web3-proxy/web3_proxy/src/frontend/authorization.rs

//! Utilities for authorization of logged in and anonymous users.

use super::rpc_proxy_ws::ProxyMode;
use crate::app::{AuthorizationChecks, Web3ProxyApp, APP_USER_AGENT};
use crate::errors::{Web3ProxyError, Web3ProxyErrorContext, Web3ProxyResult};
use crate::jsonrpc::{JsonRpcForwardedResponse, JsonRpcRequest};
use crate::rpcs::one::Web3Rpc;
use crate::stats::{AppStat, BackendRequests, RpcQueryStats};
use crate::user_token::UserBearerToken;
use anyhow::{Context, Error};
use axum::headers::authorization::Bearer;
use axum::headers::{Header, Origin, Referer, UserAgent};
use chrono::Utc;
use core::fmt;
use deferred_rate_limiter::DeferredRateLimitResult;
use derive_more::From;
use entities::sea_orm_active_enums::TrackingLevel;
use entities::{balance, login, rpc_key, user, user_tier};
use ethers::types::{Bytes, U64};
use ethers::utils::keccak256;
use futures::TryFutureExt;
use hashbrown::HashMap;
use http::HeaderValue;
use ipnet::IpNet;
use log::{error, trace, warn};
use migration::sea_orm::prelude::Decimal;
use migration::sea_orm::{ColumnTrait, DatabaseConnection, EntityTrait, QueryFilter};
use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
use rdkafka::message::{Header as KafkaHeader, OwnedHeaders as KafkaOwnedHeaders, OwnedMessage};
use rdkafka::producer::{FutureProducer, FutureRecord};
use rdkafka::util::Timeout as KafkaTimeout;
use redis_rate_limiter::redis::AsyncCommands;
use redis_rate_limiter::RedisRateLimitResult;
use std::convert::Infallible;
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use std::mem;
use std::num::NonZeroU64;
use std::sync::atomic::{self, AtomicBool, AtomicI64, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize};
use std::time::Duration;
use std::{net::IpAddr, str::FromStr, sync::Arc};
use tokio::sync::{OwnedSemaphorePermit, RwLock, Semaphore};
use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
use tokio::time::Instant;
use ulid::Ulid;
use uuid::Uuid;

/// This lets us use UUID and ULID while we transition to only ULIDs
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
pub enum RpcSecretKey {
    Ulid(Ulid),
    Uuid(Uuid),
}

/// TODO: should this have IpAddr and Origin or AuthorizationChecks?
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum RateLimitResult {
    Allowed(Authorization, Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>),
    RateLimited(
        Authorization,
        /// when their rate limit resets and they can try more requests
        Option<Instant>,
    ),
    /// This key is not in our database. Deny access!
    UnknownKey,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum AuthorizationType {
    Internal,
    Frontend,
}

/// TODO: include the authorization checks in this?
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Authorization {
    pub checks: AuthorizationChecks,
    pub db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>,
    pub ip: IpAddr,
    pub origin: Option<Origin>,
    pub referer: Option<Referer>,
    pub user_agent: Option<UserAgent>,
    pub authorization_type: AuthorizationType,
}

pub struct KafkaDebugLogger {
    topic: String,
    key: Vec<u8>,
    headers: KafkaOwnedHeaders,
    producer: FutureProducer,
    num_requests: AtomicUsize,
    num_responses: AtomicUsize,
}

impl Hash for RpcSecretKey {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        let x = match self {
            Self::Ulid(x) => x.0,
            Self::Uuid(x) => x.as_u128(),
        };

        x.hash(state);
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for KafkaDebugLogger {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("KafkaDebugLogger")
            .field("topic", &self.topic)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

type KafkaLogResult = Result<(i32, i64), (rdkafka::error::KafkaError, OwnedMessage)>;

impl KafkaDebugLogger {
    fn try_new(
        app: &Web3ProxyApp,
        authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
        head_block_num: Option<&U64>,
        kafka_topic: &str,
        request_ulid: Ulid,
    ) -> Option<Arc<Self>> {
        let kafka_producer = app.kafka_producer.clone()?;

        let kafka_topic = kafka_topic.to_string();

        let rpc_secret_key_id = authorization
            .checks
            .rpc_secret_key_id
            .map(|x| x.get())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let kafka_key =
            rmp_serde::to_vec(&rpc_secret_key_id).expect("ids should always serialize with rmp");

        let chain_id = app.config.chain_id;

        let head_block_num = head_block_num
            .copied()
            .or_else(|| app.balanced_rpcs.head_block_num());

        // TODO: would be nice to have the block hash too

        // another item is added with the response, so initial_capacity is +1 what is needed here
        let kafka_headers = KafkaOwnedHeaders::new_with_capacity(6)
            .insert(KafkaHeader {
                key: "rpc_secret_key_id",
                value: authorization
                    .checks
                    .rpc_secret_key_id
                    .map(|x| x.to_string())
                    .as_ref(),
            })
            .insert(KafkaHeader {
                key: "ip",
                value: Some(&authorization.ip.to_string()),
            })
            .insert(KafkaHeader {
                key: "request_ulid",
                value: Some(&request_ulid.to_string()),
            })
            .insert(KafkaHeader {
                key: "head_block_num",
                value: head_block_num.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_ref(),
            })
            .insert(KafkaHeader {
                key: "chain_id",
                value: Some(&chain_id.to_le_bytes()),
            });

        // save the key and headers for when we log the response
        let x = Self {
            topic: kafka_topic,
            key: kafka_key,
            headers: kafka_headers,
            producer: kafka_producer,
            num_requests: 0.into(),
            num_responses: 0.into(),
        };

        let x = Arc::new(x);

        Some(x)
    }

    fn background_log(&self, payload: Vec<u8>) -> JoinHandle<KafkaLogResult> {
        let topic = self.topic.clone();
        let key = self.key.clone();
        let producer = self.producer.clone();
        let headers = self.headers.clone();

        let f = async move {
            let record = FutureRecord::to(&topic)
                .key(&key)
                .payload(&payload)
                .headers(headers);

            let produce_future =
                producer.send(record, KafkaTimeout::After(Duration::from_secs(5 * 60)));

            let kafka_response = produce_future.await;

            if let Err((err, msg)) = kafka_response.as_ref() {
                error!("produce kafka request: {} - {:?}", err, msg);
                // TODO: re-queue the msg? log somewhere else like a file on disk?
                // TODO: this is bad and should probably trigger an alarm
            };

            kafka_response
        };

        tokio::spawn(f)
    }

    /// for opt-in debug usage, log the request to kafka
    /// TODO: generic type for request
    pub fn log_debug_request(&self, request: &JsonRpcRequest) -> JoinHandle<KafkaLogResult> {
        // TODO: is rust message pack a good choice? try rkyv instead
        let payload =
            rmp_serde::to_vec(&request).expect("requests should always serialize with rmp");

        self.num_requests.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::AcqRel);

        self.background_log(payload)
    }

    pub fn log_debug_response<R>(&self, response: &R) -> JoinHandle<KafkaLogResult>
    where
        R: serde::Serialize,
    {
        let payload =
            rmp_serde::to_vec(&response).expect("requests should always serialize with rmp");

        self.num_responses.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::AcqRel);

        self.background_log(payload)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RequestMetadata {
    /// TODO: set archive_request during the new instead of after
    /// TODO: this is more complex than "requires a block older than X height". different types of data can be pruned differently
    pub archive_request: AtomicBool,

    pub authorization: Option<Arc<Authorization>>,

    pub request_ulid: Ulid,

    /// Size of the JSON request. Does not include headers or things like that.
    pub request_bytes: usize,

    /// users can opt out of method tracking for their personal dashboads
    /// but we still have to store the method at least temporarily for cost calculations
    pub method: Option<String>,

    /// Instant that the request was received (or at least close to it)
    /// We use Instant and not timestamps to avoid problems with leap seconds and similar issues
    pub start_instant: tokio::time::Instant,
    /// if this is empty, there was a cache_hit
    /// otherwise, it is populated with any rpc servers that were used by this request
    pub backend_requests: BackendRequests,
    /// The number of times the request got stuck waiting because no servers were synced
    pub no_servers: AtomicU64,
    /// If handling the request hit an application error
    /// This does not count things like a transcation reverting or a malformed request
    pub error_response: AtomicBool,
    /// Size in bytes of the JSON response. Does not include headers or things like that.
    pub response_bytes: AtomicU64,
    /// How many milliseconds it took to respond to the request
    pub response_millis: AtomicU64,
    /// What time the (first) response was proxied.
    /// TODO: think about how to store response times for ProxyMode::Versus
    pub response_timestamp: AtomicI64,
    /// True if the response required querying a backup RPC
    /// RPC aggregators that query multiple providers to compare response may use this header to ignore our response.
    pub response_from_backup_rpc: AtomicBool,

    /// ProxyMode::Debug logs requests and responses with Kafka
    /// TODO: maybe this shouldn't be determined by ProxyMode. A request param should probably enable this
    pub kafka_debug_logger: Option<Arc<KafkaDebugLogger>>,

    /// Cancel-safe channel for sending stats to the buffer
    pub stat_sender: Option<flume::Sender<AppStat>>,

    /// Latest balance
    pub latest_balance: Arc<RwLock<Decimal>>,
}

impl Default for Authorization {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Authorization::internal(None).unwrap()
    }
}

impl Default for RequestMetadata {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            archive_request: Default::default(),
            authorization: Default::default(),
            backend_requests: Default::default(),
            error_response: Default::default(),
            kafka_debug_logger: Default::default(),
            method: Default::default(),
            no_servers: Default::default(),
            request_bytes: Default::default(),
            request_ulid: Default::default(),
            response_bytes: Default::default(),
            response_from_backup_rpc: Default::default(),
            response_millis: Default::default(),
            response_timestamp: Default::default(),
            start_instant: Instant::now(),
            stat_sender: Default::default(),
            latest_balance: Default::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl RequestMetadata {
    pub fn proxy_mode(&self) -> ProxyMode {
        self.authorization
            .as_ref()
            .map(|x| x.checks.proxy_mode)
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }
}

#[derive(From)]
pub enum RequestOrMethod<'a> {
    Request(&'a JsonRpcRequest),
    /// jsonrpc method (or similar label) and the size that the request should count as (sometimes 0)
    Method(&'a str, usize),
    RequestSize(usize),
}

impl<'a> RequestOrMethod<'a> {
    fn method(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
            Self::Request(x) => Some(&x.method),
            Self::Method(x, _) => Some(x),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn jsonrpc_request(&self) -> Option<&JsonRpcRequest> {
        match self {
            Self::Request(x) => Some(x),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn num_bytes(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            RequestOrMethod::Method(_, num_bytes) => *num_bytes,
            RequestOrMethod::Request(x) => x.num_bytes(),
            RequestOrMethod::RequestSize(num_bytes) => *num_bytes,
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for RequestOrMethod<'a> {
    fn from(value: &'a str) -> Self {
        if value.is_empty() {
            Self::RequestSize(0)
        } else {
            Self::Method(value, 0)
        }
    }
}

// TODO: i think a trait is actually the right thing to use here
#[derive(From)]
pub enum ResponseOrBytes<'a> {
    Json(&'a serde_json::Value),
    Response(&'a JsonRpcForwardedResponse),
    Bytes(usize),
}

impl<'a> From<u64> for ResponseOrBytes<'a> {
    fn from(value: u64) -> Self {
        Self::Bytes(value as usize)
    }
}

impl ResponseOrBytes<'_> {
    pub fn num_bytes(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            Self::Json(x) => serde_json::to_string(x)
                .expect("this should always serialize")
                .len(),
            Self::Response(x) => serde_json::to_string(x)
                .expect("this should always serialize")
                .len(),
            Self::Bytes(num_bytes) => *num_bytes,
        }
    }
}

impl RequestMetadata {
    pub async fn new<'a, R: Into<RequestOrMethod<'a>>>(
        app: &Web3ProxyApp,
        authorization: Arc<Authorization>,
        request: R,
        head_block_num: Option<&U64>,
    ) -> Arc<Self> {
        let request = request.into();

        let method = request.method().map(|x| x.to_string());

        let request_bytes = request.num_bytes();

        // TODO: modify the request here? I don't really like that very much. but its a sure way to get archive_request set correctly

        // TODO: add the Ulid at the haproxy or amazon load balancer level? investigate OpenTelemetry
        let request_ulid = Ulid::new();

        let kafka_debug_logger = if matches!(authorization.checks.proxy_mode, ProxyMode::Debug) {
            KafkaDebugLogger::try_new(
                app,
                authorization.clone(),
                head_block_num,
                "web3_proxy:rpc",
                request_ulid,
            )
        } else {
            None
        };

        if let Some(ref kafka_debug_logger) = kafka_debug_logger {
            if let Some(request) = request.jsonrpc_request() {
                // TODO: channels might be more ergonomic than spawned futures
                // spawned things run in parallel easier but generally need more Arcs
                kafka_debug_logger.log_debug_request(request);
            } else {
                // there probably isn't a new request attached to this metadata.
                // this happens with websocket subscriptions
            }
        }

        // Get latest balance from cache
        let latest_balance = match app
            .balance_checks(authorization.checks.user_id)
            .await
            .context("Could not retrieve balance from database or cache!")
        {
            Ok(x) => x,
            Err(err) => {
                error!("{}", err);
                Arc::new(RwLock::new(Decimal::default()))
            }
        };

        let x = Self {
            archive_request: false.into(),
            backend_requests: Default::default(),
            error_response: false.into(),
            kafka_debug_logger,
            no_servers: 0.into(),
            authorization: Some(authorization),
            request_bytes,
            method,
            response_bytes: 0.into(),
            response_from_backup_rpc: false.into(),
            response_millis: 0.into(),
            request_ulid,
            response_timestamp: 0.into(),
            start_instant: Instant::now(),
            stat_sender: app.stat_sender.clone(),
            latest_balance,
        };

        Arc::new(x)
    }

    pub fn backend_rpcs_used(&self) -> Vec<Arc<Web3Rpc>> {
        self.backend_requests.lock().clone()
    }

    pub fn tracking_level(&self) -> TrackingLevel {
        if let Some(authorization) = self.authorization.as_ref() {
            authorization.checks.tracking_level.clone()
        } else {
            TrackingLevel::None
        }
    }

    pub fn opt_in_method(&self) -> Option<String> {
        match self.tracking_level() {
            TrackingLevel::None | TrackingLevel::Aggregated => None,
            TrackingLevel::Detailed => self.method.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub fn take_opt_in_method(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
        match self.tracking_level() {
            TrackingLevel::None | TrackingLevel::Aggregated => None,
            TrackingLevel::Detailed => self.method.take(),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_send_stat(mut self) -> Web3ProxyResult<Option<Self>> {
        if let Some(stat_sender) = self.stat_sender.take() {
            trace!("sending stat! {:?}", self);

            let stat: RpcQueryStats = self.try_into()?;

            let stat: AppStat = stat.into();

            if let Err(err) = stat_sender.send(stat) {
                error!("failed sending stat {:?}: {:?}", err.0, err);
                // TODO: return it? that seems like it might cause an infinite loop
                // TODO: but dropping stats is bad... hmm... i guess better to undercharge customers than overcharge
            };

            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Ok(Some(self))
        }
    }

    pub fn add_response<'a, R: Into<ResponseOrBytes<'a>>>(&'a self, response: R) {
        // TODO: fetch? set? should it be None in a Mutex? or a OnceCell?
        let response = response.into();

        let num_bytes = response.num_bytes() as u64;

        self.response_bytes
            .fetch_add(num_bytes, atomic::Ordering::AcqRel);

        self.response_millis.fetch_add(
            self.start_instant.elapsed().as_millis() as u64,
            atomic::Ordering::AcqRel,
        );

        // TODO: record first or last timestamp? really, we need multiple
        self.response_timestamp
            .store(Utc::now().timestamp(), atomic::Ordering::Release);

        if let Some(kafka_debug_logger) = self.kafka_debug_logger.as_ref() {
            if let ResponseOrBytes::Response(response) = response {
                kafka_debug_logger.log_debug_response(response);
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn try_send_arc_stat(self: Arc<Self>) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Arc<Self>>> {
        match Arc::try_unwrap(self) {
            Ok(x) => {
                let not_sent = x.try_send_stat()?.map(Arc::new);
                Ok(not_sent)
            }
            Err(not_sent) => {
                trace!(
                    "could not send stat while {} arcs are active",
                    Arc::strong_count(&not_sent)
                );
                Ok(Some(not_sent))
            }
        }
    }

    // TODO: helper function to duplicate? needs to clear request_bytes, and all the atomics tho...
}

// TODO: is this where the panic comes from?
impl Drop for RequestMetadata {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.stat_sender.is_some() {
            // turn `&mut self` into `self`
            let x = mem::take(self);

            // warn!("request metadata dropped without stat send! {:?}", self);
            let _ = x.try_send_stat();
        }
    }
}

impl RpcSecretKey {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Ulid::new().into()
    }
}

impl Default for RpcSecretKey {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Display for RpcSecretKey {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        // TODO: do this without dereferencing
        let ulid: Ulid = (*self).into();

        ulid.fmt(f)
    }
}

impl FromStr for RpcSecretKey {
    type Err = Web3ProxyError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        if let Ok(ulid) = s.parse::<Ulid>() {
            Ok(ulid.into())
        } else if let Ok(uuid) = s.parse::<Uuid>() {
            Ok(uuid.into())
        } else {
            // TODO: custom error type so that this shows as a 400
            Err(Web3ProxyError::InvalidUserKey)
        }
    }
}

impl From<Ulid> for RpcSecretKey {
    fn from(x: Ulid) -> Self {
        RpcSecretKey::Ulid(x)
    }
}

impl From<Uuid> for RpcSecretKey {
    fn from(x: Uuid) -> Self {
        RpcSecretKey::Uuid(x)
    }
}

impl From<RpcSecretKey> for Ulid {
    fn from(x: RpcSecretKey) -> Self {
        match x {
            RpcSecretKey::Ulid(x) => x,
            RpcSecretKey::Uuid(x) => Ulid::from(x.as_u128()),
        }
    }
}

impl From<RpcSecretKey> for Uuid {
    fn from(x: RpcSecretKey) -> Self {
        match x {
            RpcSecretKey::Ulid(x) => Uuid::from_u128(x.0),
            RpcSecretKey::Uuid(x) => x,
        }
    }
}

impl Authorization {
    pub fn internal(db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>) -> Web3ProxyResult<Self> {
        let authorization_checks = AuthorizationChecks {
            // any error logs on a local (internal) query are likely problems. log them all
            log_revert_chance: 1.0,
            tracking_level: TrackingLevel::Detailed,
            // default for everything else should be fine. we don't have a user_id or ip to give
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let ip: IpAddr = "127.0.0.1".parse().expect("localhost should always parse");
        let user_agent = UserAgent::from_str(APP_USER_AGENT).ok();

        Self::try_new(
            authorization_checks,
            db_conn,
            ip,
            None,
            None,
            user_agent,
            AuthorizationType::Internal,
        )
    }

    pub fn external(
        allowed_origin_requests_per_period: &HashMap<String, u64>,
        db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>,
        ip: IpAddr,
        origin: Option<Origin>,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
        referer: Option<Referer>,
        user_agent: Option<UserAgent>,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<Self> {
        // some origins can override max_requests_per_period for anon users
        let max_requests_per_period = origin
            .as_ref()
            .map(|origin| {
                allowed_origin_requests_per_period
                    .get(&origin.to_string())
                    .cloned()
            })
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let authorization_checks = AuthorizationChecks {
            max_requests_per_period,
            proxy_mode,
            tracking_level: TrackingLevel::Detailed,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        Self::try_new(
            authorization_checks,
            db_conn,
            ip,
            origin,
            referer,
            user_agent,
            AuthorizationType::Frontend,
        )
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn try_new(
        authorization_checks: AuthorizationChecks,
        db_conn: Option<DatabaseConnection>,
        ip: IpAddr,
        origin: Option<Origin>,
        referer: Option<Referer>,
        user_agent: Option<UserAgent>,
        authorization_type: AuthorizationType,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<Self> {
        // check ip
        match &authorization_checks.allowed_ips {
            None => {}
            Some(allowed_ips) => {
                if !allowed_ips.iter().any(|x| x.contains(&ip)) {
                    return Err(Web3ProxyError::IpNotAllowed(ip));
                }
            }
        }

        // check origin
        match (&origin, &authorization_checks.allowed_origins) {
            (None, None) => {}
            (Some(_), None) => {}
            (None, Some(_)) => return Err(Web3ProxyError::OriginRequired),
            (Some(origin), Some(allowed_origins)) => {
                if !allowed_origins.contains(origin) {
                    return Err(Web3ProxyError::OriginNotAllowed(origin.clone()));
                }
            }
        }

        // check referer
        match (&referer, &authorization_checks.allowed_referers) {
            (None, None) => {}
            (Some(_), None) => {}
            (None, Some(_)) => return Err(Web3ProxyError::RefererRequired),
            (Some(referer), Some(allowed_referers)) => {
                if !allowed_referers.contains(referer) {
                    return Err(Web3ProxyError::RefererNotAllowed(referer.clone()));
                }
            }
        }

        // check user_agent
        match (&user_agent, &authorization_checks.allowed_user_agents) {
            (None, None) => {}
            (Some(_), None) => {}
            (None, Some(_)) => return Err(Web3ProxyError::UserAgentRequired),
            (Some(user_agent), Some(allowed_user_agents)) => {
                if !allowed_user_agents.contains(user_agent) {
                    return Err(Web3ProxyError::UserAgentNotAllowed(user_agent.clone()));
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(Self {
            checks: authorization_checks,
            db_conn,
            ip,
            origin,
            referer,
            user_agent,
            authorization_type,
        })
    }
}

/// rate limit logins only by ip.
/// we want all origins and referers and user agents to count together
pub async fn login_is_authorized(app: &Web3ProxyApp, ip: IpAddr) -> Web3ProxyResult<Authorization> {
    let authorization = match app.rate_limit_login(ip, ProxyMode::Best).await? {
        RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, None) => authorization,
        RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at) => {
            return Err(Web3ProxyError::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at));
        }
        // TODO: don't panic. give the user an error
        x => unimplemented!("rate_limit_login shouldn't ever see these: {:?}", x),
    };

    Ok(authorization)
}

/// semaphore won't ever be None, but its easier if key auth and ip auth work the same way
/// keep the semaphore alive until the user's request is entirely complete
pub async fn ip_is_authorized(
    app: &Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
    ip: IpAddr,
    origin: Option<Origin>,
    proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
) -> Web3ProxyResult<(Authorization, Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>)> {
    // TODO: i think we could write an `impl From` for this
    // TODO: move this to an AuthorizedUser extrator
    let (authorization, semaphore) = match app
        .rate_limit_by_ip(
            &app.config.allowed_origin_requests_per_period,
            ip,
            origin,
            proxy_mode,
        )
        .await?
    {
        RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore) => (authorization, semaphore),
        RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at) => {
            // TODO: in the background, emit a stat (maybe simplest to use a channel?)
            return Err(Web3ProxyError::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at));
        }
        // TODO: don't panic. give the user an error
        x => unimplemented!("rate_limit_by_ip shouldn't ever see these: {:?}", x),
    };

    // in the background, add the ip to a recent_users map
    if app.config.public_recent_ips_salt.is_some() {
        let app = app.clone();
        let f = async move {
            let now = Utc::now().timestamp();

            if let Some(mut redis_conn) = app.redis_conn().await? {
                let salt = app
                    .config
                    .public_recent_ips_salt
                    .as_ref()
                    .expect("public_recent_ips_salt must exist in here");

                let salted_ip = format!("{}:{}", salt, ip);

                let hashed_ip = Bytes::from(keccak256(salted_ip.as_bytes()));

                let recent_ip_key = format!("recent_users:ip:{}", app.config.chain_id);

                redis_conn
                    .zadd(recent_ip_key, hashed_ip.to_string(), now)
                    .await?;
            };

            Ok::<_, Web3ProxyError>(())
        }
        .map_err(|err| {
            warn!("background update of recent_users:ip failed: {}", err);

            err
        });

        tokio::spawn(f);
    }

    Ok((authorization, semaphore))
}

/// like app.rate_limit_by_rpc_key but converts to a Web3ProxyError;
/// keep the semaphore alive until the user's request is entirely complete
pub async fn key_is_authorized(
    app: &Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
    rpc_key: RpcSecretKey,
    ip: IpAddr,
    origin: Option<Origin>,
    proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
    referer: Option<Referer>,
    user_agent: Option<UserAgent>,
) -> Web3ProxyResult<(Authorization, Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>)> {
    // check the rate limits. error if over the limit
    // TODO: i think this should be in an "impl From" or "impl Into"
    let (authorization, semaphore) = match app
        .rate_limit_by_rpc_key(ip, origin, proxy_mode, referer, rpc_key, user_agent)
        .await?
    {
        RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore) => (authorization, semaphore),
        RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at) => {
            return Err(Web3ProxyError::RateLimited(authorization, retry_at));
        }
        RateLimitResult::UnknownKey => return Err(Web3ProxyError::UnknownKey),
    };

    // TODO: DRY and maybe optimize the hashing
    // in the background, add the ip to a recent_users map
    if app.config.public_recent_ips_salt.is_some() {
        let app = app.clone();
        let user_id = authorization.checks.user_id;
        let f = async move {
            let now = Utc::now().timestamp();

            if let Some(mut redis_conn) = app.redis_conn().await? {
                let salt = app
                    .config
                    .public_recent_ips_salt
                    .as_ref()
                    .expect("public_recent_ips_salt must exist in here");

                let salted_user_id = format!("{}:{}", salt, user_id);

                let hashed_user_id = Bytes::from(keccak256(salted_user_id.as_bytes()));

                let recent_user_id_key = format!("recent_users:id:{}", app.config.chain_id);

                redis_conn
                    .zadd(recent_user_id_key, hashed_user_id.to_string(), now)
                    .await?;
            }

            Ok::<_, Web3ProxyError>(())
        }
        .map_err(|err| {
            warn!("background update of recent_users:id failed: {}", err);

            err
        });

        tokio::spawn(f);
    }

    Ok((authorization, semaphore))
}

impl Web3ProxyApp {
    /// Limit the number of concurrent requests from the given ip address.
    pub async fn ip_semaphore(&self, ip: &IpAddr) -> Web3ProxyResult<Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>> {
        if let Some(max_concurrent_requests) = self.config.public_max_concurrent_requests {
            let semaphore = self
                .ip_semaphores
                .get_or_insert_async::<Infallible>(ip, async move {
                    // TODO: set max_concurrent_requests dynamically based on load?
                    let s = Semaphore::new(max_concurrent_requests);
                    Ok(Arc::new(s))
                })
                .await
                .expect("infallible");

            let semaphore_permit = semaphore.acquire_owned().await?;

            Ok(Some(semaphore_permit))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Limit the number of concurrent requests for a given user across all of their keys
    /// keep the semaphore alive until the user's request is entirely complete
    pub async fn user_semaphore(
        &self,
        authorization_checks: &AuthorizationChecks,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>> {
        if let Some(max_concurrent_requests) = authorization_checks.max_concurrent_requests {
            let user_id = authorization_checks
                .user_id
                .try_into()
                .or(Err(Web3ProxyError::UserIdZero))?;

            let semaphore = self
                .user_semaphores
                .get_or_insert_async::<Infallible>(&user_id, async move {
                    let s = Semaphore::new(max_concurrent_requests as usize);
                    Ok(Arc::new(s))
                })
                .await
                .expect("infallible");

            let semaphore_permit = semaphore.acquire_owned().await?;

            Ok(Some(semaphore_permit))
        } else {
            // unlimited concurrency
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// Verify that the given bearer token and address are allowed to take the specified action.
    /// This includes concurrent request limiting.
    /// keep the semaphore alive until the user's request is entirely complete
    pub async fn bearer_is_authorized(
        &self,
        bearer: Bearer,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<(user::Model, OwnedSemaphorePermit)> {
        // get the user id for this bearer token
        let user_bearer_token = UserBearerToken::try_from(bearer)?;

        // limit concurrent requests
        let semaphore = self
            .bearer_token_semaphores
            .get_or_insert_async::<Infallible>(&user_bearer_token, async move {
                let s = Semaphore::new(self.config.bearer_token_max_concurrent_requests as usize);
                Ok(Arc::new(s))
            })
            .await
            .expect("infallible");

        let semaphore_permit = semaphore.acquire_owned().await?;

        // get the attached address from the database for the given auth_token.
        let db_replica = self
            .db_replica()
            .web3_context("checking if bearer token is authorized")?;

        let user_bearer_uuid: Uuid = user_bearer_token.into();

        let user = user::Entity::find()
            .left_join(login::Entity)
            .filter(login::Column::BearerToken.eq(user_bearer_uuid))
            .one(db_replica.as_ref())
            .await
            .web3_context("fetching user from db by bearer token")?
            .web3_context("unknown bearer token")?;

        Ok((user, semaphore_permit))
    }

    pub async fn rate_limit_login(
        &self,
        ip: IpAddr,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<RateLimitResult> {
        // TODO: dry this up with rate_limit_by_rpc_key?

        // we don't care about user agent or origin or referer
        let authorization = Authorization::external(
            &self.config.allowed_origin_requests_per_period,
            self.db_conn(),
            ip,
            None,
            proxy_mode,
            None,
            None,
        )?;

        // no semaphore is needed here because login rate limits are low
        // TODO: are we sure do we want a semaphore here?
        let semaphore = None;

        if let Some(rate_limiter) = &self.login_rate_limiter {
            match rate_limiter.throttle_label(&ip.to_string(), None, 1).await {
                Ok(RedisRateLimitResult::Allowed(_)) => {
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
                }
                Ok(RedisRateLimitResult::RetryAt(retry_at, _)) => {
                    // TODO: set headers so they know when they can retry
                    // TODO: debug or trace?
                    // this is too verbose, but a stat might be good
                    // // trace!(?ip, "login rate limit exceeded until {:?}", retry_at);

                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, Some(retry_at)))
                }
                Ok(RedisRateLimitResult::RetryNever) => {
                    // TODO: i don't think we'll get here. maybe if we ban an IP forever? seems unlikely
                    // // trace!(?ip, "login rate limit is 0");
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, None))
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    // internal error, not rate limit being hit
                    // TODO: i really want axum to do this for us in a single place.
                    error!("login rate limiter is unhappy. allowing ip. err={:?}", err);

                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, None))
                }
            }
        } else {
            // TODO: if no redis, rate limit with a local cache? "warn!" probably isn't right
            Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, None))
        }
    }

    /// origin is included because it can override the default rate limits
    pub async fn rate_limit_by_ip(
        &self,
        allowed_origin_requests_per_period: &HashMap<String, u64>,
        ip: IpAddr,
        origin: Option<Origin>,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<RateLimitResult> {
        if ip.is_loopback() {
            // TODO: localhost being unlimited should be optional
            let authorization = Authorization::internal(self.db_conn())?;

            return Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, None));
        }

        // ip rate limits don't check referer or user agent
        // they do check origin because we can override rate limits for some origins
        let authorization = Authorization::external(
            allowed_origin_requests_per_period,
            self.db_conn(),
            ip,
            origin,
            proxy_mode,
            None,
            None,
        )?;

        if let Some(rate_limiter) = &self.frontend_ip_rate_limiter {
            match rate_limiter
                .throttle(ip, authorization.checks.max_requests_per_period, 1)
                .await
            {
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::Allowed) => {
                    // rate limit allowed us. check concurrent request limits
                    let semaphore = self.ip_semaphore(&ip).await?;

                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
                }
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::RetryAt(retry_at)) => {
                    // TODO: set headers so they know when they can retry
                    // // trace!(?ip, "rate limit exceeded until {:?}", retry_at);
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, Some(retry_at)))
                }
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::RetryNever) => {
                    // TODO: i don't think we'll get here. maybe if we ban an IP forever? seems unlikely
                    // // trace!(?ip, "rate limit is 0");
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, None))
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    // this an internal error of some kind, not the rate limit being hit
                    // TODO: i really want axum to do this for us in a single place.
                    error!("rate limiter is unhappy. allowing ip. err={:?}", err);

                    // at least we can still check the semaphore
                    let semaphore = self.ip_semaphore(&ip).await?;

                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
                }
            }
        } else {
            // no redis, but we can still check the ip semaphore
            let semaphore = self.ip_semaphore(&ip).await?;

            // TODO: if no redis, rate limit with a local cache? "warn!" probably isn't right
            Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
        }
    }

    /// Get the balance for the user.
    ///
    /// If a subuser calls this function, the subuser needs to have first attained the user_id that the rpc key belongs to.
    /// This function should be called anywhere where balance is required (i.e. only rpc calls, I believe ... non-rpc calls don't really require balance)
    pub(crate) async fn balance_checks(
        &self,
        user_id: u64,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<Arc<RwLock<Decimal>>> {
        match NonZeroU64::try_from(user_id) {
            Err(_) => Ok(Arc::new(RwLock::new(Decimal::default()))),
            Ok(x) => {
                self.user_balance_cache
                    .try_get_or_insert_async(&x, async move {
                        let db_replica = self
                            .db_replica()
                            .web3_context("Getting database connection")?;

                        let balance: Decimal = match balance::Entity::find()
                            .filter(balance::Column::UserId.eq(user_id))
                            .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                            .await?
                        {
                            Some(x) => x.available_balance,
                            None => Decimal::default(),
                        };
                        Ok(Arc::new(RwLock::new(balance)))
                    })
                    .await
            }
        }
    }

    // check the local cache for user data, or query the database
    pub(crate) async fn authorization_checks(
        &self,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
        rpc_secret_key: RpcSecretKey,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<AuthorizationChecks> {
        self.rpc_secret_key_cache
            .try_get_or_insert_async(&rpc_secret_key, async move {
                // trace!(?rpc_secret_key, "user cache miss");

                let db_replica = self
                    .db_replica()
                    .web3_context("Getting database connection")?;

                // TODO: join the user table to this to return the User? we don't always need it
                // TODO: join on secondary users
                // TODO: join on user tier
                match rpc_key::Entity::find()
                    .filter(rpc_key::Column::SecretKey.eq(<Uuid>::from(rpc_secret_key)))
                    .filter(rpc_key::Column::Active.eq(true))
                    .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                    .await?
                {
                    Some(rpc_key_model) => {
                        // TODO: move these splits into helper functions
                        // TODO: can we have sea orm handle this for us?
                        let allowed_ips: Option<Vec<IpNet>> =
                            if let Some(allowed_ips) = rpc_key_model.allowed_ips {
                                let x = allowed_ips
                                    .split(',')
                                    .map(|x| x.trim().parse::<IpNet>())
                                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                                Some(x)
                            } else {
                                None
                            };

                        let allowed_origins: Option<Vec<Origin>> =
                            if let Some(allowed_origins) = rpc_key_model.allowed_origins {
                                // TODO: do this without collecting twice?
                                let x = allowed_origins
                                    .split(',')
                                    .map(|x| HeaderValue::from_str(x.trim()))
                                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?
                                    .into_iter()
                                    .map(|x| Origin::decode(&mut [x].iter()))
                                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;

                                Some(x)
                            } else {
                                None
                            };

                        let allowed_referers: Option<Vec<Referer>> =
                            if let Some(allowed_referers) = rpc_key_model.allowed_referers {
                                let x = allowed_referers
                                    .split(',')
                                    .map(|x| {
                                        x.trim()
                                            .parse::<Referer>()
                                            .or(Err(Web3ProxyError::InvalidReferer))
                                    })
                                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;

                                Some(x)
                            } else {
                                None
                            };

                        let allowed_user_agents: Option<Vec<UserAgent>> =
                            if let Some(allowed_user_agents) = rpc_key_model.allowed_user_agents {
                                let x: Result<Vec<_>, _> = allowed_user_agents
                                    .split(',')
                                    .map(|x| {
                                        x.trim()
                                            .parse::<UserAgent>()
                                            .or(Err(Web3ProxyError::InvalidUserAgent))
                                    })
                                    .collect();

                                Some(x?)
                            } else {
                                None
                            };

                        // Get the user_tier
                        let user_model = user::Entity::find_by_id(rpc_key_model.user_id)
                            .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                            .await?
                            .context("user model was not found, but every rpc_key should have a user")?;

                        let balance = match balance::Entity::find()
                            .filter(balance::Column::UserId.eq(user_model.id))
                            .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                            .await? {
                            Some(x) => x.available_balance,
                            None => Decimal::default()
                        };

                        let mut user_tier_model =
                            user_tier::Entity::find_by_id(user_model.user_tier_id)
                                .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                                .await?
                                .context("related user tier not found, but every user should have a tier")?;

                        // TODO: Do the logic here, as to how to treat the user, based on balance and initial check
                        // Clear the cache (not the login!) in the stats if a tier-change happens (clear, but don't modify roles)
                        if user_tier_model.title == "Premium" && balance < Decimal::new(1, 1) {
                            // Find the equivalent downgraded user tier, and modify limits from there
                            if let Some(downgrade_user_tier) = user_tier_model.downgrade_tier_id {
                                user_tier_model =
                                    user_tier::Entity::find_by_id(downgrade_user_tier)
                                        .one(db_replica.as_ref())
                                        .await?
                                        .context("finding the downgrade user tier for premium did not work for premium")?;
                            } else {
                                return Err(Web3ProxyError::InvalidUserTier);
                            }
                        }

                        let rpc_key_id = Some(rpc_key_model.id.try_into().context("db ids are never 0")?);

                        Ok(AuthorizationChecks {
                            user_id: rpc_key_model.user_id,
                            rpc_secret_key: Some(rpc_secret_key),
                            rpc_secret_key_id: rpc_key_id,
                            allowed_ips,
                            allowed_origins,
                            allowed_referers,
                            allowed_user_agents,
                            tracking_level: rpc_key_model.log_level,
                            log_revert_chance: rpc_key_model.log_revert_chance,
                            max_concurrent_requests: user_tier_model.max_concurrent_requests,
                            max_requests_per_period: user_tier_model.max_requests_per_period,
                            private_txs: rpc_key_model.private_txs,
                            proxy_mode,
                        })
                    }
                    None => Ok(AuthorizationChecks::default()),
                }
            })
            .await
    }

    /// Authorized the ip/origin/referer/useragent and rate limit and concurrency
    pub async fn rate_limit_by_rpc_key(
        &self,
        ip: IpAddr,
        origin: Option<Origin>,
        proxy_mode: ProxyMode,
        referer: Option<Referer>,
        rpc_key: RpcSecretKey,
        user_agent: Option<UserAgent>,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<RateLimitResult> {
        let authorization_checks = self.authorization_checks(proxy_mode, rpc_key).await?;
        let balance = self.balance_checks(authorization_checks.user_id).await?;

        // if no rpc_key_id matching the given rpc was found, then we can't rate limit by key
        if authorization_checks.rpc_secret_key_id.is_none() {
            return Ok(RateLimitResult::UnknownKey);
        }

        // TODO: rpc_key should have an option to rate limit by ip instead of by key

        // only allow this rpc_key to run a limited amount of concurrent requests
        // TODO: rate limit should be BEFORE the semaphore!
        let semaphore = self.user_semaphore(&authorization_checks).await?;

        let authorization = Authorization::try_new(
            authorization_checks,
            self.db_conn(),
            ip,
            origin,
            referer,
            user_agent,
            AuthorizationType::Frontend,
        )?;

        let user_max_requests_per_period = match authorization.checks.max_requests_per_period {
            None => {
                return Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore));
            }
            Some(x) => x,
        };

        // user key is valid. now check rate limits
        if let Some(rate_limiter) = &self.frontend_registered_user_rate_limiter {
            match rate_limiter
                .throttle(
                    authorization.checks.user_id,
                    Some(user_max_requests_per_period),
                    1,
                )
                .await
            {
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::Allowed) => {
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
                }
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::RetryAt(retry_at)) => {
                    // TODO: set headers so they know when they can retry
                    // TODO: debug or trace?
                    // this is too verbose, but a stat might be good
                    // TODO: keys are secrets! use the id instead
                    // TODO: emit a stat
                    // // trace!(?rpc_key, "rate limit exceeded until {:?}", retry_at);
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, Some(retry_at)))
                }
                Ok(DeferredRateLimitResult::RetryNever) => {
                    // TODO: keys are secret. don't log them!
                    // // trace!(?rpc_key, "rate limit is 0");
                    // TODO: emit a stat
                    Ok(RateLimitResult::RateLimited(authorization, None))
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    // internal error, not rate limit being hit
                    // TODO: i really want axum to do this for us in a single place.
                    error!("rate limiter is unhappy. allowing ip. err={:?}", err);

                    Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
                }
            }
        } else {
            // TODO: if no redis, rate limit with just a local cache?
            Ok(RateLimitResult::Allowed(authorization, semaphore))
        }
    }
}

impl Authorization {
    pub async fn check_again(
        &self,
        app: &Arc<Web3ProxyApp>,
    ) -> Web3ProxyResult<(Arc<Self>, Option<OwnedSemaphorePermit>)> {
        // TODO: we could probably do this without clones. but this is easy
        let (a, s) = if let Some(rpc_secret_key) = self.checks.rpc_secret_key {
            key_is_authorized(
                app,
                rpc_secret_key,
                self.ip,
                self.origin.clone(),
                self.checks.proxy_mode,
                self.referer.clone(),
                self.user_agent.clone(),
            )
            .await?
        } else {
            ip_is_authorized(app, self.ip, self.origin.clone(), self.checks.proxy_mode).await?
        };

        let a = Arc::new(a);

        Ok((a, s))
    }
}