnorr = {
-  // Schnorr's pubkey is just `x` of Point (BIP340)
  getPublicKey: schnorrGetPublicKey,
  sign: schnorrSign,
  verify: schnorrVerify,
-  utils: { lift_x, int: bytesToNum, taggedHash },
+  utils: {
+    getExtendedPublicKey: schnorrGetExtPubKey,
+    lift_x,
+    pointToBytes,
+    numberToBytesBE,
+    bytesToNumberBE: bytesToInt,
+    taggedHash,
+    mod,
+  },
 };

 const isoMap = htf.isogenyMap(
--- a/src/stark.ts
+++ b/src/stark.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ function ensureBytes0x(hex: Hex): Uint8Array {
 function normalizePrivateKey(privKey: Hex) {
  return cutils.bytesToHex(ensureBytes0x(privKey)).padStart(64, '0');
 }
-function getPublicKey0x(privKey: Hex, isCompressed?: boolean) {
+function getPublicKey0x(privKey: Hex, isCompressed = false) {
  return starkCurve.getPublicKey(normalizePrivateKey(privKey), isCompressed);
 }
 function getSharedSecret0x(privKeyA: Hex, pubKeyB: Hex) {
--- a/test/basic.test.js
+++ b/test/basic.test.js
@@ -436,9 +436,16 @@ for (const name in CURVES) {
            throws(() => G[1][op](0n), '0n');
            G[1][op](G[2]);
            throws(() => G[1][op](CURVE_ORDER), 'CURVE_ORDER');
+            throws(() => G[1][op](-123n), '-123n');
+            throws(() => G[1][op](123), '123');
            throws(() => G[1][op](123.456), '123.456');
            throws(() => G[1][op](true), 'true');
+            throws(() => G[1][op](false), 'false');
+            throws(() => G[1][op](null), 'null');
+            throws(() => G[1][op](undefined), 'undefined');
            throws(() => G[1][op]('1'), "'1'");
+            throws(() => G[1][op]({ x: 1n, y: 1n }), '{ x: 1n, y: 1n }');
+            throws(() => G[1][op]({ x: 1n, y: 1n, z: 1n }), '{ x: 1n, y: 1n, z: 1n }');
            throws(
              () => G[1][op]({ x: 1n, y: 1n, z: 1n, t: 1n }),
              '{ x: 1n, y: 1n, z: 1n, t: 1n }'
@@ -527,10 +534,13 @@ for (const name in CURVES) {
    should('.getPublicKey() type check', () => {
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(0), '0');
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(0n), '0n');
-      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(false), 'false');
+      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(-123n), '-123n');
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(123), '123');
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(123.456), '123.456');
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(true), 'true');
+      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(false), 'false');
+      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(null), 'null');
+      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(undefined), 'undefined');
      throws(() => C.getPublicKey(''), "''");
      // NOTE: passes because of disabled hex padding checks for starknet, maybe enable?
      // throws(() => C.getPublicKey('1'), "'1'");
@@ -560,25 +570,25 @@ for (const name in CURVES) {
    should('.sign() edge cases', () => {
      throws(() => C.sign());
      throws(() => C.sign(''));
+      throws(() => C.sign('', ''));
+      throws(() => C.sign(new Uint8Array(), new Uint8Array()));
    });

    describe('verify()', () => {
+      const msg = '01'.repeat(32);
      should('true for proper signatures', () => {
-        const msg = '01'.repeat(32);
        const priv = C.utils.randomPrivateKey();
        const sig = C.sign(msg, priv);
        const pub = C.getPublicKey(priv);
        deepStrictEqual(C.verify(sig, msg, pub), true);
      });
      should('false for wrong messages', () => {
-        const msg = '01'.repeat(32);
        const priv = C.utils.randomPrivateKey();
        const sig = C.sign(msg, priv);
        const pub = C.getPublicKey(priv);
        deepStrictEqual(C.verify(sig, '11'.repeat(32), pub), false);
      });
      should('false for wrong keys', () => {
-        const msg = '01'.repeat(32);
        const priv = C.utils.randomPrivateKey();
        const sig = C.sign(msg, priv);
        deepStrictEqual(C.verify(sig, msg, C.getPublicKey(C.utils.randomPrivateKey())), false);
--- a/test/nist.test.js
+++ b/test/nist.test.js
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ describe('wycheproof ECDH', () => {
          try {
            const pub = CURVE.ProjectivePoint.fromHex(test.public);
          } catch (e) {
-            if (e.message.includes('Point.fromHex: received invalid point.')) continue;
+            // Our strict validation filter doesn't let weird-length DER vectors
+            if (e.message.startsWith('Point of length')) continue;
            throw e;
          }
          const shared = CURVE.getSharedSecret(test.private, test.public);
@@ -140,7 +141,8 @@ describe('wycheproof ECDH', () => {
              try {
                const pub = curve.ProjectivePoint.fromHex(test.public);
              } catch (e) {
-                if (e.message.includes('Point.fromHex: received invalid point.')) continue;
+                // Our strict validation filter doesn't let weird-length DER vectors
+                if (e.message.includes('Point of length')) continue;
                throw e;
              }
              const shared = curve.getSharedSecret(test.private, test.public);
@@ -194,7 +196,6 @@ const WYCHEPROOF_ECDSA = {
  secp256k1: {
    curve: secp256k1,
    hashes: {
-      // TODO: debug why fails, can be bug
      sha256: {
        hash: sha256,
        tests: [secp256k1_sha256_test],
--- a/test/secp256k1.test.js
+++ b/test/secp256k1.test.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import * as fc from 'fast-check';
 import { secp256k1, schnorr } from '../lib/esm/secp256k1.js';
 import { Fp } from '../lib/esm/abstract/modular.js';
-import { bytesToNumberBE, numberToBytesBE } from '../lib/esm/abstract/utils.js';
+import { bytesToNumberBE, ensureBytes, numberToBytesBE } from '../lib/esm/abstract/utils.js';
 import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
 import { default as ecdsa } from './vectors/ecdsa.json' assert { type: 'json' };
 import { default as ecdh } from './vectors/ecdh.json' assert { type: 'json' };
@@ -463,9 +463,7 @@ describe('secp256k1', () => {
    const normal = secp.utils._normalizePrivateKey;
    const tweakUtils = {
      privateAdd: (privateKey, tweak) => {
-        const p = normal(privateKey);
-        const t = normal(tweak);
-        return numberToBytesBE(Fn.create(p + t), 32);
+        return numberToBytesBE(Fn.add(normal(privateKey), normal(tweak)), 32);
      },

      privateNegate: (privateKey) => {
@@ -473,18 +471,13 @@ describe('secp256k1', () => {
      },

      pointAddScalar: (p, tweak, isCompressed) => {
-        const P = Point.fromHex(p);
-        const t = normal(tweak);
-        const Q = Point.BASE.multiplyAndAddUnsafe(P, t, 1n);
-        if (!Q) throw new Error('Tweaked point at infinity');
-        return Q.toRawBytes(isCompressed);
+        // Will throw if tweaked point is at infinity
+        return Point.fromHex(p).add(Point.fromPrivateKey(tweak)).toRawBytes(isCompressed);
      },

      pointMultiply: (p, tweak, isCompressed) => {
-        const P = Point.fromHex(p);
-        const h = typeof tweak === 'string' ? tweak : bytesToHex(tweak);
-        const t = BigInt(`0x${h}`);
-        return P.multiply(t).toRawBytes(isCompressed);
+        const t = bytesToNumberBE(ensureBytes(tweak));
+        return Point.fromHex(p).multiply(t).toRawBytes(isCompressed);
      },
    };
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Paul Miller	131f88b504	Release 0.6.1.	2023-01-29 05:14:10 +01:00
Paul Miller	4333e9a686	README	2023-01-29 05:12:58 +01:00
Paul Miller	a60d15ff05	Upgrading guide from other noble libraries	2023-01-29 05:10:58 +01:00
Paul Miller	ceffbc69da	More Schnorr utils	2023-01-29 04:46:38 +01:00
Paul Miller	c75129e629	Use declarative curve field validation	2023-01-28 03:19:46 +01:00
Paul Miller	f39fb80c52	weierstrass: rename normalizePrivateKey to allowedPrivateKeyLengths	2023-01-27 23:45:55 +01:00
Paul Miller	fcd422d246	README updates	2023-01-27 03:48:53 +01:00
Paul Miller	ed9bf89038	stark: isCompressed=false. Update benchmarks	2023-01-27 03:43:18 +01:00
Paul Miller	7262b4219f	Bump micro-should	2023-01-26 08:26:07 +01:00
Paul Miller	02b0b25147	New schnorr exports. Simplify RFC6979 k gen, privkey checks	2023-01-26 08:16:00 +01:00