core/state: state reader abstraction (#29761)

This pull request introduces a state.Reader interface for state
accessing.

The interface could be implemented in various ways. It can be pure trie
only reader, or the combination of trie and state snapshot. What's more,
this interface allows us to have more flexibility in the future, e.g.
the
archive reader (for accessing archive state).

Additionally, this pull request removes the following metrics

- `chain/snapshot/account/reads`
- `chain/snapshot/storage/reads`

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go

@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 	}
 	// Re-create statedb instance with new root upon the updated database
 	// for accessing latest states.
-	statedb, err = state.New(root, statedb.Database(), nil)
+	statedb, err = state.New(root, statedb.Database())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not reopen state: %v", err))
 	}
@@ -412,8 +412,9 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 }
 
 func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB {
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce)
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 	}
 	// Commit and re-open to start with a clean state.
 	root, _ := statedb.Commit(0, false)
-	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb)
 	return statedb
 }
 

cmd/evm/runner.go

@@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	})
 	defer triedb.Close()
 	genesis := genesisConfig.MustCommit(db, triedb)
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb)
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
-	statedb, _ = state.New(genesis.Root(), sdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(genesis.Root(), sdb)
 	chainConfig = genesisConfig.Config
 
 	if ctx.String(SenderFlag.Name) != "" {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			fmt.Printf("Failed to commit changes %v\n", err)
 			return err
 		}
-		dumpdb, err := state.New(root, sdb, nil)
+		dumpdb, err := state.New(root, sdb)
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("Failed to open statedb %v\n", err)
 			return err

cmd/evm/staterunner.go

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func runStateTest(fname string, cfg vm.Config, dump bool) error {
 					result.Root = &root
 					fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "{\"stateRoot\": \"%#x\"}\n", root)
 					if dump { // Dump any state to aid debugging
-						cpy, _ := state.New(root, tstate.StateDB.Database(), nil)
+						cpy, _ := state.New(root, tstate.StateDB.Database())
 						dump := cpy.RawDump(nil)
 						result.State = &dump
 					}

cmd/geth/chaincmd.go

@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func dump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, true, true, false) // always enable preimage lookup
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
-	state, err := state.New(root, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+	state, err := state.New(root, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

core/blockchain.go

@@ -72,13 +72,10 @@ var (
 	storageUpdateTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/updates", nil)
 	storageCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/commits", nil)
 
-	snapshotAccountReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/account/reads", nil)
-	snapshotStorageReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/storage/reads", nil)
-	snapshotCommitTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)
-
 	accountReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/account/single/reads", nil)
 	storageReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/single/reads", nil)
 
+	snapshotCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)
 	triedbCommitTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/triedb/commits", nil)
 
 	blockInsertTimer     = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/inserts", nil)
@@ -220,7 +217,7 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	lastWrite     uint64                           // Last block when the state was flushed
 	flushInterval atomic.Int64                     // Time interval (processing time) after which to flush a state
 	triedb        *triedb.Database                 // The database handler for maintaining trie nodes.
-	stateCache    state.Database                   // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
+	statedb       *state.CachingDB                 // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
 	txIndexer     *txIndexer                       // Transaction indexer, might be nil if not enabled
 
 	hc            *HeaderChain
@@ -311,7 +308,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	bc.flushInterval.Store(int64(cacheConfig.TrieTimeLimit))
-	bc.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(bc.db, bc.triedb)
+	bc.statedb = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, nil)
 	bc.validator = NewBlockValidator(chainConfig, bc)
 	bc.prefetcher = newStatePrefetcher(chainConfig, bc.hc)
 	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(chainConfig, bc.hc)
@@ -449,7 +446,11 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 			AsyncBuild: !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotWait,
 		}
 		bc.snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapconfig, bc.db, bc.triedb, head.Root)
+
+		// Re-initialize the state database with snapshot
+		bc.statedb = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.snaps)
 	}
+
 	// Rewind the chain in case of an incompatible config upgrade.
 	if compat, ok := genesisErr.(*params.ConfigCompatError); ok {
 		log.Warn("Rewinding chain to upgrade configuration", "err", compat)
@@ -1767,7 +1768,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool) (int, error)
 		if parent == nil {
 			parent = bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
 		}
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root, bc.statedb)
 		if err != nil {
 			return it.index, err
 		}
@@ -1793,7 +1794,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool) (int, error)
 		var followupInterrupt atomic.Bool
 		if !bc.cacheConfig.TrieCleanNoPrefetch {
 			if followup, err := it.peek(); followup != nil && err == nil {
-				throwaway, _ := state.New(parent.Root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+				throwaway, _ := state.New(parent.Root, bc.statedb)
 
 				go func(start time.Time, followup *types.Block, throwaway *state.StateDB) {
 					// Disable tracing for prefetcher executions.
@@ -1916,23 +1917,18 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, s
 	// Update the metrics touched during block processing and validation
 	accountReadTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
 	storageReadTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
-	snapshotAccountReadTimer.Update(statedb.SnapshotAccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
-	snapshotStorageReadTimer.Update(statedb.SnapshotStorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
-
-	accountRead := statedb.SnapshotAccountReads + statedb.AccountReads // The time spent on account read
-	storageRead := statedb.SnapshotStorageReads + statedb.StorageReads // The time spent on storage read
 	if statedb.AccountLoaded != 0 {
-		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(accountRead / time.Duration(statedb.AccountLoaded))
+		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads / time.Duration(statedb.AccountLoaded))
 	}
 	if statedb.StorageLoaded != 0 {
-		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(storageRead / time.Duration(statedb.StorageLoaded))
+		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads / time.Duration(statedb.StorageLoaded))
 	}
 	accountUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.AccountUpdates)                                 // Account updates are complete(in validation)
 	storageUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.StorageUpdates)                                 // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
 	accountHashTimer.Update(statedb.AccountHashes)                                    // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
 	triehash := statedb.AccountHashes                                                 // The time spent on tries hashing
 	trieUpdate := statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates                     // The time spent on tries update
-	blockExecutionTimer.Update(ptime - (accountRead + storageRead)) // The time spent on EVM processing
+	blockExecutionTimer.Update(ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads)) // The time spent on EVM processing
 	blockValidationTimer.Update(vtime - (triehash + trieUpdate))                      // The time spent on block validation
 
 	// Write the block to the chain and get the status.

core/blockchain_reader.go

@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
 
 // HasState checks if state trie is fully present in the database or not.
 func (bc *BlockChain) HasState(hash common.Hash) bool {
-	_, err := bc.stateCache.OpenTrie(hash)
+	_, err := bc.statedb.OpenTrie(hash)
 	return err == nil
 }
 
@@ -341,12 +341,9 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) stateRecoverable(root common.Hash) bool {
 // If the code doesn't exist in the in-memory cache, check the storage with
 // new code scheme.
 func (bc *BlockChain) ContractCodeWithPrefix(hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	type codeReader interface {
-		ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
-	}
 	// TODO(rjl493456442) The associated account address is also required
 	// in Verkle scheme. Fix it once snap-sync is supported for Verkle.
-	return bc.stateCache.(codeReader).ContractCodeWithPrefix(common.Address{}, hash)
+	return bc.statedb.ContractCodeWithPrefix(common.Address{}, hash)
 }
 
 // State returns a new mutable state based on the current HEAD block.
@@ -356,7 +353,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
 
 // StateAt returns a new mutable state based on a particular point in time.
 func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
-	return state.New(root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
+	return state.New(root, bc.statedb)
 }
 
 // Config retrieves the chain's fork configuration.
@@ -382,7 +379,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) Processor() Processor {
 
 // StateCache returns the caching database underpinning the blockchain instance.
 func (bc *BlockChain) StateCache() state.Database {
-	return bc.stateCache
+	return bc.statedb
 }
 
 // GasLimit returns the gas limit of the current HEAD block.

core/blockchain_sethead_test.go

@@ -2040,7 +2040,7 @@ func testSetHeadWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme
 		dbconfig.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	}
 	chain.triedb = triedb.NewDatabase(chain.db, dbconfig)
-	chain.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(chain.db, chain.triedb)
+	chain.statedb = state.NewDatabase(chain.triedb, chain.snaps)
 
 	// Force run a freeze cycle
 	type freezer interface {

core/blockchain_test.go

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func testBlockChainImport(chain types.Blocks, blockchain *BlockChain) error {
 			}
 			return err
 		}
-		statedb, err := state.New(blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()).Root(), blockchain.stateCache, nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()).Root(), blockchain.statedb)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

core/chain_makers.go

@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ func GenerateVerkleChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, trdb), nil)
+		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), state.NewDatabase(trdb, nil))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}

core/genesis.go

@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	}
 	// Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash,
 	// all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk.
-	db := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), config)
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 
 // flushAlloc is very similar with hash, but the main difference is all the
 // generated states will be persisted into the given database.
-func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
+func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
-	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Blo
 		return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers")
 	}
 	// flush the data to disk and compute the state root
-	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, db, triedb)
+	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

core/state/database.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
@@ -45,29 +46,29 @@ const (
 
 // Database wraps access to tries and contract code.
 type Database interface {
+	// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
+	Reader(root common.Hash) (Reader, error)
+
 	// OpenTrie opens the main account trie.
 	OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error)
 
 	// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
 	OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error)
 
-	// CopyTrie returns an independent copy of the given trie.
-	CopyTrie(Trie) Trie
-
 	// ContractCode retrieves a particular contract's code.
 	ContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
 
 	// ContractCodeSize retrieves a particular contracts code's size.
 	ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error)
 
-	// DiskDB returns the underlying key-value disk database.
-	DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore
-
 	// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
 	PointCache() *utils.PointCache
 
 	// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
 	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
+
+	// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+	Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree
 }
 
 // Trie is a Ethereum Merkle Patricia trie.
@@ -147,47 +148,62 @@ type Trie interface {
 	IsVerkle() bool
 }
 
-// NewDatabase creates a backing store for state. The returned database is safe for
+// CachingDB is an implementation of Database interface. It leverages both trie and
-// concurrent use, but does not retain any recent trie nodes in memory. To keep some
+// state snapshot to provide functionalities for state access. It's meant to be a
-// historical state in memory, use the NewDatabaseWithConfig constructor.
+// long-live object and has a few caches inside for sharing between blocks.
-func NewDatabase(db ethdb.Database) Database {
+type CachingDB struct {
-	return NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, nil)
-}
-
-// NewDatabaseWithConfig creates a backing store for state. The returned database
-// is safe for concurrent use and retains a lot of collapsed RLP trie nodes in a
-// large memory cache.
-func NewDatabaseWithConfig(db ethdb.Database, config *triedb.Config) Database {
-	return &cachingDB{
-		disk:          db,
-		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
-		triedb:        triedb.NewDatabase(db, config),
-		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
-	}
-}
-
-// NewDatabaseWithNodeDB creates a state database with an already initialized node database.
-func NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) Database {
-	return &cachingDB{
-		disk:          db,
-		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
-		triedb:        triedb,
-		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
-	}
-}
-
-type cachingDB struct {
 	disk          ethdb.KeyValueStore
-	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
-	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
 	triedb        *triedb.Database
+	snap          *snapshot.Tree
+	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
+	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
 	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
 }
 
+// NewDatabase creates a state database with the provided data sources.
+func NewDatabase(triedb *triedb.Database, snap *snapshot.Tree) *CachingDB {
+	return &CachingDB{
+		disk:          triedb.Disk(),
+		triedb:        triedb,
+		snap:          snap,
+		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
+		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
+		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewDatabaseForTesting is similar to NewDatabase, but it initializes the caching
+// db by using an ephemeral memory db with default config for testing.
+func NewDatabaseForTesting() *CachingDB {
+	return NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil), nil)
+}
+
+// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
+func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+	var readers []Reader
+
+	// Set up the state snapshot reader if available. This feature
+	// is optional and may be partially useful if it's not fully
+	// generated.
+	if db.snap != nil {
+		sr, err := newStateReader(stateRoot, db.snap)
+		if err == nil {
+			readers = append(readers, sr) // snap reader is optional
+		}
+	}
+	// Set up the trie reader, which is expected to always be available
+	// as the gatekeeper unless the state is corrupted.
+	tr, err := newTrieReader(stateRoot, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	readers = append(readers, tr)
+
+	return newMultiReader(readers...)
+}
+
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
-func (db *cachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
 	if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
 		return trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
 	}
@@ -199,7 +215,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
 }
 
 // OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
-func (db *cachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, self Trie) (Trie, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, self Trie) (Trie, error) {
 	// In the verkle case, there is only one tree. But the two-tree structure
 	// is hardcoded in the codebase. So we need to return the same trie in this
 	// case.
@@ -213,20 +229,8 @@ func (db *cachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Addre
 	return tr, nil
 }
 
-// CopyTrie returns an independent copy of the given trie.
-func (db *cachingDB) CopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
-	switch t := t.(type) {
-	case *trie.StateTrie:
-		return t.Copy()
-	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
-		return t.Copy()
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
-	}
-}
-
 // ContractCode retrieves a particular contract's code.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	code, _ := db.codeCache.Get(codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
 		return code, nil
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCode(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash)
 // ContractCodeWithPrefix retrieves a particular contract's code. If the
 // code can't be found in the cache, then check the existence with **new**
 // db scheme.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	code, _ := db.codeCache.Get(codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
 		return code, nil
@@ -258,7 +262,7 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeWithPrefix(address common.Address, codeHash com
 }
 
 // ContractCodeSize retrieves a particular contracts code's size.
-func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
+func (db *CachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
 	if cached, ok := db.codeSizeCache.Get(codeHash); ok {
 		return cached, nil
 	}
@@ -266,17 +270,29 @@ func (db *cachingDB) ContractCodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash)
 	return len(code), err
 }
 
-// DiskDB returns the underlying key-value disk database.
-func (db *cachingDB) DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore {
-	return db.disk
-}
-
 // TrieDB retrieves any intermediate trie-node caching layer.
-func (db *cachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
+func (db *CachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return db.triedb
 }
 
 // PointCache returns the cache of evaluated curve points.
-func (db *cachingDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
+func (db *CachingDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
 	return db.pointCache
 }
+
+// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+func (db *CachingDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
+	return db.snap
+}
+
+// mustCopyTrie returns a deep-copied trie.
+func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *trie.StateTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
+	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
+	}
+}

core/state/iterator_test.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func testNodeIteratorCoverage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	db, sdb, ndb, root, _ := makeTestState(scheme)
 	ndb.Commit(root, false)
 
-	state, err := New(root, sdb, nil)
+	state, err := New(root, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create state trie at %x: %v", root, err)
 	}

core/state/reader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"maps"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+)
+
+// Reader defines the interface for accessing accounts and storage slots
+// associated with a specific state.
+type Reader interface {
+	// Account retrieves the account associated with a particular address.
+	//
+	// - Returns a nil account if it does not exist
+	// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+	// - The returned account is safe to modify after the call
+	Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error)
+
+	// Storage retrieves the storage slot associated with a particular account
+	// address and slot key.
+	//
+	// - Returns an empty slot if it does not exist
+	// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+	// - The returned storage slot is safe to modify after the call
+	Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error)
+
+	// Copy returns a deep-copied state reader.
+	Copy() Reader
+}
+
+// stateReader is a wrapper over the state snapshot and implements the Reader
+// interface. It provides an efficient way to access flat state.
+type stateReader struct {
+	snap snapshot.Snapshot
+	buff crypto.KeccakState
+}
+
+// newStateReader constructs a flat state reader with on the specified state root.
+func newStateReader(root common.Hash, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*stateReader, error) {
+	snap := snaps.Snapshot(root)
+	if snap == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("snapshot is not available")
+	}
+	return &stateReader{
+		snap: snap,
+		buff: crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implements Reader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
+func (r *stateReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	ret, err := r.snap.Account(crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if ret == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	acct := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    ret.Nonce,
+		Balance:  ret.Balance,
+		CodeHash: ret.CodeHash,
+		Root:     common.BytesToHash(ret.Root),
+	}
+	if len(acct.CodeHash) == 0 {
+		acct.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
+	}
+	if acct.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
+		acct.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
+	}
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements Reader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
+func (r *stateReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	addrHash := crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes())
+	slotHash := crypto.HashData(r.buff, key.Bytes())
+	ret, err := r.snap.Storage(addrHash, slotHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	// Perform the rlp-decode as the slot value is RLP-encoded in the state
+	// snapshot.
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(ret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	var value common.Hash
+	value.SetBytes(content)
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// Copy implements Reader, returning a deep-copied snap reader.
+func (r *stateReader) Copy() Reader {
+	return &stateReader{
+		snap: r.snap,
+		buff: crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+	}
+}
+
+// trieReader implements the Reader interface, providing functions to access
+// state from the referenced trie.
+type trieReader struct {
+	root     common.Hash                    // State root which uniquely represent a state
+	db       *triedb.Database               // Database for loading trie
+	buff     crypto.KeccakState             // Buffer for keccak256 hashing
+	mainTrie Trie                           // Main trie, resolved in constructor
+	subRoots map[common.Address]common.Hash // Set of storage roots, cached when the account is resolved
+	subTries map[common.Address]Trie        // Group of storage tries, cached when it's resolved
+}
+
+// trieReader constructs a trie reader of the specific state. An error will be
+// returned if the associated trie specified by root is not existent.
+func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*trieReader, error) {
+	var (
+		tr  Trie
+		err error
+	)
+	if !db.IsVerkle() {
+		tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db)
+	} else {
+		tr, err = trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db, cache)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &trieReader{
+		root:     root,
+		db:       db,
+		buff:     crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		mainTrie: tr,
+		subRoots: make(map[common.Address]common.Hash),
+		subTries: make(map[common.Address]Trie),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implements Reader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the trie state is corrupted. An nil account
+// will be returned if it's not existent in the trie.
+func (r *trieReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, err := r.mainTrie.GetAccount(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = types.EmptyRootHash
+	} else {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = account.Root
+	}
+	return account, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements Reader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the trie state is corrupted. An empty storage
+// slot will be returned if it's not existent in the trie.
+func (r *trieReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	var (
+		tr    Trie
+		found bool
+		value common.Hash
+	)
+	if r.db.IsVerkle() {
+		tr = r.mainTrie
+	} else {
+		tr, found = r.subTries[addr]
+		if !found {
+			root, ok := r.subRoots[addr]
+
+			// The storage slot is accessed without account caching. It's unexpected
+			// behavior but try to resolve the account first anyway.
+			if !ok {
+				_, err := r.Account(addr)
+				if err != nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, err
+				}
+				root = r.subRoots[addr]
+			}
+			var err error
+			tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(r.root, crypto.HashData(r.buff, addr.Bytes()), root), r.db)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, err
+			}
+			r.subTries[addr] = tr
+		}
+	}
+	ret, err := tr.GetStorage(addr, key.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	value.SetBytes(ret)
+	return value, nil
+}
+
+// Copy implements Reader, returning a deep-copied trie reader.
+func (r *trieReader) Copy() Reader {
+	tries := make(map[common.Address]Trie)
+	for addr, tr := range r.subTries {
+		tries[addr] = mustCopyTrie(tr)
+	}
+	return &trieReader{
+		root:     r.root,
+		db:       r.db,
+		buff:     crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		mainTrie: mustCopyTrie(r.mainTrie),
+		subRoots: maps.Clone(r.subRoots),
+		subTries: tries,
+	}
+}
+
+// multiReader is the aggregation of a list of Reader interface, providing state
+// access by leveraging all readers. The checking priority is determined by the
+// position in the reader list.
+type multiReader struct {
+	readers []Reader // List of readers, sorted by checking priority
+}
+
+// newMultiReader constructs a multiReader instance with the given readers. The
+// priority among readers is assumed to be sorted. Note, it must contain at least
+// one reader for constructing a multiReader.
+func newMultiReader(readers ...Reader) (*multiReader, error) {
+	if len(readers) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("empty reader set")
+	}
+	return &multiReader{
+		readers: readers,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Account implementing Reader interface, retrieving the account associated with
+// a particular address.
+//
+// - Returns a nil account if it does not exist
+// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+// - The returned account is safe to modify after the call
+func (r *multiReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		acct, err := reader.Account(addr)
+		if err == nil {
+			return acct, nil
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	return nil, errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// Storage implementing Reader interface, retrieving the storage slot associated
+// with a particular account address and slot key.
+//
+// - Returns an empty slot if it does not exist
+// - Returns an error only if an unexpected issue occurs
+// - The returned storage slot is safe to modify after the call
+func (r *multiReader) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		slot, err := reader.Storage(addr, slot)
+		if err == nil {
+			return slot, nil
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	return common.Hash{}, errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// Copy implementing Reader interface, returning a deep-copied state reader.
+func (r *multiReader) Copy() Reader {
+	var readers []Reader
+	for _, reader := range r.readers {
+		readers = append(readers, reader.Copy())
+	}
+	return &multiReader{readers: readers}
+}

core/state/state_object.go

@@ -187,52 +187,23 @@ func (s *stateObject) GetCommittedState(key common.Hash) common.Hash {
 		s.originStorage[key] = common.Hash{} // track the empty slot as origin value
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
-	// If no live objects are available, attempt to use snapshots
+	s.db.StorageLoaded++
-	var (
-		enc   []byte
-		err   error
-		value common.Hash
-	)
-	if s.db.snap != nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		enc, err = s.db.snap.Storage(s.addrHash, crypto.Keccak256Hash(key.Bytes()))
-		s.db.SnapshotStorageReads += time.Since(start)
 
-		if len(enc) > 0 {
-			_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
-			if err != nil {
-				s.db.setError(err)
-			}
-			value.SetBytes(content)
-		}
-	}
-	// If the snapshot is unavailable or reading from it fails, load from the database.
-	if s.db.snap == nil || err != nil {
 	start := time.Now()
-		tr, err := s.getTrie()
+	value, err := s.db.reader.Storage(s.address, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		s.db.setError(err)
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
-		val, err := tr.GetStorage(s.address, key.Bytes())
 	s.db.StorageReads += time.Since(start)
 
-		if err != nil {
+	// Schedule the resolved storage slots for prefetching if it's enabled.
-			s.db.setError(err)
-			return common.Hash{}
-		}
-		value.SetBytes(val)
-	}
-	// Independent of where we loaded the data from, add it to the prefetcher.
-	// Whilst this would be a bit weird if snapshots are disabled, but we still
-	// want the trie nodes to end up in the prefetcher too, so just push through.
 	if s.db.prefetcher != nil && s.data.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 		if err = s.db.prefetcher.prefetch(s.addrHash, s.origin.Root, s.address, [][]byte{key[:]}, true); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to prefetch storage slot", "addr", s.address, "key", key, "err", err)
 		}
 	}
 	s.originStorage[key] = value
-	s.db.StorageLoaded++
 	return value
 }
 
@@ -527,7 +498,7 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 		newContract:        s.newContract,
 	}
 	if s.trie != nil {
-		obj.trie = db.db.CopyTrie(s.trie)
+		obj.trie = mustCopyTrie(s.trie)
 	}
 	return obj
 }

core/state/state_test.go

@@ -26,27 +26,25 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 type stateEnv struct {
-	db    ethdb.Database
 	state *StateDB
 }
 
 func newStateEnv() *stateEnv {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(db), nil)
+	return &stateEnv{state: sdb}
-	return &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
 }
 
 func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
+	tdb := NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
-	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
+	s := &stateEnv{state: sdb}
 
 	// generate a few entries
 	obj1 := s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}))
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
 
 	// check that DumpToCollector contains the state objects that are in trie
-	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 	got := string(s.state.Dump(nil))
 	want := `{
     "root": "71edff0130dd2385947095001c73d9e28d862fc286fca2b922ca6f6f3cddfdd2",
@@ -101,9 +99,10 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
-	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
+	tdb := NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
-	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
+	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
+	s := &stateEnv{state: sdb}
 
 	// generate a few entries
 	obj1 := s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}))
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	s.state.updateStateObject(obj1)
 	s.state.updateStateObject(obj2)
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
-	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 
 	b := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	s.state.IterativeDump(nil, json.NewEncoder(b))
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ func TestSnapshotEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCreateObjectRevert(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so0"))
 	snap := state.Snapshot()
 

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -82,10 +82,8 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	db         Database
 	prefetcher *triePrefetcher
 	trie       Trie
-	hasher     crypto.KeccakState
 	logger     *tracing.Hooks
-	snaps      *snapshot.Tree    // Nil if snapshot is not available
+	reader     Reader
-	snap       snapshot.Snapshot // Nil if snapshot is not available
 
 	// originalRoot is the pre-state root, before any changes were made.
 	// It will be updated when the Commit is called.
@@ -151,8 +149,6 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	StorageReads    time.Duration
 	StorageUpdates  time.Duration
 	StorageCommits  time.Duration
-	SnapshotAccountReads time.Duration
-	SnapshotStorageReads time.Duration
 	SnapshotCommits time.Duration
 	TrieDBCommits   time.Duration
 
@@ -165,16 +161,20 @@ type StateDB struct {
 }
 
 // New creates a new state from a given trie.
-func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error) {
+func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*StateDB, error) {
 	tr, err := db.OpenTrie(root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	reader, err := db.Reader(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	sdb := &StateDB{
 		db:                   db,
 		trie:                 tr,
 		originalRoot:         root,
-		snaps:                snaps,
+		reader:               reader,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
 		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
 		mutations:            make(map[common.Address]*mutation),
@@ -183,13 +183,9 @@ func New(root common.Hash, db Database, snaps *snapshot.Tree) (*StateDB, error)
 		journal:              newJournal(),
 		accessList:           newAccessList(),
 		transientStorage:     newTransientStorage(),
-		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
 	}
 	if db.TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
-		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents(db.(*cachingDB).pointCache)
+		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents(db.PointCache())
-	}
-	if sdb.snaps != nil {
-		sdb.snap = sdb.snaps.Snapshot(root)
 	}
 	return sdb, nil
 }
@@ -204,18 +200,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) SetLogger(l *tracing.Hooks) {
 // commit phase, most of the needed data is already hot.
 func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string, witness *stateless.Witness) {
 	// Terminate any previously running prefetcher
-	if s.prefetcher != nil {
+	s.StopPrefetcher()
-		s.prefetcher.terminate(false)
+
-		s.prefetcher.report()
-		s.prefetcher = nil
-	}
 	// Enable witness collection if requested
 	s.witness = witness
 
-	// If snapshots are enabled, start prefethers explicitly
-	if s.snap != nil {
-		s.prefetcher = newTriePrefetcher(s.db, s.originalRoot, namespace, witness == nil)
-
 	// With the switch to the Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm, block production
 	// rewards are now handled at the consensus layer. Consequently, a block may
 	// have no state transitions if it contains no transactions and no withdrawals.
@@ -225,11 +214,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string, witness *stateless.Witness)
 	// To prevent this, the account trie is always scheduled for prefetching once
 	// the prefetcher is constructed. For more details, see:
 	// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/29880
+	s.prefetcher = newTriePrefetcher(s.db, s.originalRoot, namespace, witness == nil)
 	if err := s.prefetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, s.originalRoot, common.Address{}, nil, false); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to prefetch account trie", "root", s.originalRoot, "err", err)
 	}
 }
-}
 
 // StopPrefetcher terminates a running prefetcher and reports any leftover stats
 // from the gathered metrics.
@@ -583,57 +572,28 @@ func (s *StateDB) getStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
 	if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr]; ok {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// If no live objects are available, attempt to use snapshots
-	var data *types.StateAccount
-	if s.snap != nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		acc, err := s.snap.Account(crypto.HashData(s.hasher, addr.Bytes()))
-		s.SnapshotAccountReads += time.Since(start)
-		if err == nil {
-			if acc == nil {
 	s.AccountLoaded++
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	acct, err := s.reader.Account(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.setError(fmt.Errorf("getStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr.Bytes(), err))
 		return nil
 	}
-			data = &types.StateAccount{
-				Nonce:    acc.Nonce,
-				Balance:  acc.Balance,
-				CodeHash: acc.CodeHash,
-				Root:     common.BytesToHash(acc.Root),
-			}
-			if len(data.CodeHash) == 0 {
-				data.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
-			}
-			if data.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
-				data.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// If snapshot unavailable or reading from it failed, load from the database
-	if data == nil {
-		start := time.Now()
-		var err error
-		data, err = s.trie.GetAccount(addr)
 	s.AccountReads += time.Since(start)
 
-		if err != nil {
+	// Short circuit if the account is not found
-			s.setError(fmt.Errorf("getDeleteStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr.Bytes(), err))
+	if acct == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-		if data == nil {
+	// Schedule the resolved account for prefetching if it's enabled.
-			s.AccountLoaded++
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	// Independent of where we loaded the data from, add it to the prefetcher.
-	// Whilst this would be a bit weird if snapshots are disabled, but we still
-	// want the trie nodes to end up in the prefetcher too, so just push through.
 	if s.prefetcher != nil {
 		if err := s.prefetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, s.originalRoot, common.Address{}, [][]byte{addr[:]}, true); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to prefetch account", "addr", addr, "err", err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Insert into the live set
-	obj := newObject(s, addr, data)
+	obj := newObject(s, addr, acct)
 	s.setStateObject(obj)
 	s.AccountLoaded++
 	return obj
@@ -688,8 +648,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 	// Copy all the basic fields, initialize the memory ones
 	state := &StateDB{
 		db:                   s.db,
-		trie:                 s.db.CopyTrie(s.trie),
+		trie:                 mustCopyTrie(s.trie),
-		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
+		reader:               s.reader.Copy(),
 		originalRoot:         s.originalRoot,
 		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.stateObjects)),
 		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.stateObjectsDestruct)),
@@ -701,14 +661,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		logs:                 make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log, len(s.logs)),
 		logSize:              s.logSize,
 		preimages:            maps.Clone(s.preimages),
-		journal:              s.journal.copy(),
 
-		// In order for the block producer to be able to use and make additions
+		// Do we need to copy the access list and transient storage?
-		// to the snapshot tree, we need to copy that as well. Otherwise, any
+		// In practice: No. At the start of a transaction, these two lists are empty.
-		// block mined by ourselves will cause gaps in the tree, and force the
+		// In practice, we only ever copy state _between_ transactions/blocks, never
-		// miner to operate trie-backed only.
+		// in the middle of a transaction. However, it doesn't cost us much to copy
-		snaps: s.snaps,
+		// empty lists, so we do it anyway to not blow up if we ever decide copy them
-		snap:  s.snap,
+		// in the middle of a transaction.
+		accessList:       s.accessList.Copy(),
+		transientStorage: s.transientStorage.Copy(),
+		journal:          s.journal.copy(),
 	}
 	if s.witness != nil {
 		state.witness = s.witness.Copy()
@@ -737,14 +699,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		}
 		state.logs[hash] = cpy
 	}
-	// Do we need to copy the access list and transient storage?
-	// In practice: No. At the start of a transaction, these two lists are empty.
-	// In practice, we only ever copy state _between_ transactions/blocks, never
-	// in the middle of a transaction. However, it doesn't cost us much to copy
-	// empty lists, so we do it anyway to not blow up if we ever decide copy them
-	// in the middle of a transaction.
-	state.accessList = s.accessList.Copy()
-	state.transientStorage = s.transientStorage.Copy()
 	return state
 }
 
@@ -979,8 +933,8 @@ func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
 // of a specific account. It leverages the associated state snapshot for fast
 // storage iteration and constructs trie node deletion markers by creating
 // stack trie with iterated slots.
-func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(snaps *snapshot.Tree, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
-	iter, err := s.snaps.StorageIterator(s.originalRoot, addrHash, common.Hash{})
+	iter, err := snaps.StorageIterator(s.originalRoot, addrHash, common.Hash{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -1058,10 +1012,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) deleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root
 	// The fast approach can be failed if the snapshot is not fully
 	// generated, or it's internally corrupted. Fallback to the slow
 	// one just in case.
-	if s.snap != nil {
+	snaps := s.db.Snapshot()
-		slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(addrHash, root)
+	if snaps != nil {
+		slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(snaps, addrHash, root)
 	}
-	if s.snap == nil || err != nil {
+	if snaps == nil || err != nil {
 		slots, nodes, err = s.slowDeleteStorage(addr, addrHash, root)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1299,7 +1254,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Commit dirty contract code if any exists
-	if db := s.db.DiskDB(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
+	if db := s.db.TrieDB().Disk(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
 		batch := db.NewBatch()
 		for _, code := range ret.codes {
 			rawdb.WriteCode(batch, code.hash, code.blob)
@@ -1310,18 +1265,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 	}
 	if !ret.empty() {
 		// If snapshotting is enabled, update the snapshot tree with this new version
-		if s.snap != nil {
+		if snap := s.db.Snapshot(); snap != nil {
-			s.snap = nil
-
 			start := time.Now()
-			if err := s.snaps.Update(ret.root, ret.originRoot, ret.destructs, ret.accounts, ret.storages); err != nil {
+			if err := snap.Update(ret.root, ret.originRoot, ret.destructs, ret.accounts, ret.storages); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to update snapshot tree", "from", ret.originRoot, "to", ret.root, "err", err)
 			}
 			// Keep 128 diff layers in the memory, persistent layer is 129th.
 			// - head layer is paired with HEAD state
 			// - head-1 layer is paired with HEAD-1 state
 			// - head-127 layer(bottom-most diff layer) is paired with HEAD-127 state
-			if err := s.snaps.Cap(ret.root, TriesInMemory); err != nil {
+			if err := snap.Cap(ret.root, TriesInMemory); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to cap snapshot tree", "root", ret.root, "layers", TriesInMemory, "err", err)
 			}
 			s.SnapshotCommits += time.Since(start)
@@ -1336,6 +1289,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateU
 			s.TrieDBCommits += time.Since(start)
 		}
 	}
+	s.reader, _ = s.db.Reader(s.originalRoot)
 	return ret, err
 }
 
@@ -1451,6 +1405,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) markUpdate(addr common.Address) {
 	s.mutations[addr].typ = update
 }
 
+// PointCache returns the point cache used by verkle tree.
 func (s *StateDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
 	return s.db.PointCache()
 }

core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go

@@ -197,7 +197,6 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 		}
 		disk      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb       = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
-		sdb       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		byzantium = rand.Intn(2) == 0
 	)
 	defer disk.Close()
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 		if i != 0 {
 			root = roots[len(roots)-1]
 		}
-		state, err := New(root, sdb, snaps)
+		state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, snaps))
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}

core/state/statedb_test.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package state
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"math"
@@ -53,8 +52,9 @@ func TestUpdateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil)
+		sdb = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 	)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, tdb), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 
 	// Update it with some accounts
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	finalDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	transNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(transDb, nil)
 	finalNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(finalDb, nil)
-	transState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(transDb, transNdb), nil)
+	transState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(transNdb, nil))
-	finalState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(finalDb, finalNdb), nil)
+	finalState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(finalNdb, nil))
 
 	modify := func(state *StateDB, addr common.Address, i, tweak byte) {
 		state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(uint64(11*i)+uint64(tweak)), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/15549.
 func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a random state test to copy and modify "independently"
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
 		obj := orig.getOrNewStateObject(common.BytesToAddress([]byte{i}))
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCopyWithDirtyJournal tests if Copy can correct create a equal copied
 // stateDB with dirty journal present.
 func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Fill up the initial states
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 		orig.updateStateObject(obj)
 	}
 	root, _ := orig.Commit(0, true)
-	orig, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	orig, _ = New(root, db)
 
 	// modify all in memory without finalizing
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ func TestCopyWithDirtyJournal(t *testing.T) {
 // It then proceeds to make changes to S1. Those changes are _not_ supposed
 // to affect S2. This test checks that the copy properly deep-copies the objectstate
 func TestCopyObjectState(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	orig, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Fill up the initial states
 	for i := byte(0); i < 5; i++ {
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ func (test *snapshotTest) String() string {
 func (test *snapshotTest) run() bool {
 	// Run all actions and create snapshots.
 	var (
-		state, _     = New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		state, _     = New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		snapshotRevs = make([]int, len(test.snapshots))
 		sindex       = 0
 		checkstates  = make([]*StateDB, len(test.snapshots))
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ func TestTouchDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	s := newStateEnv()
 	s.state.getOrNewStateObject(common.Address{})
 	root, _ := s.state.Commit(0, false)
-	s.state, _ = New(root, s.state.db, s.state.snaps)
+	s.state, _ = New(root, s.state.db)
 
 	snapshot := s.state.Snapshot()
 	s.state.AddBalance(common.Address{}, new(uint256.Int), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ func TestTouchDelete(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCopyOfCopy tests that modified objects are carried over to the copy, and the copy of the copy.
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/15225#issuecomment-380191512
 func TestCopyOfCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("aaaa")
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
@@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ func TestCopyOfCopy(t *testing.T) {
 //
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20106.
 func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	tdb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	tdb := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb)
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Commit state, ensure states can be loaded from disk
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, false)
-	state, _ = New(root, tdb, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, tdb)
 	if balance := state.GetBalance(addr); balance.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(42)) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("state post-commit balance mismatch: have %v, want %v", balance, 42)
 	}
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 //
 // See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20106.
 func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -876,8 +876,8 @@ func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestCommitCopy tests the copy from a committed state is not fully functional.
 func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
 
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, db)
 	state.SetState(addr, skey2, sval2)
 	state.Commit(1, true)
 
@@ -915,10 +915,10 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected code: have %x", code)
 	}
 	// Miss slots because of non-functional trie after commit
-	if val := copied.GetState(addr, skey1); val != (common.Hash{}) {
+	if val := copied.GetState(addr, skey1); val != sval1 {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", sval1)
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
-	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey1); val != (common.Hash{}) {
+	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey1); val != sval1 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
 	// Slots cached in the stateDB, available after commit
@@ -928,9 +928,6 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey2); val != sval2 {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
 	}
-	if !errors.Is(copied.Error(), trie.ErrCommitted) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected state error, %v", copied.Error())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDeleteCreateRevert tests a weird state transition corner case that we hit
@@ -943,13 +940,13 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 // first, but the journal wiped the entire state object on create-revert.
 func TestDeleteCreateRevert(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create an initial state with a single contract
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, false)
-	state, _ = New(root, state.db, state.snaps)
+	state, _ = New(root, state.db)
 
 	// Simulate self-destructing in one transaction, then create-reverting in another
 	state.SelfDestruct(addr)
@@ -961,7 +958,7 @@ func TestDeleteCreateRevert(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Commit the entire state and make sure we don't crash and have the correct state
 	root, _ = state.Commit(0, true)
-	state, _ = New(root, state.db, state.snaps)
+	state, _ = New(root, state.db)
 
 	if state.getStateObject(addr) != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("self-destructed contract came alive")
@@ -992,10 +989,10 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			CleanCacheSize: 0,
 		}}) // disable caching
 	}
-	db := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memDb, tdb)
+	db := NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 
 	var root common.Hash
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	{
 		state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -1009,7 +1006,7 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		tdb.Commit(root, false)
 	}
 	// Create a new state on the old root
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, db)
 	// Now we clear out the memdb
 	it := memDb.NewIterator(nil, nil)
 	for it.Next() {
@@ -1042,9 +1039,8 @@ func TestStateDBAccessList(t *testing.T) {
 		return common.HexToHash(a)
 	}
 
-	memDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	db := NewDatabase(memDb)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
 	state.accessList = newAccessList()
 
 	verifyAddrs := func(astrings ...string) {
@@ -1213,9 +1209,9 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a state trie with many accounts and slots
 	var (
 		memdb    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		triedb   = triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, nil)
+		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults)
-		statedb  = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memdb, triedb)
+		statedb  = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
-		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 	)
 	for a := byte(0); a < 10; a++ {
 		state.CreateAccount(common.Address{a})
@@ -1227,15 +1223,15 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to commit state trie: %v", err)
 	}
-	triedb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
+	tdb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
-	if err := triedb.Cap(1024); err != nil {
+	if err := tdb.Cap(1024); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to cap trie dirty cache: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := triedb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+	if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to commit state trie: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Reopen the state trie from flushed disk and verify it
-	state, err = New(root, NewDatabase(memdb), nil)
+	state, err = New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to reopen state trie: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -1249,9 +1245,8 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestStateDBTransientStorage(t *testing.T) {
-	memDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	db := NewDatabaseForTesting()
-	db := NewDatabase(memDb)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
 
 	key := common.Hash{0x01}
 	value := common.Hash{0x02}
@@ -1286,9 +1281,9 @@ func TestDeleteStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
-		db       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapshot.Config{CacheSize: 10}, disk, tdb, types.EmptyRootHash)
-		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, snaps)
+		db       = NewDatabase(tdb, snaps)
+		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr     = common.HexToAddress("0x1")
 	)
 	// Initialize account and populate storage
@@ -1300,9 +1295,10 @@ func TestDeleteStorage(t *testing.T) {
 		state.SetState(addr, slot, value)
 	}
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
+
 	// Init phase done, create two states, one with snap and one without
-	fastState, _ := New(root, db, snaps)
+	fastState, _ := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, snaps))
-	slowState, _ := New(root, db, nil)
+	slowState, _ := New(root, NewDatabase(tdb, nil))
 
 	obj := fastState.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
 	storageRoot := obj.data.Root
@@ -1340,8 +1336,8 @@ func TestStorageDirtiness(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tdb        = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
-		db         = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
+		db         = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
-		state, _   = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+		state, _   = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr       = common.HexToAddress("0x1")
 		checkDirty = func(key common.Hash, value common.Hash, dirty bool) {
 			obj := state.getStateObject(addr)

core/state/sync_test.go

@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ func makeTestState(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, Database, *triedb.Database, c
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	nodeDb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, config)
-	sdb := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, nodeDb)
+	sdb := NewDatabase(nodeDb, nil)
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 
 	// Fill it with some arbitrary data
 	var accounts []*testAccount
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func checkStateAccounts(t *testing.T, db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root com
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
 	// Check root availability and state contents
-	state, err := New(root, NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &config), nil)
+	state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, &config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create state trie at %x: %v", root, err)
 	}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func checkStateConsistency(db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root common.Hash) e
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
-	state, err := New(root, NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, config), nil)
+	state, err := New(root, NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, config), nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func filledStateDB() *StateDB {
-	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
 
 	// Create an account and check if the retrieved balance is correct
 	addr := common.HexToAddress("0xaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffeaffe")
@@ -67,8 +67,11 @@ func TestUseAfterTerminate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestVerklePrefetcher(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	disk := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	state, err := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(disk, triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	sdb := NewDatabase(db, nil)
+
+	state, err := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to initialize state: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -82,9 +85,9 @@ func TestVerklePrefetcher(t *testing.T) {
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true)
 
-	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
+	state, _ = New(root, sdb)
 	sRoot := state.GetStorageRoot(addr)
-	fetcher := newTriePrefetcher(db, root, "", false)
+	fetcher := newTriePrefetcher(sdb, root, "", false)
 
 	// Read account
 	fetcher.prefetch(common.Hash{}, root, common.Address{}, [][]byte{

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	t.Run("MPT", func(t *testing.T) {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		test(statedb)
 	})
 	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -610,7 +609,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		cacheConfig := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
 		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
 		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 		test(statedb)
 	})
 }

core/stateless.go

@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ import (
 func ExecuteStateless(config *params.ChainConfig, witness *stateless.Witness) (common.Hash, common.Hash, error) {
 	// Create and populate the state database to serve as the stateless backend
 	memdb := witness.MakeHashDB()
-
+	db, err := state.New(witness.Root(), state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil))
-	db, err := state.New(witness.Root(), state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(memdb, triedb.HashDefaults), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, err
 	}

core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go

@@ -33,14 +33,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -545,7 +543,7 @@ func TestOpenDrops(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(gapper.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(dangler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(filler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -676,7 +674,7 @@ func TestOpenIndex(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.Commit(0, true)
 
@@ -776,7 +774,7 @@ func TestOpenHeap(t *testing.T) {
 	store.Close()
 
 	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -856,7 +854,7 @@ func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
 	// with a high cap to ensure everything was persisted previously
 	for _, datacap := range []uint64{2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize), 100 * (txAvgSize + blobSize)} {
 		// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data, but cap it to 2 blob transaction
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -1266,7 +1264,7 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 			keys  = make(map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey)
 			addrs = make(map[string]common.Address)
 		)
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		for acc, seed := range tt.seeds {
 			// Generate a new random key/address for the seed account
 			keys[acc], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -1328,7 +1326,7 @@ func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
 		basefee    = uint64(1050)
 		blobfee    = uint64(105)
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(testChainConfig)
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(memorydb.New())), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		chain      = &testBlockChain{
 			config:  testChainConfig,
 			basefee: uint256.NewInt(basefee),

core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool2_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func TestTransactionFutureAttack(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalQueue = 100
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ func TestTransactionFutureAttack(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionFuture1559(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
 	pool.Init(testTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), makeAddressReserver())
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ func TestTransactionFuture1559(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionZAttack(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
 	pool.Init(testTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), makeAddressReserver())
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ func TestTransactionZAttack(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkFutureAttack(b *testing.B) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalQueue = 100

core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ func setupPool() (*LegacyPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
 }
 
 func setupPoolWithConfig(config *params.ChainConfig) (*LegacyPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(config, 10000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ func (c *testChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
 	// a state change between those fetches.
 	stdb := c.statedb
 	if *c.trigger {
-		c.statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		c.statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		// simulate that the new head block included tx0 and tx1
 		c.statedb.SetNonce(c.address, 2)
 		c.statedb.SetBalance(c.address, new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(params.Ether), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ func TestStateChangeDuringReset(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		key, _     = crypto.GenerateKey()
 		address    = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		trigger    = false
 	)
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ func TestChainFork(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 	resetState := func() {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(100000000000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 		pool.chain = newTestBlockChain(pool.chainconfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ func TestDoubleNonce(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 	resetState := func() {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(100000000000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 
 		pool.chain = newTestBlockChain(pool.chainconfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
@@ -697,7 +696,7 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the postponing with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ func testQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1003,7 +1002,7 @@ func testQueueTimeLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	evictionInterval = time.Millisecond * 100
 
 	// Create the pool to test the non-expiration enforcement
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1189,7 +1188,7 @@ func TestPendingGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1291,7 +1290,7 @@ func TestCapClearsFromAll(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1326,7 +1325,7 @@ func TestPendingMinimumAllowance(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1375,7 +1374,7 @@ func TestRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -1495,7 +1494,7 @@ func TestMinGasPriceEnforced(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 10000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	txPoolConfig := DefaultConfig
@@ -1668,7 +1667,7 @@ func TestRepricingKeepsLocals(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(eip1559Config, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -1742,7 +1741,7 @@ func TestUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -1857,7 +1856,7 @@ func TestStableUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -2090,7 +2089,7 @@ func TestDeduplication(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -2157,7 +2156,7 @@ func TestReplacement(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
@@ -2363,7 +2362,7 @@ func testJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	os.Remove(journal)
 
 	// Create the original pool to inject transaction into the journal
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
@@ -2464,7 +2463,7 @@ func TestStatusCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create the pool to test the status retrievals with
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	blockchain := newTestBlockChain(params.TestChainConfig, 1000000, statedb, new(event.Feed))
 
 	pool := New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)

core/vm/gas_table_test.go

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func TestEIP2200(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, tt := range eip2200Tests {
 		address := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 		statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.input))
 		statedb.SetState(address, common.Hash{}, common.BytesToHash([]byte{tt.original}))
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ func TestCreateGas(t *testing.T) {
 		var gasUsed = uint64(0)
 		doCheck := func(testGas int) bool {
 			address := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
-			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 			statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 			statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.code))
 			statedb.Finalise(true)

core/vm/instructions_test.go

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -582,7 +581,7 @@ func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
 
 func TestOpTstore(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		statedb, _     = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _     = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		env            = NewEVM(BlockContext{}, TxContext{}, statedb, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
 		stack          = newstack()
 		mem            = NewMemory()

core/vm/interpreter_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func TestLoopInterrupt(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for i, tt := range loopInterruptTests {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
 		statedb.SetCode(address, common.Hex2Bytes(tt))
 		statedb.Finalise(true)

core/vm/runtime/runtime.go

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func Execute(code, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, *state.StateDB, error) {
 	setDefaults(cfg)
 
 	if cfg.State == nil {
-		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	}
 	var (
 		address = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ func Create(input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, common.Address, uint64, error) {
 	setDefaults(cfg)
 
 	if cfg.State == nil {
-		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	}
 	var (
 		vmenv  = NewEnv(cfg)

core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/asm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ func TestExecute(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	address := common.HexToAddress("0xaa")
 	state.SetCode(address, []byte{
 		byte(vm.PUSH1), 10,
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ func BenchmarkCall(b *testing.B) {
 }
 func benchmarkEVM_Create(bench *testing.B, code string) {
 	var (
-		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		sender     = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("sender"))
 		receiver   = common.BytesToAddress([]byte("receiver"))
 	)
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_SWAP1(b *testing.B) {
 		return contract
 	}
 
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	contractAddr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
 	b.Run("10k", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_RETURN(b *testing.B) {
 		return contract
 	}
 
-	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	state, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	contractAddr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 
 	for _, n := range []uint64{1_000, 10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000} {
@@ -393,7 +392,7 @@ func TestBlockhash(t *testing.T) {
 func benchmarkNonModifyingCode(gas uint64, code []byte, name string, tracerCode string, b *testing.B) {
 	cfg := new(Config)
 	setDefaults(cfg)
-	cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	cfg.State, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	cfg.GasLimit = gas
 	if len(tracerCode) > 0 {
 		tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(tracerCode, new(tracers.Context), nil)
@@ -880,7 +879,7 @@ func TestRuntimeJSTracer(t *testing.T) {
 	main := common.HexToAddress("0xaa")
 	for i, jsTracer := range jsTracers {
 		for j, tc := range tests {
-			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 			statedb.SetCode(main, tc.code)
 			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xbb"), calleeCode)
 			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xcc"), calleeCode)
@@ -922,7 +921,7 @@ func TestJSTracerCreateTx(t *testing.T) {
 	exit: function(res) { this.exits++ }}`
 	code := []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), 0, byte(vm.PUSH1), 0, byte(vm.RETURN)}
 
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(jsTracer, new(tracers.Context), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)

eth/api_debug_test.go

@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ func TestAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	var (
-		statedb = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+		mdb     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		sdb, _  = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		statedb = state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(mdb, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}), nil)
+		sdb, _  = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 		addrs   = [AccountRangeMaxResults * 2]common.Address{}
 		m       = map[common.Address]bool{}
 	)
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func TestAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	root, _ := sdb.Commit(0, true)
-	sdb, _ = state.New(root, statedb, nil)
+	sdb, _ = state.New(root, statedb)
 
 	trie, err := statedb.OpenTrie(root)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -135,12 +136,12 @@ func TestEmptyAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	var (
-		statedb = state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
+		statedb = state.NewDatabaseForTesting()
-		st, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+		st, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 	)
 	// Commit(although nothing to flush) and re-init the statedb
 	st.Commit(0, true)
-	st, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
+	st, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb)
 
 	results := st.RawDump(&state.DumpConfig{
 		SkipCode:          true,
@@ -161,8 +162,10 @@ func TestStorageRangeAt(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a state where account 0x010000... has a few storage entries.
 	var (
-		db     = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+		mdb    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		sdb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
+		tdb    = triedb.NewDatabase(mdb, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+		db     = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+		sdb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
 		addr   = common.Address{0x01}
 		keys   = []common.Hash{ // hashes of Keys of storage
 			common.HexToHash("340dd630ad21bf010b4e676dbfa9ba9a02175262d1fa356232cfde6cb5b47ef2"),
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ func TestStorageRangeAt(t *testing.T) {
 		sdb.SetState(addr, *entry.Key, entry.Value)
 	}
 	root, _ := sdb.Commit(0, false)
-	sdb, _ = state.New(root, db, nil)
+	sdb, _ = state.New(root, db)
 
 	// Check a few combinations of limit and start/end.
 	tests := []struct {

eth/state_accessor.go

@@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
 			// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 			// please re-enable it for better performance.
-			database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
+			tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
-			if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database, nil); err == nil {
+			database = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+			if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database); err == nil {
 				log.Info("Found disk backend for state trie", "root", block.Root(), "number", block.Number())
 				return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 			}
@@ -86,13 +87,13 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 		// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 		// please re-enable it for better performance.
 		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
-		database = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(eth.chainDb, tdb)
+		database = state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 
 		// If we didn't check the live database, do check state over ephemeral database,
 		// otherwise we would rewind past a persisted block (specific corner case is
 		// chain tracing from the genesis).
 		if !readOnly {
-			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database)
 			if err == nil {
 				return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 			}
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			}
 			current = parent
 
-			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database, nil)
+			statedb, err = state.New(current.Root(), database)
 			if err == nil {
 				break
 			}
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("stateAtBlock commit failed, number %d root %v: %w",
 				current.NumberU64(), current.Root().Hex(), err)
 		}
-		statedb, err = state.New(root, database, nil)
+		statedb, err = state.New(root, database)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("state reset after block %d failed: %v", current.NumberU64(), err)
 		}

miner/miner_test.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func createMiner(t *testing.T) *Miner {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("can't create new chain %v", err)
 	}
-	statedb, _ := state.New(bc.Genesis().Root(), bc.StateCache(), nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(bc.Genesis().Root(), bc.StateCache())
 	blockchain := &testBlockChain{bc.Genesis().Root(), chainConfig, statedb, 10000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := legacypool.New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)

tests/state_test_util.go

@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func (t *StateTest) Run(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bo
 	if logs := rlpHash(st.StateDB.Logs()); logs != common.Hash(post.Logs) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("post state logs hash mismatch: got %x, want %x", logs, post.Logs)
 	}
-	st.StateDB, _ = state.New(root, st.StateDB.Database(), st.Snapshots)
+	st.StateDB, _ = state.New(root, st.StateDB.Database())
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 		tconf.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb)
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce)
@@ -486,7 +486,8 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 		}
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapconfig, db, triedb, root)
 	}
-	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb, snaps)
+	sdb = state.NewDatabase(triedb, snaps)
+	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb)
 	return StateTestState{statedb, triedb, snaps}
 }
 

triedb/database.go

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ type backend interface {
 // types of node backend as an entrypoint. It's responsible for all interactions
 // relevant with trie nodes and node preimages.
 type Database struct {
+	disk      ethdb.Database
 	config    *Config        // Configuration for trie database
 	preimages *preimageStore // The store for caching preimages
 	backend   backend        // The backend for managing trie nodes
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ func NewDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 		preimages = newPreimageStore(diskdb)
 	}
 	db := &Database{
+		disk:      diskdb,
 		config:    config,
 		preimages: preimages,
 	}
@@ -327,3 +329,8 @@ func (db *Database) SetBufferSize(size int) error {
 func (db *Database) IsVerkle() bool {
 	return db.config.IsVerkle
 }
+
+// Disk returns the underlying disk database.
+func (db *Database) Disk() ethdb.Database {
+	return db.disk
+}