go-ethereum/geth_with_clef.md at gh-pages

split beginner tutorial -> clef/non-clef versions (#25395 )

2022-08-01 13:51:41 +02:00

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This page explains how to set up Geth and execute some basic tasks using the command line tools. In order to use Geth, the software must first be installed. There are several ways Geth can be installed depending on the operating system and the user's choice of installation method, for example using a package manager, container or building from source. Instructions for installing Geth can be found on the "Install and Build" pages. The tutorial on this page assumes Geth and the associated developer tools have been installed successfully.

This page provides step-by-step instructions covering the fundamentals of using Geth. This includes generating accounts, joining an Ethereum network, syncing the blockchain and sending ether between accounts. This tutorial also uses Clef. Clef is an account management tool external to Geth itself that allows users to sign transactions. It is developed and maintained by the Geth team and is intended to eventually replace the account management tool built in to Geth.

Prerequisites

In order to get the most value from the tutorials on this page, the following skills are necessary:

Experience using the command line
Basic knowledge about Ethereum and testnets
Basic knowledge about HTTP and JavaScript

Users that need to revisit these fundamentals can find helpful resources relating to the command line here, Ethereum and its testnets here, http here and Javascript here.

{% include note.html content="If Geth was installed from source on Linux, make saves the binaries for Geth and the associated tools in /build/bin. To run these programs it is convenient to move them to the top level project directory (e.g. running mv ./build/bin/* ./) from /go-ethereum. Then ./ must be prepended to the commands in the code snippets in order to execute a particular program, e.g. ./geth instead of simply geth. If the executables are not moved then either navigate to the bin directory to run them (e.g. cd ./build/bin and ./geth) or provide their path (e.g. ./build/bin/geth). These instructions can be ignored for other installations." %}

Background

Geth is an Ethereum client written in Go. This means running Geth turns a computer into an Ethereum node. Ethereum is a peer-to-peer network where information is shared directly between nodes rather than being managed by a central server. Nodes compete to generate new blocks of transactions to send to its peers because they are rewarded for doing so in Ethereum's native token, ether (ETH). On receiving a new block, each node checks that it is valid and adds it to their database. The sequence of discrete blocks is called a "blockchain". The information provided in each block is used by Geth to update its "state" - the ether balance of each account on Ethereum. There are two types of account: externally-owned accounts (EOAs) and contract accounts. Contract accounts execute contract code when they receive transactions. EOAs are accounts that users manage locally in order to sign and submit transactions. Each EOA is a public-private key pair, where the public key is used to derive a unique address for the user and the private key is used to protect the account and securely sign messages. Therefore, in order to use Ethereum, it is first necessary to generate an EOA (hereafter, "account"). This tutorial will guide the user through creating an account, funding it with ether and sending some to another address.

Step 1: Generating accounts

There are several methods for generating accounts in Geth. This tutorial demonstrates how to generate accounts using Clef, as this is considered best practice, largely because it decouples the users' key management from Geth, making it more modular and flexible. It can also be run from secure USB sticks or virtual machines, offering security benefits. For convenience, this tutorial will execute Clef on the same computer that will also run Geth, although more secure options are available (see here).

An account is a pair of keys (public and private). Clef needs to know where to save these keys to so that they can be retrieved later. This information is passed to Clef as an argument. This is achieved using the following command:

clef newaccount --keystore geth-tutorial/keystore

The specific function from Clef that generates new accounts is newaccount and it accepts a parameter, --keystore, that tells it where to store the newly generated keys. In this example the keystore location is a new directory that will be created automatically: geth-tutorial/keystore. Clef will return the following result in the terminal:

WARNING!

Clef is an account management tool. It may, like any software, contain bugs.

Please take care to
- backup your keystore files,
- verify that the keystore(s) can be opened with your password.

Clef is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

Enter 'ok' to proceed:
>

This is important information. The geth-tutorial/keystore directory will soon contain a secret key that can be used to access any funds held in the new account. If it is compromised, the funds can be stolen. If it is lost, there is no way to retrieve the funds. This tutorial will only use dummy funds with no real world value, but when these steps are repeated on Ethereum mainnet is critical that the keystore is kept secure and backed up.

Typing ok into the terminal and pressing enter causes Clef to prompt for a password. Clef requires a password that is at least 10 characters long, and best practice would be to use a combination of numbers, characters and special characters. Entering a suitable password and pressing enter returns the following result to the terminal:

-----------------------
DEBUG[02-10|13:46:46.436] FS scan times                            list="92.081µs" set="12.629µs" diff="2.129µs"
INFO [02-10|13:46:46.592] Your new key was generated               address=0xCe8dBA5e4157c2B284d8853afEEea259344C1653
WARN [02-10|13:46:46.595] Please backup your key file!             path=keystore:///.../geth-tutorial/keystore/UTC--2022-02-07T17-19-56.517538000Z--ca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec
WARN [02-10|13:46:46.595] Please remember your password!
Generated account 0xCe8dBA5e4157c2B284d8853afEEea259344C1653

It is important to save the account address and the password somewhere secure. They will be used again later in this tutorial. Please note that the account address shown in the code snippets above and later in this tutorials are examples - those generated by followers of this tutorial will be different. The account generated above can be used as the main account throughout the remainder of this tutorial. However in order to demonstrate transactions between accounts it is also necessary to have a second account. A second account can be added to the same keystore by precisely repeating the previous steps, providing the same password.

Step 2: Start Clef

The previous commands used Clef's newaccount function to add new key pairs to the keystore. Clef uses the private key(s) saved in the keystore is used to sign transactions. In order to do this, Clef needs to be started and left running while Geth is running simultaneously, so that the two programs can communicate between one another.

To start Clef, run the Clef executable passing as arguments the keystore file location, config directory location and a chain ID. The config directory was automatically created inside the geth-tutorial directory during the previous step. The chain ID is an integer that defines which Ethereum network to connect to. Ethereum mainnet has chain ID 1. In this tutorial Chain ID 5 is used which is that of the Goerli testnet. It is very important that this chain ID parameter is set to 5. The following command starts Clef on Goerli:


clef --keystore geth-tutorial/keystore --configdir geth-tutorial/clef --chainid 5

After running the command above, Clef requests the user to type “ok” to proceed. On typing "ok" and pressing enter, Clef returns the following to the terminal:

INFO [02-10|13:55:30.812] Using CLI as UI-channel
INFO [02-10|13:55:30.946] Loaded 4byte database                    embeds=146,841 locals=0 local=./4byte-custom.json
WARN [02-10|13:55:30.947] Failed to open master, rules disabled    err="failed stat on geth-tutorial/clef/masterseed.json: stat geth-tutorial/clef/masterseed.json: no such file or directory"
INFO [02-10|13:55:30.947] Starting signer                          chainid=5 keystore=geth-tutorial/keystore light-kdf=false advanced=false
DEBUG[02-10|13:55:30.948] FS scan times                            list="133.35µs" set="5.692µs" diff="3.262µs"
DEBUG[02-10|13:55:30.970] Ledger support enabled
DEBUG[02-10|13:55:30.973] Trezor support enabled via HID
DEBUG[02-10|13:55:30.976] Trezor support enabled via WebUSB
INFO [02-10|13:55:30.978] Audit logs configured                    file=audit.log
DEBUG[02-10|13:55:30.981] IPCs registered                          namespaces=account
INFO [02-10|13:55:30.984] IPC endpoint opened                      url=geth-tutorial/clef/clef.ipc
------- Signer info -------
* intapi_version : 7.0.1
* extapi_version : 6.1.0
* extapi_http : n/a
* extapi_ipc : geth-tutorial/clef/clef.ipc

This result indicates that Clef is running. This terminal should be left running for the duration of this tutorial. If the tutorial is stopped and restarted later Clef must also be restarted by running the previous command.

Step 3: Start Geth

Geth is the Ethereum client that will connect the computer to the Ethereum network. In this tutorial the network is Goerli, an Ethereum testnet. Testnets are used to test Ethereum client software and smart contracts in an environment where no real-world value is at risk. To start Geth, run the Geth executable file passing argument that define the data directory (where Geth should save blockchain data), signer (points Geth to Clef), the network ID and the sync mode. For this tutorial, snap sync is recommended (see here for reasons why). The final argument passed to Geth is the --http flag. This enables the http-rpc server that allows external programs to interact with Geth by sending it http requests. By default the http server is only exposed locally using port 8545: localhost:8545.

The following command should be run in a new terminal, separate to the one running Clef:

geth --datadir geth-tutorial --signer=geth-tutorial/clef/clef.ipc --goerli --syncmode snap --http

Running the above command starts Geth. The terminal should rapidly fill with status updates, starting with:

INFO [02-10|13:59:06.649] Starting Geth on goerli testnet...
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.649] Dropping default light client cache      provided=1024 updated=128
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.652] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.655] Using external signer                    url=geth-tutorial/clef/clef.ipc
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.660] Set global gas cap                       cap=50,000,000
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.661] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/.../geth-tutorial/geth/chaindata cache=64.00MiB handles=5120
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.855] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=361 size=51.17KiB time="643.54µs" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.855] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 5 Homestead: 0 DAO: nil DAOSupport: true EIP150: 0 EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: 0 Constantinople: 0 Petersburg: 0 Istanbul: 1561651, Muir Glacier: nil, Berlin: 4460644, London: 5062605, Arrow Glacier: nil, MergeFork: nil, Engine: clique}"
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.862] Added trusted checkpoint                 block=5,799,935 hash=2de018..c32427
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.863] Loaded most recent local header          number=6,340,934 hash=483cf5..858315 td=9,321,576 age=2d9h29m
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.867] Configured checkpoint oracle             address=0x18CA0E045F0D772a851BC7e48357Bcaab0a0795D signers=5 threshold=2
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.867] Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set threshold=2
WARN [02-10|13:59:06.869] Unclean shutdown detected                booted=2022-02-08T04:25:08+0100 age=2d9h33m
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.870] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.10.15-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.17.5
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.995] New local node record                    seq=1,644,272,735,880 id=d4ffcd252d322a89 ip=127.0.0.1 udp=30303 tcp=30303
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.996] Started P2P networking                   self=enode://4b80ebd341b5308f7a6b61d91aa0ea31bd5fc9e0a6a5483e59fd4ea84e0646b13ecd289e31e00821ccedece0bf4b9189c474371af7393093138f546ac23ef93e@127.0.0.1:30303
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.997] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/.../geth-tutorial/geth.ipc
INFO [02-10|13:59:06.998] HTTP server started                      endpoint=127.0.0.1:8545 prefix= cors= vhosts=localhost
WARN [02-10|13:59:06.998] Light client mode is an experimental feature
WARN [02-10|13:59:06.999] Failed to open wallet                    url=extapi://geth-tutorial/clef/cle.. err="operation not supported on external signers"
INFO [02-10|13:59:08.793] Block synchronisation started

This indicates that Geth has started up and is searching for peers to connect to. Once it finds peers it can request block headers from them, starting at the genesis block for the Goerli blockchain. Geth continues to download blocks sequentially, saving the data in files in /go-ethereum/geth-tutorial/geth/chaindata/. This is confirmed by the logs printed to the terminal. There should be a rapidly-growing sequence of logs in the terminal with the following syntax:

INFO [04-29][15:54:09.238] Looking for peers             peercount=2 tried=0 static=0
INFO [04-29][15:54:19.393] Imported new block headers    count=2 elapsed=1.127ms  number=996288  hash=09f1e3..718c47 age=13h9m5s
INFO [04-29][15:54:19:656] Imported new block receipts   count=698  elapsed=4.464ms number=994566 hash=56dc44..007c93 age=13h9m9s

These logs indicate that Geth is running as expected. Sending an empty Curl request to the http server provides a quick way to confirm that this too has been started without any issues. In a third terminal, the following command can be run:

curl http://localhost:8545

If there is no error message reported to the terminal, everything is OK. Geth must be running in order for a user to interact with the Ethereum network. If this terminal is closed down then Geth must be restarted in a new terminal. Geth can be started and stopped easily, but it must be running for any interaction with Ethereum to take place. To shut down Geth, simply press CTRL+C in the Geth terminal. To start it again, run the previous command geth --datadir ... ...

{% include note.html content="Snap syncing Goerli will take some time and until the sync is finished you can't use the node to transfer funds. You can also try doing a light sync which will be much quicker but depends on light servers being available to serve your node the data it needs." %}

Step 4: Get Testnet Ether

In order to make some transactions, the user must fund their account with ether. On Ethereum mainnet, ether can only be obtained in three ways: 1) by receiving it as a reward for mining/validating; 2) receiving it in a transfer from another Ethereum user or contract; 3) receiving it from an exchange, 3) having paid for it with fiat money. On Ethereum testnets, the ether has no real world value so it 4) can be made freely available via faucets. Faucets allow users to request a transfer of testnet ether to their account.

The address generated by Clef in Step 1 can be pasted into the Paradigm Multifaucet faucet here. This requires a Twitter login as proof of personhood. The faucets adds ether to the given address on multiple testnets simultaneously, including Goerli. In the next steps Geth will be used to check that the ether has been sent to the given address and send some of it to the second address created earlier.

Step 5: Interact with Geth

For interacting with the blockchain, Geth provides JSON-RPC APIs. JSON-RPC is a way to execute specific tasks by sending instructions to Geth in the form of JSON objects. RPC stands for "Remote Procedure Call" and it refers to the ability to send these JSON-encoded instructions from locations outside of those managed by Geth. It is possible to interact with Geth by sending these JSON encoded instructions directly over Geth's exposed http port using tools like Curl. However, this is somewhat user-unfriendly and error-prone, especially for more complex instructions. For this reason, there are a set of libraries built on top of JSON-RPC that provide a more user-friendly interface for interacting with Geth. One of the most widely used is Web3.js.

Geth provides a Javascript console that exposes the Web3.js API. This means that with Geth running in one terminal, a Javascript environment can be opened in another allowing the user to interact with Geth using Web3.js. There are three transport protocols that can be used to connect the Javascript environment to Geth:

IPC (Inter-Process Communication): Provides unrestricted access to all APIs, but only works when the console is run on the same host as the geth node.
HTTP: By default provides access to the eth, web3 and net method namespaces.
Websocket: By default provides access to the eth, web3 and net method namespaces.

This tutorial will use the HTTP option. Note that the terminals running Geth and Clef should both still be active. In a new (third) terminal, the following command can be run to start the console and connect it to Geth using the exposed http port:

geth attach http://127.0.0.1:8545

This command causes the terminal to hang because it is waiting for approval from Clef. Approving the request in the terminal running Clef will lead to the following welcome message being displayed in the Javascript console:

Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.10.15-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.17.5
at block: 6354736 (Thu Feb 10 2022 14:01:46 GMT+0100 (WAT))
 modules: eth:1.0 net:1.0 rpc:1.0 web3:1.0

To exit, press ctrl-d or type exit

The console is now active and connected to Geth. It can now be used to interact with the Ethereum (Goerli) network.

List of accounts

In this tutorial, the accounts are managed using Clef. This means that requesting information about the accounts requires explicit approval in Clef, which should still be running in its own terminal. Earlier in this tutorial, two accounts were created using Clef. The following command will display the addresses of those two accounts and any others that might have been added to the keystore before or since.

eth.accounts

The console will hang, because Clef is waiting for approval. The following message will be displayed in the Clef terminal:

-------- List Account request--------------
A request has been made to list all accounts.
You can select which accounts the caller can see
  [x] 0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC
    URL: keystore:///.../geth-tutorial/keystore/UTC--2022-02-07T17-19-56.517538000Z--ca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec
  [x] 0xCe8dBA5e4157c2B284d8853afEEea259344C1653
    URL: keystore:///.../geth-tutorial/keystore/UTC--2022-02-10T12-46-45.265592000Z--ce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653
-------------------------------------------
Request context:
        NA - ipc - NA

Additional HTTP header data, provided by the external caller:
        User-Agent: ""
        Origin: ""
Approve? [y/N]:

Entering y approves the request from the console. In the terminal running the Javascript console, the account addresses are now displayed:

["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec", "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653"]

It is also possible for this request to time out if the Clef approval took too long - in this case simply repeat the request and approval.

Checking account balance.

Having confirmed that the two addresses created earlier are indeed in the keystore and accessible through the Javascript console, it is possible to retrieve information about how much ether they own. The Goerli faucet should have sent 1 ETH to the address provided, meaning that the balance of one of the accounts should be 1 ether and the other should be 0. The following command displays the account balance in the console:

web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance("0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC"), "ether")

There are actually two instructions sent in the above command. The inner one is the getBalance function from the eth namespace. This takes the account address as its only argument. By default, this returns the account balance in units of Wei. There are 10¹⁸ Wei to one ether. To present the result in units of ether, getBalance is wrapped in the fromWei function from the web3 namespace. Running this command should provide the following result (for the account that received faucet funds):

Repeating the command for the other account should yield:

Send ether to another account

The command eth.sendTransaction can be used to send some ether from one address to another. This command takes three arguments: from, to and value. These define the sender and recipient addresses (as strings) and the amount of Wei to transfer. It is far less error prone to enter the transaction value in units of ether rather than Wei, so the value field can take the return value from the toWei function. The following command, run in the Javascript console, sends 0.1 ether from one of the accounts in the Clef keystore to the other. Note that the addresses here are examples - the user must replace the address in the from field with the address currently owning 1 ether, and the address in the to field with the address currently holding 0 ether.

eth.sendTransaction({
    from: "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec",
    to: "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
    value: web3.toWei(0.1, "ether")
})

Note that submitting this transaction requires approval in Clef. In the Clef terminal, Clef will prompt for approval and request the account password. If the password is correctly entered, Geth proceeds with the transaction. The transaction request summary is presented by Clef in the Clef terminal. This is an opportunity for the sender to review the details and ensure they are correct.

--------- Transaction request-------------
to:    0xCe8dBA5e4157c2B284d8853afEEea259344C1653
from:               0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC [chksum ok]
value:              10000000000000000 wei
gas:                0x5208 (21000)
maxFeePerGas:          2425000057 wei
maxPriorityFeePerGas:  2424999967 wei
nonce:    0x3 (3)
chainid:  0x5
Accesslist

Request context:
        NA - ipc - NA

Additional HTTP header data, provided by the external caller:
        User-Agent: ""
        Origin: ""
-------------------------------------------
Approve? [y/N]:

Please enter the password for account 0xca57F3b40B42FCce3c37B8D18aDBca5260ca72EC

After approving the transaction, the following confirmation screen in displayed in the Clef terminal:

-----------------------
Transaction signed:
 {
    "type": "0x2",
    "nonce": "0x3",
    "gasPrice": null,
    "maxPriorityFeePerGas": "0x908a901f",
    "maxFeePerGas": "0x908a9079",
    "gas": "0x5208",
    "value": "0x2386f26fc10000",
    "input": "0x",
    "v": "0x0",
    "r": "0x66e5d23ad156e04363e68b986d3a09e879f7fe6c84993cef800bc3b7ba8af072",
    "s": "0x647ff82be943ea4738600c831c4a19879f212eb77e32896c05055174045da1bc",
    "to": "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
    "chainId": "0x5",
    "accessList": [],
    "hash": "0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb"
  }

In the Javascript console, the transaction hash is displayed. This will be used in the next section to retrieve the transaction details.

"0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb"

It is also advised to check the account balances using Geth by repeating the instructions from earlier. At this point in the tutorial, the two accounts in the Clef keystore should have balances just below 0.9 ether (because 0.1 ether has been transferred out and some small amount paid in transaction gas) and 0.1 ether.

Checking the transaction hash

The transaction hash is a unique identifier for this specific transaction that can be used later to retrieve the transaction details. For example, the transaction details can be viewed by pasting this hash into the Goerli block explorer. The same information can also be retrieved directly from the Geth node. The hash returned in the previous step can be provided as an argument to eth.getTransaction to return the transaction information:

eth.getTransaction("0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb")

This returns the following response (although the actual values for each field will vary because they are specific to each transaction):

{
  accessList: [],
  blockHash: "0x1c5d3f8dd997b302935391b57dc3e4fffd1fa2088ef2836d51f844f993eb39c4",
  blockNumber: 6355150,
  chainId: "0x5",
  from: "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec",
  gas: 21000,
  gasPrice: 2425000023,
  hash: "0x99d489d0bd984915fd370b307c2d39320860950666aac3f261921113ae4f95bb",
  input: "0x",
  maxFeePerGas: 2425000057,
  maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2424999967,
  nonce: 3,
  r: "0x66e5d23ad156e04363e68b986d3a09e879f7fe6c84993cef800bc3b7ba8af072",
  s: "0x647ff82be943ea4738600c831c4a19879f212eb77e32896c05055174045da1bc",
  to: "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653",
  transactionIndex: 630,
  type: "0x2",
  v: "0x0",
  value: 10000000000000000
}

Using Curl

Up to this point this tutorial has interacted with Geth using the convenience library Web3.js. This library enables the user to send instructions to Geth using a more user-friendly interface compared to sending raw JSON objects. However, it is also possible for the user to send these JSON objects directly to Geth's exposed HTTP port. Curl is a command line tool that sends HTTP requests. This part of the tutorial demonstrates how to check account balances and send a transaction using Curl.

Checking account balance

The command below returns the balance of the given account. This is a HTTP POST request to the local port 8545. The -H flag is for header information. It is used here to define the format of the incoming payload, which is JSON. The --data flag defines the content of the payload, which is a JSON object. That JSON object contains four fields: jsonrpc defines the spec version for the JSON-RPC API, method is the specific function being invoked, params are the function arguments, and id is used for ordering transactions. The two arguments passed to eth_getBalance are the account address whose balance to check and the block to query (here latest is used to check the balance in the most recently mined block).

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_getBalance", "params":["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec","latest"], "id":1}'

A successful call will return a response like the one below:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0xc7d54951f87f7c0"}

The balance is in the result field in the returned JSON object. However, it is denominated in Wei and presented as a hexadecimal string. There are many options for converting this value to a decimal in units of ether, for example by opening a Python console and running:

0xc7d54951f87f7c0 / 1e18

This returns the balance in ether:

0.8999684999998321

Checking the account list

The curl command below returns the list of all accounts.

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
   --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_accounts","params":[], "id":1}'

This requires approval in Clef. Once approved, the following information is returned to the terminal:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":["0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec"]}

Sending Transactions

Sending a transaction between accounts can also be achieved using Curl. Notice that the value of the transaction is a hexadecimal string in units of Wei. To transfer 0.1 ether, it is first necessary to convert this to Wei by multiplying by 10¹⁸ then converting to hex. 0.1 ether is "0x16345785d8a0000" in hex. As before, update the to and from fields with the addresses in the Clef keystore.

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
   --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"eth_sendTransaction", "params":[{"from": "0xca57f3b40b42fcce3c37b8d18adbca5260ca72ec","to": "0xce8dba5e4157c2b284d8853afeeea259344c1653","value": "0x16345785d8a0000"}], "id":1}'

This requires approval in Clef. Once the password for the sender account has been provided, Clef will return a summary of the transaction details and the terminal that made the Curl request will display a response containing the transaction hash.

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":5,"result":"0xac8b347d70a82805edb85fc136fc2c4e77d31677c2f9e4e7950e0342f0dc7e7c"}

Summary

This tutorial has demonstrated how to generate accounts using Clef, fund them with testnet ether and use those accounts to interact with Ethereum (Goerli) through a Geth node. Checking account balances, sending transactions and retrieving transaction details were explained using the web3.js library via the Geth console and using the JSON-RPC directly using Curl. For more detailed information about Clef, please see the Clef docs.

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